1
|
Blaizot R, Pasquier G, Kone AK, Duvignaud A, Demar M. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of Leishmania species, vectors and reservoirs. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:318. [PMID: 39044228 PMCID: PMC11267819 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is understudied in sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemiology of CL is determined by the species involved in its transmission. Our objectives were to systematically review available data on the species of Leishmania, along with vectors and reservoirs involved in the occurrence of human cases of CL in sub-Saharan Africa, and to discuss implications for case management and future research. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and African Index Medicus. There was no restriction on language or date of publication. The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022384157). RESULTS In total, 188 published studies and 37 reports from the grey literature were included. An upward trend was observed, with 45.7% of studies published after 2010. East Africa (55.1%) represented a much greater number of publications than West Africa (33.3%). In East Africa, the identification of reservoirs for Leishmania tropica remains unclear. This species also represents a therapeutic challenge, as it is often resistant to meglumine antimoniate. In Sudan, the presence of hybrids between Leishmania donovani and strictly cutaneous species could lead to important epidemiological changes. In Ghana, the emergence of CL in the recent past could involve rare species belonging to the Leishmania subgenus Mundinia. The area of transmission of Leishmania major could expand beyond the Sahelian zone, with scattered reports in forested areas. While the L. major-Phlebotomus duboscqi-rodent complex may not be the only cycle in the dry areas of West Africa, the role of dogs as a potential reservoir for Leishmania species with cutaneous tropism in this subregion should be clarified. Meglumine antimoniate was the most frequently reported treatment, but physical methods and systemic agents such as ketoconazole and metronidazole were also used empirically to treat L. major infections. CONCLUSIONS Though the number of studies on the topic has increased recently, there is an important need for intersectional research to further decipher the Leishmania species involved in human cases of CL as well as the corresponding vectors and reservoirs, and environmental factors that impact transmission dynamics. The development of molecular biology in sub-Saharan Africa could help in leveraging diagnostic and research capacities and improving the management of human cases through personalized treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Blaizot
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana.
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis-Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana.
- UMR 1019 TBIP-Tropical Biomes and Immunopathophysiology, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Gregoire Pasquier
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis-Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdoulaye Kassoum Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alexandre Duvignaud
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm UMR 1219, IRD EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis-Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 TBIP-Tropical Biomes and Immunopathophysiology, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sundar S, Chakravarty J. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Leishmaniasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024:00006454-990000000-00911. [PMID: 38907629 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mule SN, Alemán EV, Rosa-Fernandes L, Saad JS, de Oliveira GS, Martins D, Angeli CB, Brandt-Almeida D, Cortez M, Larsen MR, Shaw JJ, Teixeira MMG, Palmisano G. Leishmaniinae: Evolutionary inferences based on protein expression profiles (PhyloQuant) congruent with phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania, Endotrypanum, Porcisia, Zelonia, Crithidia, and Leptomonas. Proteomics 2024:e2100313. [PMID: 38850190 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Evolutionary relationships among parasites of the subfamily Leishmaniinae, which comprises pathogen agents of leishmaniasis, were inferred based on differential protein expression profiles from mass spectrometry-based quantitative data using the PhyloQuant method. Evolutionary distances following identification and quantification of protein and peptide abundances using Proteome Discoverer and MaxQuant software were estimated for 11 species from six Leishmaniinae genera. Results clustered all dixenous species of the genus Leishmania, subgenera L. (Leishmania), L. (Viannia), and L. (Mundinia), sister to the dixenous species of genera Endotrypanum and Porcisia. Placed basal to the assemblage formed by all these parasites were the species of genera Zelonia, Crithidia, and Leptomonas, so far described as monoxenous of insects although eventually reported from humans. Inferences based on protein expression profiles were congruent with currently established phylogeny using DNA sequences. Our results reinforce PhyloQuant as a valuable approach to infer evolutionary relationships within Leishmaniinae, which is comprised of very tightly related trypanosomatids that are just beginning to be phylogenetically unraveled. In addition to evolutionary history, mapping of species-specific protein expression is paramount to understand differences in infection processes, tissue tropisms, potential to jump from insects to vertebrates including humans, and targets for species-specific diagnostic and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ngao Mule
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaristo Villalba Alemán
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce S Saad
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Deivid Martins
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Blanes Angeli
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Brandt-Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Røssel Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey J Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ampol R, Somwang P, Khositharattanakool P, Promrangsee C, Pataradool T, Tepboonreung P, Siriyasatien P, Preativatanyou K. Nanopore-Based Surveillance of Leishmania Parasites in Culicoides Latrielle (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Caught from the Affected Community and Tham Phra Cave in Chiang Rai Province, the Endemic Area of Leishmaniasis in Northern Thailand. INSECTS 2024; 15:327. [PMID: 38786883 PMCID: PMC11122411 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In this research, we elucidated the species composition of Culicoides biting midges, infection prevalence, and genetic diversity of Leishmania parasites circulating in the affected community in Chiang Rai Province, being the most endemic area in Northern Thailand. A total of 146 parous and gravid females, belonging to at least twelve Culicoides species in five subgenera and one species group, were trapped from three collection sites with an overall Leishmania prevalence of 26.7% (39/146). Leishmania was detected, using ITS1-PCR, in C. mahasarakamense (15), C. guttifer (11), C. (Trithecoides) spp. (8), C. jacobsoni (2), C. oxystoma (2), and C. orientalis (1). The evidence of Leishmania infection in these last five species represents new records in Northern Thailand. Given a high infection rate in cavernicolous specimens, this indicates an increased risk of parasite exposure when visiting the cave. Using the nanopore amplicon sequencing, L. martiniquensis was ubiquitously identified in all positives, and more than half of these were also co-infected with L. orientalis. The genetic diversity analysis revealed 13 and 17 unique haplotypes for L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis, respectively. Higher haplotype diversity and relatively low nucleotide diversity were observed in both parasite populations, suggesting recent population divergence. Neutrality tests (Tajima's D and Fu and Li's D) showed to be significantly negative, indicating rapid population growth or a selective sweep. Moreover, dominant haplotypes of both Leishmania species were 100% identical to those in all leishmaniasis patients previously reported from Northern Thailand, strongly supporting the imperative role of Culicoides spp. in disease transmission. Essentially, this research provides the first entomological surveillance data representing the sympatric existence, transmission dynamics, and genetic complexity of two autochthonous Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites in several Culicoides species in the endemic area of Northern Thailand. This would contribute to a more complete understanding of the epidemiology of vector infection and facilitate the development of vector control programs to effectively reduce the transmission of this neglected tropical disease in endemic areas of Northern Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinnara Ampol
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.A.); (T.P.); (P.S.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Puckavadee Somwang
- Biomedical Technology Research Group for Vulnerable Populations, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (P.S.); (P.K.)
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Pathamet Khositharattanakool
- Biomedical Technology Research Group for Vulnerable Populations, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (P.S.); (P.K.)
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Chulaluk Promrangsee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Thanapat Pataradool
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.A.); (T.P.); (P.S.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Medical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Piyapat Tepboonreung
- Medical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.A.); (T.P.); (P.S.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanok Preativatanyou
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.A.); (T.P.); (P.S.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Becvar T, Vojtkova B, Pacakova L, Vomackova Kykalova B, Ticha L, Volf P, Sadlova J. Steppe lemmings and Chinese hamsters as new potential animal models for the study of the Leishmania subgenus Mundinia (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011897. [PMID: 38739677 PMCID: PMC11090356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, the dixenous trypanosomatid parasites, are the causative agents of leishmaniasis currently divided into four subgenera: Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania, and the recently described Mundinia, consisting of six species distributed sporadically all over the world infecting humans and/or animals. These parasites infect various mammalian species and also cause serious human diseases, but their reservoirs are unknown. Thus, adequate laboratory models are needed to enable proper research of Mundinia parasites. In this complex study, we compared experimental infections of five Mundinia species (L. enriettii, L. macropodum, L. chancei, L. orientalis, and four strains of L. martiniquensis) in three rodent species: BALB/c mouse, Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus). Culture-derived parasites were inoculated intradermally into the ear pinnae and progress of infection was monitored for 20 weeks, when the tissues and organs of animals were screened for the presence and quantity of Leishmania. Xenodiagnoses with Phlebotomus duboscqi were performed at weeks 5, 10, 15 and 20 post-infection to test the infectiousness of the animals throughout the experiment. BALB/c mice showed no signs of infection and were not infectious to sand flies, while Chinese hamsters and steppe lemmings proved susceptible to all five species of Mundinia tested, showing a wide spectrum of disease signs ranging from asymptomatic to visceral. Mundinia induced significantly higher infection rates in steppe lemmings compared to Chinese hamsters, and consequently steppe lemmings were more infectious to sand flies: In all groups tested, they were infectious from the 5th to the 20th week post infection. In conclusion, we identified two rodent species, Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus), as candidates for laboratory models for Mundinia allowing detailed studies of these enigmatic parasites. Furthermore, the long-term survival of all Mundinia species in steppe lemmings and their infectiousness to vectors support the hypothesis that some rodents have the potential to serve as reservoir hosts for Mundinia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pacakova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lucie Ticha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akuffo RA, Sanchez C, Amanor I, Amedior JS, Kotey NK, Anto F, Azurago T, Ablordey A, Owusu-Antwi F, Beshah A, Amoako YA, Phillips RO, Wilson M, Asiedu K, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Moreno J, Mokni M. Endemic infectious cutaneous ulcers syndrome in the Oti Region of Ghana: Study of cutaneous leishmaniasis, yaws and Haemophilus ducreyi cutaneous ulcers. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292034. [PMID: 37756291 PMCID: PMC10529585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study detected cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in 31.9% of persons with skin ulcers in the Oti Region of Ghana, resulting in a need to investigate other potential causes of the unexplained skin ulcers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Oti region to investigate skin ulcers of undetermined aetiologies. To confirm a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Buruli ulcer, Haemophilus ducreyi ulcers, or yaws, DNA obtained from each patient skin ulcer sample was systematically subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Leishmania spp., Mycobacterium ulcerans, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Treponema pallidum sub species pertenue. A total of 101 skin ulcer samples were obtained from 101 persons. Co-infection of more than one organism was observed in 68.3% of the samples. Forty (39.6%) participants had a positive result for Leishmania spp., 68 (67.3%) for Treponema pallidum sub. Sp. pertenue, and 74 (73.3%) for H. ducreyi. Twenty (19.8%) of the patient ulcers were simultaneously infected with Leishmania spp., Treponema pallidum sub. Sp. pertenue, and H. ducreyi. None of the patients' lesions yielded a positive result for Mycobacterium ulcerans. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study detected single and mixed occurrence of the causative organisms of CL, yaws, and H. ducreyi cutaneous ulcers in CL endemic communities of the Oti Region in Ghana. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating multiple skin diseases on a common research platform and calls for the development of a comprehensive guideline for diagnosing and treating tropical ulcers in the study areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Adjei Akuffo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Carmen Sanchez
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivy Amanor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Francis Anto
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Anthony Ablordey
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Abate Beshah
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Yaw Ampem Amoako
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Odame Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Wilson
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kingsley Asiedu
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jose-Antonio Ruiz-Postigo
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mourad Mokni
- La Rabta Hospital Dermatology Department, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of al-Manar 2, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Addo SO, Amoako EK, Bentil RE, Agbodzi B, Mosore MT, Yeboah C, Attram N, Larbi JA, Kwakye-Nuako G, de Souza DK, Wilson MD, Boakye DA. Detection of Leishmania DNA in Phlebotomine Sand Flies in Tsatee, a Community in the Volta Region, Ghana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:1963050. [PMID: 37700879 PMCID: PMC10495235 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1963050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, which are spread by infected female sand flies, are the cause of the disease leishmaniasis. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis has been found to occur in the Volta Region, there is limited data on vector species and reservoirs. This study focused on the Tsatee community, in the South Dayi District of the Volta Region, and is aimed at identifying the sand fly fauna and detecting the presence of Leishmania DNA by the use of primers that target the conserved region of Leishmania spp. minicircle DNA of the parasite kinetoplast. The miniature light traps and hand aspirators provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were used to collect outdoor and indoor sand flies for five months in a guinea woodland and semideciduous forest area. From the collections, 4,580 phlebotomine sand flies were obtained and identified, and females were examined for Leishmania DNA using PCR. The male flies were 1,202 (26.24%), non-blood-fed females were 3,321 (72.51%), and 57 (1.25%) were blood-fed females. It was observed that Sergentomyia species constituted 99.91% of the total collected sand flies with S. africana (76.77%) as the predominant species. Phlebotomus rodhaini (0.09%) was the only Phlebotomus species identified from the study area. From 283 non-blood-fed sand fly pools and 57 individual blood-fed species screened, Leishmania DNA was detected in 12 (4.24%) pools and 8 (14.04%) individuals, respectively. It was observed that Leishmania DNA was detected in all the sand fly species identified except S. collarti. This study reports the first detection of Leishmania DNA in P. rodhaini in Ghana, with an infection rate of 33.33% (95% CI, 1.23-88.32). The findings suggest that the role of Phlebotomus in disease transmission in the study area cannot be discounted. Future studies should include continuous surveillance, blood meal preferences, and vector competence of the various infected phlebotomine sand flies to create effective control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth Offei Addo
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kwame Amoako
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Ronald Essah Bentil
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Bright Agbodzi
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Mba-tihssommah Mosore
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Clara Yeboah
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Naiki Attram
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - John Asiedu Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dziedzom K. de Souza
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael David Wilson
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Daniel Adjei Boakye
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yeboah C, Mosore MT, Attram N, Shelite TR, Akuffo RA, Addo SO, Behene E, Agbodzi B, Bentil RE, Fox AT, Wilson M, Boakye D, Letizia AG, Melby PC, Travi BL. A Preliminary Study to Compare Recombinase Polymerase Amplification-Lateral Flow and Quantitative PCR in the Detection of Cutaneous Leishmania in Communities from the Volta Region of Ghana. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:75-80. [PMID: 36763962 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that mostly affects populations in tropical and subtropical countries. In Ghana, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of the disease affecting communities of the Volta Region. Conventional parasitological method (microscopy) is the commonly used test for CL diagnosis in many endemic countries, but has low sensitivity in chronic cases. Therefore, there is a clear need for a sensitive and easy-to-use point-of-care diagnostic method like an isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow (RPA-LF) test, suitable for use in austere and low-resource settings for the identification of CL cases. This study compared the efficacy of RPA-LF test with quantitative PCR (qPCR) in detecting Leishmania in suspected CL cases from the Volta Region. Methods: Twenty-five participants between 5 and 14 years were enrolled in the study from whom a total of 26 samples were obtained. Lesion samples were collected using FTA® filter papers applied to ulcerated lesions for molecular diagnosis. DNA isolated from filter papers was used for both the RPA-LF test and qPCR. Results: Twenty-two participants (88%) presented with one or two ulcerated active lesions per individual, while the rest of them had plaques or dried lesions. Among the 26 samples, 19/26 (73%) had concordant results when comparing the two diagnostic methods. Conclusion: Data from this study suggest that the RPA-LF test can be used in addition to a conventional parasitological diagnostic test (microscopy) to detect CL cases in communities of the Volta Region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Yeboah
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mba-Tihssommah Mosore
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Naiki Attram
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thomas R Shelite
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Akuffo
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Seth O Addo
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Behene
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Agbodzi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ronald E Bentil
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anne T Fox
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Daniel Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Andrew G Letizia
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Peter C Melby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bruno L Travi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yeboaa C, Odoi H, Owusu Ntim R, Boakye YD, Kwakye-Nuako G, Agyare C, Boamah VE, Badu K. Diversity and antibiograms of bacteria isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds in the Nkwanta South District of Ghana. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:74. [PMID: 36707480 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite. The presence of secondary bacterial infections in cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds exacerbate lesion development and could lead to delay in the healing process. This study sought to determine the resistance patterns of bacteria co-infecting cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds from selected communities in the Nkwanta district. Various bacteria were isolated and characterized from exudates obtained from wound swabs collected with sterile cotton tipped applicators. Confirmation of bacterial identity was done using the analytical profile index and the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using agar disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoint values. A total of eleven (11) secondary bacterial species (spp) were isolated from the 33 wound samples that tested positive for Leishmania kinetoplast DNA, among which Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant (31%). The pathogenic bacteria that colonized the wounds included Bacillus subtilis (23.8%), Pantoea species (11.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniea (7.1%), Enterobacter cloacae (7.1%), Aeromonas species (4.8%), Serratia marcescens (4.8%), Serratia liquefacien (2.4%), Serratia plymutheca (2.4%), Providencia rettgeri (2.4%) and Cronobacter species (2.4%). Most of the isolates were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and the third-generation cephalosporin. Notably, 84.6% of the S. aureus isolates were methicillin and ciprofloxacin resistant whilst 92.3% were resistant to ampicillin. About sixty-nine percent (69.2%) showed intermediate susceptibility to Erythromycin. Additionally, S. plymutheca was resistant to all the test antibiotics. This study suggests colonization of cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds with varied bacterial species that are mostly resistant to beta-lactam group of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Comfort Yeboaa
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Hayford Odoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Rhoda Owusu Ntim
- Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Lab, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Duah Boakye
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Christian Agyare
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Vivian Etsiapa Boamah
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Kingsley Badu
- Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Lab, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kwakye-Nuako G, Mosore MT, Boakye D, Bates PA. DESCRIPTION, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LEISHMANIA (MUNDINIA) CHANCEI N. SP. (KINETOPLASTEA: TRYPANOSOMATIDAE) FROM GHANA AND LEISHMANIA (MUNDINIA) PROCAVIENSIS N. SP. (KINETOPLASTEA: TRYPANOSOMATIDAE) FROM NAMIBIA. J Parasitol 2023; 109:43-50. [PMID: 36848641 DOI: 10.1645/22-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and phylogenetic analysis was performed on 2 isolates of Leishmania using DNA sequence data from the RNA polymerase II large subunit gene and the ribosomal protein L23a intergenic sequence. This showed the isolates to represent 2 new species within the subgenus Leishmania (Mundinia). The addition of Leishmania (Mundinia) chancei and Leishmania (Mundinia) procaviensis creates a total of 6 named species to date within this recently described subgenus of parasitic protozoa, containing both human pathogens and nonpathogens. Their widespread geographical distribution, basal phylogenetic position within the genus Leishmania, and probable non-sand fly vectors make these L. (Mundinia) species of significant medical and biological interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Daniel Boakye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paul A Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mendes Junior AAV, Filgueira CPB, Miranda LDFC, de Almeida AB, Cantanhêde LM, Fagundes A, Pereira SA, Menezes RC, Cupolillo E. First report of Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in South American territory and confirmation of Leishbunyavirus infecting this parasite in a mare. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220220. [PMID: 37194810 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data related to leishmaniases or Leishmania infection in horses are scarce. However, studies carried out in different regions in the world showed equids parasitised by Leishmania braziliensis, L. infantum and L. martiniquensis. OBJECTIVES Identify the Leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mare, living in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), and search the presence of Leishmania viruses in the isolated parasite. METHODS Isoenzymes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting ITSrDNA region followed by sequencing were conducted for typing the isolated parasite. A search for Leishmania virus infection was also performed. FINDINGS The mare presented skin nodules and ulcers in the left pinna caused by Leishmania spp. that was detected by culture and PCR. The parasite was identified as Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis, infected by Leishbunyavirus (LBV), representing the first description of this species in South America. The animal travelled to different Brazilian regions, but not to outside the country. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The worldwide distribution of L. martiniquensis and its infection by LBV were confirmed in this study, indicating the autochthonous transmission cycle in Brazil. The clinical profile of the disease in the mare, showing fast spontaneous healing of cutaneous lesions, may indicate that skin lesions related to L. martiniquensis infection in horses might be underdiagnosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Junior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Adilson Benedito de Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline Fagundes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Sandro Antônio Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
First Evidence of Co-Circulation of Emerging Leishmania martiniquensis, Leishmania orientalis, and Crithidia sp. in Culicoides Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the Putative Vectors for Autochthonous Transmission in Southern Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110379. [PMID: 36422930 PMCID: PMC9696774 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1996, autochthonous cases of emerging leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis and Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis have been more frequently reported, especially in the northern and southern parts of Thailand. However, the accurate identification of their natural vectors and reservoirs remains unconfirmed. Previous studies have suggested that these emerging parasites might be transmitted by other non-phlebotomine vectors. Herein, we speculated that Culicoides biting midges might act as the competent vectors responsible for autochthonous leishmaniasis in southern Thailand. In this research, 187 non-engorged, parous and gravid Culicoides females and 47 blood-engorged ones were trapped from the residences of two recently diagnosed visceral leishmaniasis patients in Sadao District and the unaffected site in Rattaphum District, Songkhla Province, southern Thailand. Species diversity and abundance of biting midges varied among the trapping sites. Using ITS1-PCR and BLASTn analysis, L. martiniquensis was predominantly detected in several Culicoides species, including C. peregrinus, C. oxystoma, C. mahasarakhamense, and C. huffi from the vicinity of patients’ houses; and in C. fordae and C. fulvus from the unaffected site. L. orientalis was also co-circulated in C. peregrinus and C. oxystoma caught near the second patient’s house. Additionally, Crithidia sp. were also detected using SSU rRNA-PCR across Culicoides spp. Host blood meal analysis of eight different Culicoides species from the unaffected site also revealed that all trapped Culicoides had fed on cows and goats, indicating the possible role of these mammalian species as reservoir hosts. Essentially, this study is the first entomological investigation, revealing the co-circulation of emerging trypanosomatids among several species of Culicoides biting midges and strongly supporting the potential role of this insect group as the main vectors responsible for the epidemiology of autochthonous leishmaniasis in southern Thailand.
Collapse
|
13
|
Alves-Sobrinho EV, Pinheiro LDJ, Paranaíba LF, Fontes IC, Parreiras PM, Gontijo NF, Tafuri WL, Laurenti MD, Soares RP. Leishmania enriettii visceralises in the trachea, lungs, and spleen of Cavia porcellus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220065. [PMID: 35920504 PMCID: PMC9343011 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania (Mundinia) enriettii is a species commonly found in the guinea pig, Cavia porcellus. Although it is a dermotropic species, there is still an uncertainty regarding its ability to visceralise during Leishmania life cycle. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the ability of L. enriettii (strain L88) to visceralise in lungs, trachea, spleen, and liver of C. porcellus, its natural vertebrate host. METHODS Animals were infected sub-cutaneously in the nose and followed for 12 weeks using histological (hematoxilin-eosin) and molecular tools (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism - PCR-RFLP). To isolate parasite from C. porcellus, animals were experimentally infected for viscera removal and PCR typing targeting hsp70 gene. FINDINGS Histological analysis revealed intense and diffuse inflammation with the presence of amastigotes in the trachea, lung, and spleen up to 12 weeks post-infection (PI). Molecular analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues detected parasite DNA in the trachea and spleen between the 4th and 8th weeks PI. At the 12th PI, no parasite DNA was detected in any of the organs. To confirm that the spleen could serve as a temporary site for L. enriettii, we performed additional in vivo experiments. During 6th week PI, the parasite was isolated from the spleen confirming previous histopathological and PCR observations. MAIN CONCLUSION Leishmania enriettii (strain L88) was able to visceralise in the trachea, lung, and spleen of C. porcellus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ednéia Venâncio Alves-Sobrinho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Lucélia de Jesus Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Larissa Ferreira Paranaíba
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Igor Campos Fontes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Wagner Luiz Tafuri
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Weinreich F, Weinreich F, Hahn A, Hagen RM, Rohde H, Sarfo FS, Feldt T, Dompreh A, Asibey SO, Boateng R, Frickmann H, Eberhardt KA. Screening for Schistosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. DNA in Serum of Ghanaian Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070760. [PMID: 35890001 PMCID: PMC9323644 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Schistosoma spp. (species) and Leishmania spp. are prevalent in Ghana in West Africa. However, little is known about their local occurrence in immunocompromised individuals. In the study presented here, the real-time PCR-(polymerase chain reaction-)based screening for repetitive DNA (deoxyribonucleotide acid) sequences from the genomes of Leishmania (L.) spp. and Schistosoma (S.) spp. was performed in the serum of HIV-(human immunodeficiency virus-)infected Ghanaian patients. In 1083 assessed serum samples from HIV-positive and HIV-negative Ghanian patients, Leishmania spp.-specific DNA was not detected, while the diagnostic accuracy-adjusted prevalence estimation suggested a 3.6% prevalence of the S. mansoni complex and a 0.5% prevalence of the S. haematobium complex. Associations of schistosomiasis with younger age, as well as with the male sex, could be shown but not with an HIV status. Weakly significant signals for the associations of schistosomiasis with an increased viral load, reduced CD4+ (CD = cluster of differentiation) T cell count, and a reduced CD4+/CD8+ ratio could be observed but was inconsistently lost in the case of the stratification on the species complex level. So, it is concluded that factors other than HIV status are more likely to have influenced the occurrence of Schistosoma spp. infections in the assessed Ghanaian patients. Potential associations between HIV infection-associated factors, such as the viral load and the immune status of the patients, for which weak signals were observed in this hypothesis-forming retrospective assessment, should be confirmed by prospective, sufficiently powered investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Weinreich
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (F.W.); (F.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Felix Weinreich
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (F.W.); (F.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, 56070 Koblenz, Germany;
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Fred Stephen Sarfo
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;
- Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Albert Dompreh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana; (A.D.); (R.B.)
| | | | - Richard Boateng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana; (A.D.); (R.B.)
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (F.W.); (F.W.); (H.F.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hygiene and Environment, 20539 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-42818-0
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Akuffo R, Wilson M, Sarfo B, Dako-Gyeke P, Adanu R, Anto F. Insecticide-treated net (ITN) use, factors associated with non-use of ITNs, and occurrence of sand flies in three communities with reported cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ghana. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261192. [PMID: 34914742 PMCID: PMC8675665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The insecticide treated bed net (ITN) has been proven for malaria control. Evidence from systematic review also suggests benefits of ITN roll out in reducing the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and other vector borne diseases. Methods Using a community-based cross-sectional study design, ITN use, factors associated with non-use of ITNs, and occurrence of sand flies were investigated in three communities with reported cases of CL in the Oti region of Ghana. Results A total of 587 households comprising 189 (32.2%), 200 (34.1%), and 198 (33.7%) households from Ashiabre, Keri, and Sibi Hilltop communities with de facto population of 3639 participated in this study. The proportion of households that owned at least one ITN was 97.1%. The number of households having at least one ITN for every two members was 386 (65.8%) and 3159 (86.8%) household population had access to ITN. The household population that slept in ITN the night before this survey was 2370 (65.1%). Lack of household access to ITN (AOR = 1.80; CI: 1.31, 2.47), having a family size of more than 10 members (AOR = 2.53; CI: 1.20, 4.24), having more than 10 rooms for sleeping in a household (AOR = 10.18; CI: 1.28, 81.00), having 2–4 screened windows (AOR = 1.49; CI: 1.00, 2.20), and having 8–10 screened windows (AOR = 3.57; CI: 1.25, 10.17) were significantly associated with increased odds of not sleeping in ITN the night before the survey. A total of 193 female sand flies were trapped from various locations within the study communities. Conclusions Factors associated with ITN non-use such as lack of household access to ITN should be incorporated into future efforts to improve ITN use. Species of sand flies and their potential vectorial role in the study communities should also be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Akuffo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- University of Ghana Medical Centre, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Michael Wilson
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bismark Sarfo
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Richard Adanu
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Anto
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chromosome-Scale Assembly of the Complete Genome Sequence of Leishmania ( Mundinia) sp. Ghana, Isolate GH5, Strain LV757. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0059121. [PMID: 34591664 PMCID: PMC8483695 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00591-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Mundinia) sp. Ghana is a kinetoplastid parasite isolated in 2015 in Ghana. We report the complete genome sequence of L. (M.) sp. Ghana, sequenced using combined short-read and long-read technologies. This will facilitate greater understanding of this novel pathogen and its relationships within the subgenus Mundinia.
Collapse
|
17
|
Almutairi H, Urbaniak MD, Bates MD, Jariyapan N, Kwakye-Nuako G, Thomaz Soccol V, Al-Salem WS, Dillon RJ, Bates PA, Gatherer D. Chromosome-scale genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of six genomes from subfamily Leishmaniinae. Sci Data 2021; 8:234. [PMID: 34489462 PMCID: PMC8421402 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide the raw and processed data produced during the genome sequencing of isolates from six species of parasites from the sub-family Leishmaniinae: Leishmania martiniquensis (Thailand), Leishmania orientalis (Thailand), Leishmania enriettii (Brazil), Leishmania sp. Ghana, Leishmania sp. Namibia and Porcisia hertigi (Panama). De novo assembly was performed using Nanopore long reads to construct chromosome backbone scaffolds. We then corrected erroneous base calling by mapping short Illumina paired-end reads onto the initial assembly. Data has been deposited at NCBI as follows: raw sequencing output in the Sequence Read Archive, finished genomes in GenBank, and ancillary data in BioSample and BioProject. Derived data such as quality scoring, SAM files, genome annotations and repeat sequence lists have been deposited in Lancaster University's electronic data archive with DOIs provided for each item. Our coding workflow has been deposited in GitHub and Zenodo repositories. This data constitutes a resource for the comparative genomics of parasites and for further applications in general and clinical parasitology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Almutairi
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael D Urbaniak
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
| | - Michelle D Bates
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
| | - Narissara Jariyapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health & Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Rod J Dillon
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
| | - Paul A Bates
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
| | - Derek Gatherer
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chromosome-Scale Assembly of the Complete Genome Sequence of Leishmania ( Mundinia) martiniquensis, Isolate LSCM1, Strain LV760. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0005821. [PMID: 34137631 PMCID: PMC8210701 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00058-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis is a kinetoplastid parasite that was first isolated in 1995 on Martinique. We report the first complete genome for Leishmania martiniquensis from Asia, isolate LSCM1, strain LV760, which was sequenced using combined short-read and long-read technologies. This will facilitate greater understanding of the evolution of the geographically dispersed subgenus Mundinia.
Collapse
|
19
|
Becvar T, Vojtkova B, Siriyasatien P, Votypka J, Modry D, Jahn P, Bates P, Carpenter S, Volf P, Sadlova J. Experimental transmission of Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites by biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009654. [PMID: 34115806 PMCID: PMC8221790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, causative agents of leishmaniasis, are currently divided into four subgenera: Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania and Mundinia. The recently established subgenus Mundinia has a wide geographical distribution and contains five species, three of which have the potential to infect and cause disease in humans. While the other Leishmania subgenera are transmitted exclusively by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), natural vectors of Mundinia remain uncertain. This study investigates the potential of sand flies and biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to transmit Leishmania parasites of the subgenus Mundinia. Sand flies (Phlebotomus argentipes, P. duboscqi and Lutzomyia migonei) and Culicoides biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis) were exposed to five Mundinia species through a chicken skin membrane and dissected at specific time intervals post bloodmeal. Potentially infected insects were also allowed to feed on ear pinnae of anaesthetized BALB/c mice and the presence of Leishmania DNA was subsequently confirmed in the mice using polymerase chain reaction analyses. In C. sonorensis, all Mundinia species tested were able to establish infection at a high rate, successfully colonize the stomodeal valve and produce a higher proportion of metacyclic forms than in sand flies. Subsequently, three parasite species, L. martiniquensis, L. orientalis and L. sp. from Ghana, were transmitted to the host mouse ear by C. sonorensis bite. In contrast, transmission experiments entirely failed with P. argentipes, although colonisation of the stomodeal valve was observed for L. orientalis and L. martiniquensis and metacyclic forms of L. orientalis were recorded. This laboratory-based transmission of Mundinia species highlights that Culicoides are potential vectors of members of this ancestral subgenus of Leishmania and we suggest further studies in endemic areas to confirm their role in the lifecycles of neglected pathogens. Leishmania parasites are causative agents of leishmaniasis, a disease affecting millions of humans worldwide. It is widely accepted that these flagellates are transmitted exclusively by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae). Reservoir hosts and insect vectors for the newly established Leishmania subgenus Mundinia, however, remain poorly understood. Preliminary evidence from field-based studies discovered biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) that were naturally infected by L. (Mundinia) macropodum in Australia. This surprising finding led us to carry out a detailed laboratory study aimed at comparison of the development of all currently known species of the subgenus Mundinia in both putative vector families. We found that all five Mundinia species developed successfully in C. sonorensis and the successful transmission of three Mundinia species from infected insects to mice was demonstrated for the first time. This is the first detailed in vivo evidence that biting midges can act as competent vectors of Leishmania parasites of the subgenus Mundinia and has considerable epidemiological implications for control of these neglected pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Modry
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences/CINeZ, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jahn
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Carpenter
- Entomology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sarouey LA, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Tabatabaie F, Khanaliha K. Evaluating the Effect of Cinnarizine on Promastigotes and Amastigotes forms of Leishmania major. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:550-555. [PMID: 30421686 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666181113114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As an important global disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with complications such as secondary infections and atrophic scars. The first line treatment with antimonials is expensive and reported to have serious side effects and enhance resistance development. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Cinnarizine on standard strains of Leishmania major because of paucity of information on this subject. METHODS In this experimental study, four concentrations of the drug (5, 10, 15 and 20 μg/ml) were added to Leishmania major cultures at 24, 48 and 72 hours intervals. MTT assays were performed to determine parasite viability and drug toxicity. Leishmania major promastigotes were augmented to the in vitro cultured macrophages (J774 cells) and then incubated for 72 hours. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was ascertained by counting parasites. The inhibitory effect of the drug was compared with that of Glucantime. Flow-cytometry was performed to investigate apoptosis. Each test was repeated thrice. RESULTS The IC50 values of Cinnarizine after 72 hours were calculated to be 34.76 μg/ml and 23.73 μg/ml for promastigotes and amastigotes, respectively. The results of MTT assays showed 48 % promastigote viability after 72 hour-exposure to Cinnarizine at 20 μg/ml concentration. Programmed cell death in promastigote- and amastigote-infected macrophages was quantified to be 13.66 % and 98.7 %, respectively. Flow- cytometry analysis indicated that Cinnarizine induced early and late apoptosis in parasites. All treatments produced results which differed significantly from control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Cinnarizine showed low toxicity with anti-leishmanial and apoptosis effects on both promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms. Therefore, we may suggest further assessment on animal models of this drug as candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lima Asgharpour Sarouey
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Tabatabaie
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Akuffo R, Wilson M, Sarfo B, Attram N, Mosore MT, Yeboah C, Cruz I, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Boakye D, Moreno J, Anto F. Prevalence of Leishmania infection in three communities of Oti Region, Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009413. [PMID: 34043625 PMCID: PMC8158879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by various species of female phlebotomine sand flies. The first report of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ghana refer to a cluster of cases in 1999-2003 in the Ho municipality of the Volta Region. We conducted an epidemiological assessment in the Oti Region, encouraged by recent reports of potential cases of CL. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a cross-sectional study design, the exposure to Leishmania was investigated in three communities of the Oti Region based on the leishmanin skin test (LST). LST results for 3,071 participants comprising 1091, 848, and 1132 persons from the communities of Ashiabre, Keri, and Sibi Hilltop, indicated an overall prevalence of exposure to Leishmania infection of 41.8% and individual community prevalence of 39.4%, 55.1%, and 34.2% respectively. Being male [AOR = 1.27; CI: 1.09, 1.49], and living in Keri [AOR = 1.83; CI: 1.43, 2.34] were associated with an increase in the odds of exposure to Leishmania. Being 5-10 years old [AOR = 1.48; CI: 1.06, 2.05], 11-17 years old [AOR = 2.03; CI: 1.45, 2.85], 18-40 years old [AORR = 2.83; CI: 1.81, 4.43] and 41-65 years old [AOR = 5.08; CI: 2.98, 8.68] were also significantly associated with increased odds of being exposed to Leishmania. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated exposure to Leishmania in the study communities and also identified associated factors. Future efforts aimed at reducing exposure to Leishmania infection in the study area should take the associated factors into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Akuffo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Wilson
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bismark Sarfo
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Naiki Attram
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Clara Yeboah
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Israel Cruz
- National School of Public health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose-Antonio Ruiz-Postigo
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Boakye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francis Anto
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Akuffo R, Sanchez C, Chicharro C, Carrillo E, Attram N, Mosore MT, Yeboah C, Kotey NK, Boakye D, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Moreno J, Wilson M, Sarfo B, Anto F. Detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis in three communities of Oti Region, Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009416. [PMID: 34029326 PMCID: PMC8177633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common type of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. In Ghana, some studies in the Volta region have detected Leishmania parasites among persons with skin ulcers. Methodology/Principal findings Using a cross-sectional study design, the prevalence of CL in three communities of the Oti Region of Ghana was investigated. Demographic and epidemiological data were obtained by a structured interviewer administered questionnaire. A total of 426 (12.4%) out of 3,440 participants screened had at least one skin ulcer. Of 595 skin ulcers sampled and tested by PCR for Leishmania infection, 150 (25.2%) ulcers from 136 individuals tested positive, accounting for an overall CL prevalence of 31.9% among persons with skin ulcers. Individual community CL prevalence of 23.2%, 29.8%, and 36.8% was observed in Ashiabre, Keri, and Sibi Hilltop respectively among persons with skin ulcers. Conclusions/Significance Confirmation of CL in the study area suggests an active cycle of transmission of Leishmania infection. The observation of skin ulcers which tested negative to Leishmania infection suggests a need to test for additional causes of skin ulcers such as Treponema pallidum pertenue and Mycobacterium ulcerans in the study area. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by various species of female sandflies. CL usually begins as painless nodules and is usually characterized by skin ulcers which may be single or multiple. Although ulcers due to CL are often self-healing, they may become painful and result in scarring after healing. Typically, CL occurs on exposed parts of the body such as the neck, limbs, and face, which may be easily accessible to sandflies. Although cases of CL had previously been reported in some parts of the Volta region of Ghana, no previous case of CL had been reported in the Oti region. This study was initiated following reports of skin ulcers which were suggestive of CL in some communities of the Oti region. This study confirmed Leishmania infection in 150(25.5%) out of 595 skin ulcer samples obtained from 426 study participants. Given that 445(74,8%) of the skin ulcers tested negative for Leishmania parasite suggests a need for investigation of additional causes of skin ulcers such as yaws and Buruli ulcer in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Akuffo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Carmen Sanchez
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Chicharro
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Naiki Attram
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Clara Yeboah
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Daniel Boakye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jose-Antonio Ruiz-Postigo
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Wilson
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bismark Sarfo
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Anto
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rêgo FD, Soares RP. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200254. [PMID: 33950136 DOI: 10.1590/0001-37652021xxxx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. It is a permissive vector susceptible to infection with several Leishmania species. One of the advantages that favors the study of this sand fly is the possibility of colonization in the laboratory. For this reason, several researchers around the world use this species as a model for different subjects including biology, insecticides testing, host-parasite interaction, physiology, genetics, proteomics, molecular biology, and saliva among others. In 2003, we published our first review (Soares & Turco 2003) on this vector covering several aspects of Lu. longipalpis. This current review summarizes what has been published between 2003-2020. During this period, modern approaches were incorporated following the development of more advanced and sensitive techniques to assess this sand fly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe D Rêgo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
RÊGO FELIPED, SOARES RODRIGOPEDRO. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
25
|
Baneth G, Bates PA, Olivieri A. Host-parasite interactions in vector-borne protozoan infections. Eur J Protistol 2020; 76:125741. [PMID: 33147559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protists embrace many species, some of which may be either occasional or permanent parasites of vertebrate animals. Between the parasite species, several of medical and veterinary importance are vector-transmitted. The ecology and epidemiology of vector-borne parasitoses, including babesiosis, leishmaniasis and malaria, are particularly complex, as they are influenced by many factors, such as vector reproductive efficiency and geographical spread, vectorial capacity, host immunity, travel and human behaviour and climatic factors. Transmission dynamics are determined by the interactions between pathogen, vector, host and environmental factors and, given their complexity, many different types of mathematical models have been developed to understand them. A good basic knowledge of vector-pathogen relationships and transmission dynamics is thus essential for disease surveillance and control interventions and may help in understanding the spread of epidemics and be useful for public health planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul A Bates
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, UK
| | - Anna Olivieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rosa LD, Soares A, Marcili A, Diaz J, Wolkmer P, Bassuino D, Schaefer P, Henrich K, Rossato C. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cavia porcellus (guinea pig): case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of worldwide spread. It is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted to animals and humans through the bite of sand flies. In Brazil, leishmaniasis is one of the zoonoses of major importance and expansion. The objective of this work is to describe the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular findings of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania enriettii in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Three animals had nodular and alopecia lesions on the muzzle, ears and ulcerated lesions on the distal extremities of the pelvic limbs. The males (2) also had diffuse thickening of the scrotal skin. Samples of the ulcerated cutaneous lesions were evaluated by cytology which were observed as amastigote forms of Leishmania. One of the animals was euthanized and necropsied. Histopathology showed abundant dermal infiltrate of macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells. Numerous macrophages contained parasitoid vacuoles with amastigote forms, evidenced by immunohistochemical examination. The molecular characterization based on the SSUrDNA gene identified the species as L. enrietti. The diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in these cases was based on pathological findings and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, PCR and sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A.G. Soares
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Elucidating the possible mechanism of action of some pathogen box compounds against Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008188. [PMID: 32275665 PMCID: PMC7176276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) which is closely associated with poverty and has gained much relevance recently due to its opportunistic coinfection with HIV. It is a protozoan zoonotic disease transmitted by a dipteran Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia/ Sergentomyia sandfly; during blood meals on its vertebrate intermediate hosts. It is a four-faceted disease with its visceral form being more deadly if left untreated. It is endemic across the tropics and sub-tropical regions of the world. It can be considered the third most important NTD after malaria and lymphatic filariasis. Currently, there are numerous drawbacks on the fight against leishmaniasis which includes: non-availability of vaccines, limited availability of drugs, high cost of mainstay drugs and parasite resistance to current treatments. In this study, we screened the antileishmanial activity, selectivity, morphological alterations, cell cycle progression and apoptotic potentials of six Pathogen box compounds from Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) against Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes. From this study, five of the compounds showed great promise as lead chemotherapeutics based on their high selectivity against the Leishmania donovani parasite when tested against the murine mammalian macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line (with a therapeutic index ranging between 19–914 (promastigotes) and 1–453 (amastigotes)). The cell cycle progression showed growth arrest at the G0-G1 phase of mitotic division, with an indication of apoptosis induced by two (2) of the pathogen box compounds tested. Our findings present useful information on the therapeutic potential of these compounds in leishmaniasis. We recommend further in vivo studies on these compounds to substantiate observations made in the in vitro study. There are numerous drawbacks in the fight against leishmaniasis which includes difficulty in drug administration, lengthy time of treatment, high toxicity, adverse side effects, high cost of drugs and increasing parasite resistance to treatment. These have made the search for new antileishmanial chemotherapeutics very essential. The Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) with the aim of accelerating drug development for poverty-related diseases has assembled some 400 diverse, drug-like molecules active against neglected diseases called the Pathogen box compounds. Thus, in this study we explored the antileishmanial potency and elucidated some possible mechanisms of action of some of the compounds against the Leishmania donovani parasites. The six compounds studied caused a distortion in the mitochondrion morphology, loss of kinetoplastid DNA and eventual nuclear degeneration upon treatment for 72 hours. Parasites treated with two of the cytocidal compounds MMV676057 (E03C) and MMV688942 (D06A) showed no significant programmed cell death due to apoptosis when compared to the untreated parasites but rather showed a cell cycle growth arrest in the G0-G1 and S-phases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Becvar T, Siriyasatien P, Bates P, Volf P, Sádlová J. Development of Leishmania (Mundinia) in guinea pigs. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:181. [PMID: 32268916 PMCID: PMC7140393 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a human and animal disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which is now divided into four subgenera, Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania and Mundinia. Subgenus Mundinia, established in 2016, is geographically widely dispersed, its distribution covers all continents, except Antarctica. It consists of 5 species; L. enriettii and L. macropodum are parasites of wild mammals while L. martiniquensis, L. orientalis and an unnamed Leishmania sp. from Ghana are infectious to humans. There is very little information on natural reservoir hosts and vectors for any Mundinia species. METHODS Experimental infections of guinea pigs with all five Mundinia species were performed. Animals were injected intradermally with 107 culture-derived promastigotes into both ear pinnae. The courses of infections were monitored weekly; xenodiagnoses were performed at weeks 4 and 8 post-infection using Lutzomyia migonei. The distribution of parasites in different tissues was determined post-mortem by conventional PCR. RESULTS No significant differences in weight were observed between infected animals and the control group. Animals infected with L. enriettii developed temporary lesions at the site of inoculation and were infectious to Lu. migonei in xenodiagnoses. Animals infected with L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis developed temporary erythema and dry lesions at the site of inoculation, respectively, but were not infectious to sand flies. Guinea pigs infected by L. macropodum and Leishmania sp. from Ghana showed no signs of infection during experiments, were not infectious to sand flies and leishmanial DNA was not detected in their tissue samples at the end of experiments at week 12 post-inoculation. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, guinea pigs are not an appropriate model organism for studying Mundinia species other than L. enriettii. We suggest that for better understanding of L. (Mundinia) biology it is necessary to focus on other model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sádlová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bordbar A, Bagheri KP, Ebrahimi S, Parvizi P. Bioinformatics analyses of immunogenic T-cell epitopes of LeIF and PpSP15 proteins from Leishmania major and sand fly saliva used as model antigens for the design of a multi-epitope vaccine to control leishmaniasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104189. [PMID: 31931259 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites belonging to 20 Leishmania species. This infectious disease is transmitted by bites of infected phlebotomine sandflies, and is widespread in 97 countries throughout the world. No preventive or effective vaccine has been developed yet. In this study, diverse computational methods were integrated to calculate evolutionary divergence, immunogenicity, IFN-γ production, epitope conservancy, and population coverage of protein fusion models of LeIF-SP15 namely SaLeish. Immunogenicity of LeIF of Leishmania species and SP15 of sandfly saliva has not been investigated in-silico in fusion form. A complete set of 9-mer MHC class I and 15-mer MHC class II peptides were identified with a high affinity for the antigenic epitopes of SaLeish inducing specific responses of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from BALB/c and human. Our preferred approach was determining truncated fragment of SaLeish rather than a whole length bearing the capacity to trigger specific immune response. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LeIF protein is under balancing selection and is conserved between different Leishmania species. Selected SaLeish model contained 19 and 35 antigenic peptides for MHC class I and II, respectively, with strong binding affinity to both highly frequent HLA-I and HLA-II alleles. Analysis of class I CTL epitopes showed that promiscuous peptides of KSLKADIRK, MSCIPHCKY, LQAGVIVAV, and YQYYGFVAM have greater affinity to interact with HLA-A*01:01, HLA-A*02 (03, 06), HLA-A*30:02, HLA-B*40:01, and HLA-B*52:01 molecules. Population coverage with a range of 78-85% confirmed SaLeish-Model4 as an appropriate vaccine candidate among Persian, South Asia, Europe, and North America population. Also, predicted antigenic epitopes of AKPEIRTFSNVLIKY, TRVQDDLRKLQAGVI, and VALFSATMPEEVLEL corresponding to MHC class II were found to provide strong ability to produce IFNγ toward TH(1)-biased-DTH responses. Findings of the current investigation warrant the future experimental assessment of promising SaLeish prophylaxis vaccine that is capable to enhance both innate and specific cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bordbar
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Biotechnology Dept., Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ebrahimi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sadlova J, Vojtkova B, Becvar T, Lestinova T, Spitzova T, Bates P, Volf P. Host competence of the African rodents Arvicanthis neumanni, A. niloticus and Mastomys natalensis for Leishmania donovani from Ethiopia and L. ( Mundinia) sp. from Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 11:40-45. [PMID: 31879594 PMCID: PMC6920283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is regarded as mostly anthroponotic, but a role for animal reservoir hosts in transmission has been suggested in East Africa. Field studies in this region have shown the presence of this parasite in several mammalian species, including rodents of the genera Arvicanthis and Mastomys. Further, the natural reservoirs of Leishmania (Mundinia) sp. causing human cutaneous disease in Ghana, West Africa, are unknown. This study assessed the potential role of the Sub-Saharan rodents Arvicanthis neumanni, A. niloticus and Mastomys natalensis as hosts of L. donovani and L. sp. from Ghana, based on experimental infections of animals and xenodiagnoses. The distribution and load of parasites were determined post mortem using qPCR from the blood, skin and viscera samples. The attractiveness of Arvicanthis and Mastomys to Phlebotomus orientalis was tested by pair-wise comparisons. None of the animals inoculated with L. donovani were infectious to P. orientalis females, although, in some animals, parasites were detected by PCR even 30 weeks post infection. Skin infections were characterized by low numbers of parasites while high parasite burdens were present in spleen, liver and lymph nodes only. Therefore, wild Arvicanthis and Mastomys found infected with L. donovani, should be considered parasite sinks rather than parasite reservoirs. This is indirectly supported also by results of host choice experiments with P. orientalis in which females preferred humans over both Arvicanthis and Mastomys, and their feeding rates on rodents ranged from 1.4 to 5.8% only. Therefore, the involvement of these rodents in transmission of L. donovani by P. orientalis is very unlikely. Similarly, poor survival of Leishmania parasites in the studied rodents and negative results of xenodiagnostic experiments do not support the involvement of Arvicanthis and Mastomys spp. in the transmission cycle of L. sp. from Ghana. Three species of Sub-Saharan rodents were infected and xenodiagnosed. Skin infections in Arvicanthis and Mastomys were characterized by low parasite loads. None of animals inoculated with leishmania were infectious to sand flies. Phlebotomus orientalis females significantly preferred man over rodents. Rodents are unlikely to be involved in the circulation of the two studied Leishmania in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Spitzova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chanmol W, Jariyapan N, Somboon P, Bates MD, Bates PA. Development of Leishmania orientalis in the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and the biting midge Culicoides soronensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Acta Trop 2019; 199:105157. [PMID: 31491400 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis is a newly described species causing human leishmaniasis in Thailand whose natural vector is unknown. L. orientalis infections in sand flies and/or biting midges under laboratory conditions have not been previously investigated. In this study, the development of L. orientalis in two experimental vectors, Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies and Culicoides sonorensis biting midges was investigated for the first time using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and histological examination. The results showed that L. orientalis was unable to establish infection in Lu. longipalpis. No parasites were found in the sand fly gut 4 days post-infected blood meal (PIBM). In contrast, the parasite successfully established infection in C. sonorensis. The parasites differentiated from amastigotes to procyclic promastigotes in the abdominal midgut (AMG) on day 1 PIBM. On day 2 PIBM, nectomonad promastigotes were observed in the AMG and migrated to the thoracic midgut (TMG). Leptomonad promastigotes appeared at the TMG on day 3 PIBM. Clusters of leptomonad promastigotes and metacyclic promastigotes colonized around the stomodeal valve with the accumulation of a promastigote secretory gel-like material from day 3 PIBM onwards. Haptomonad-like promastigotes were observed from day 5 PIBM, and the proportion of metacyclic promastigotes reached 23% on day 7 PIBM. The results suggest that biting midges or other sand fly genera or species might be vectors of L. orientalis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Butenko A, Kostygov AY, Sádlová J, Kleschenko Y, Bečvář T, Podešvová L, Macedo DH, Žihala D, Lukeš J, Bates PA, Volf P, Opperdoes FR, Yurchenko V. Comparative genomics of Leishmania (Mundinia). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:726. [PMID: 31601168 PMCID: PMC6787982 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosomatids of the genus Leishmania are parasites of mammals or reptiles transmitted by bloodsucking dipterans. Many species of these flagellates cause important human diseases with clinical symptoms ranging from skin sores to life-threatening damage of visceral organs. The genus Leishmania contains four subgenera: Leishmania, Sauroleishmania, Viannia, and Mundinia. The last subgenus has been established recently and remains understudied, although Mundinia contains human-infecting species. In addition, it is interesting from the evolutionary viewpoint, representing the earliest branch within the genus and possibly with a different type of vector. Here we analyzed the genomes of L. (M.) martiniquensis, L. (M.) enriettii and L. (M.) macropodum to better understand the biology and evolution of these parasites. Results All three genomes analyzed were approximately of the same size (~ 30 Mb) and similar to that of L. (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae, but smaller than those of the members of subgenera Leishmania and Viannia, or the genus Endotrypanum (~ 32 Mb). This difference was explained by domination of gene losses over gains and contractions over expansions at the Mundinia node, although only a few of these genes could be identified. The analysis predicts significant changes in the Mundinia cell surface architecture, with the most important ones relating to losses of LPG-modifying side chain galactosyltransferases and arabinosyltransferases, as well as β-amastins. Among other important changes were gene family contractions for the oxygen-sensing adenylate cyclases and FYVE zinc finger-containing proteins. Conclusions We suggest that adaptation of Mundinia to different vectors and hosts has led to alternative host-parasite relationships and, thereby, made some proteins redundant. Thus, the evolution of genomes in the genus Leishmania and, in particular, in the subgenus Mundinia was mainly shaped by host (or vector) switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anzhelika Butenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Y Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jovana Sádlová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yuliya Kleschenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tomáš Bečvář
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Podešvová
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Diego H Macedo
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Žihala
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Paul A Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fred R Opperdoes
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic. .,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Anning AS, Kwakye-Nuako G, Ameyaw EO, Mosore MT, Asare KK. In vitro activity of Erythrophleum ivorense extract against the promastigote stage of cutaneous Leishmania parasite, a member of Leishmania (Mundinia) enriettii complex isolates from Ghana. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000050. [PMID: 32974542 PMCID: PMC7481739 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes physical disfigurement and impairment on affected individuals, however, little attention has been paid to it eradication. The situation of this neglected disease is complicated with the expansion of the non-human pathogenic Leishmania enriettii complex causing infection in humans. We have previously shown that the extract from Erythrophleum ivorense has leishmanicidal activity against promastigote stages of the L. enriettii complex isolate from Ghana and L eishmania donovani. The extract of E. ivorense has shown to have anti-inflammatory, wound-healing ability, antiallergic, antimalarial and antischistosomal activity. However, the concentration threshold of E. ivorense extract required for leishmanicidal activity against the emerging human pathogenic L. enriettii complex isolates is not clear. AIM To test for the concentration threshold of E. ivorense extract required to obtain ideal leishmanicidal activity against the promastigote stage of human pathogenic L. enriettii complex isolates from Ghana. METHOD The ethanolic leaf extract of E. ivorense was serially diluted and tested against the promastigote stage of the L. enriettii complex. Parasite inhibition was measured at 590 nm using a spectrophotometer after staining parasites with trypan blue. To select the threshold concentration for maximum inhibition of the promastigote stage of the L. enriettii complex, the concentration cut-off statistic was used. RESULTS The MIC of E. ivorense extract for L. enriettii promastigote inhibition was 62.3 μg ml-1. The highest promastigote inhibition was observed at 72 h. CONCLUSION We show that a MIC of 62.3 μg ml-1 of E. ivorense leaf extract exhibits an ideal leishmanicidal activity against the promastigote stage of L. enriettii complex isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Serwah Anning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Elvis Ofori Ameyaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mba-Tihssommah Mosore
- U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwame Kumi Asare
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Protozoology Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Klatt S, Simpson L, Maslov DA, Konthur Z. Leishmania tarentolae: Taxonomic classification and its application as a promising biotechnological expression host. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007424. [PMID: 31344033 PMCID: PMC6657821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the eukaryotic protozoan parasite Leishmania tarentolae, with a main focus on its potential for biotechnological applications. We will also discuss the genus, subgenus, and species-level classification of this parasite, its life cycle and geographical distribution, and similarities and differences to human-pathogenic species, as these aspects are relevant for the evaluation of biosafety aspects of L. tarentolae as host for recombinant DNA/protein applications. Studies indicate that strain LEM-125 but not strain TARII/UC of L. tarentolae might also be capable of infecting mammals, at least transiently. This could raise the question of whether the current biosafety level of this strain should be reevaluated. In addition, we will summarize the current state of biotechnological research involving L. tarentolae and explain why this eukaryotic parasite is an advantageous and promising human recombinant protein expression host. This summary includes overall biotechnological applications, insights into its protein expression machinery (especially on glycoprotein and antibody fragment expression), available expression vectors, cell culture conditions, and its potential as an immunotherapy agent for human leishmaniasis treatment. Furthermore, we will highlight useful online tools and, finally, discuss possible future applications such as the humanization of the glycosylation profile of L. tarentolae or the expression of mammalian recombinant proteins in amastigote-like cells of this species or in amastigotes of avirulent human-pathogenic Leishmania species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Klatt
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail: (SK); (ZK)
| | - Larry Simpson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dmitri A. Maslov
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Zoltán Konthur
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail: (SK); (ZK)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sereno D. Leishmania ( Mundinia) spp.: from description to emergence as new human and animal Leishmania pathogens. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 30:100540. [PMID: 31061710 PMCID: PMC6487459 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 20 years, Leishmania (Mundinia) spp. have emerged as new causative agents of human and animal leishmaniases. We provide a historical view of these parasites, from their initial description to their emergence as pathogens, to help avoiding future confusion in species assignation of these newly emerging pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Sereno
- IRD, University of Montpellier, InterTryp and MiVeGec, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Depaquit J, Kaltenbach ML, Gay F. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Traveler to Guyana Caused by Leishmania siamensis, London, UK. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1599-1600. [PMID: 30016253 PMCID: PMC6056114 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.172147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
37
|
Abstract
Phylogenetics is an important component of the systems biology approach. Knowledge about evolution of the genus Leishmania is essential to understand various aspects of basic biology of these parasites, such as parasite-host or parasite-vector relationships, biogeography, or epidemiology. Here, we present a comprehensive guideline for performing phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequence data, but with principles that can be adapted to protein sequences or other molecular markers. It is presented as a compilation of the most commonly used genetic targets for phylogenetic studies of Leishmania, including their respective primers for amplification and references, as well as details of PCR assays. Guidelines are, then, presented to choose the best targets in relation to the types of samples under study. Finally, and importantly, instructions are given to obtain optimal sequences, alignments, and datasets for the subsequent data analysis and phylogenetic inference. Different bioinformatics methods and software for phylogenetic inference are presented and explained. This chapter aims to provide a compilation of methods and generic guidelines to conduct phylogenetics of Leishmania for nonspecialists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhls
- Molekulare Biotechnologie und Funktionelle Genomik, Technische Hochschule Wildau, Wildau, Germany.
| | - Isabel Mauricio
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
In vitro Effects of Ketotifen and Cromolyn Sodium on Promastigote and Amastigotes of Leishmania major. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.82389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
39
|
Sunyoto T, Verdonck K, el Safi S, Potet J, Picado A, Boelaert M. Uncharted territory of the epidemiological burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sub-Saharan Africa-A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006914. [PMID: 30359376 PMCID: PMC6219817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of leishmaniasis, with 0.7 to 1.2 million cases per year globally. However, the burden of CL is poorly documented in some regions. We carried out this review to synthesize knowledge on the epidemiological burden of CL in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, CABI Global health, Africa Index Medicus databases for publications on CL and its burden. There were no restrictions on language/publication date. Case series with less than ten patients, species identification studies, reviews, non-human, and non-CL focused studies were excluded. Findings were extracted and described. The review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines; the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (42016036272). RESULTS From 289 identified records, 54 met eligibility criteria and were included in the synthesis. CL was reported from 13 of the 48 sub-Saharan African countries (3 eastern, nine western and one from southern Africa). More than half of the records (30/54; 56%) were from western Africa, notably Senegal, Burkina Faso and Mali. All studies were observational: 29 were descriptive case series (total 13,257 cases), and 24 followed a cross-sectional design. The majority (78%) of the studies were carried out before the year 2000. Forty-two studies mentioned the parasite species, but was either assumed or attributed on the historical account. Regional differences in clinical manifestations were reported. We found high variability across methodologies, leading to difficulties to compare or combine data. The prevalence in hospital settings among suspected cases ranged between 0.1 and 14.2%. At the community level, CL prevalence varied widely between studies. Outbreaks of thousands of cases occurred in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Sudan. Polymorphism of CL in HIV-infected people is a concern. Key information gaps in CL burden here include population-based CL prevalence/incidence, risk factors, and its socio-economic burden. CONCLUSION The evidence on CL epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa is scanty. The CL frequency and severity are poorly identified. There is a need for population-based studies to define the CL burden better. Endemic countries should consider research and action to improve burden estimation and essential control measures including diagnosis and treatment capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temmy Sunyoto
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Policy Department, Médecins Sans Frontières - Campaign for Access to Medicines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristien Verdonck
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sayda el Safi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Julien Potet
- Policy Department, Médecins Sans Frontières - Campaign for Access to Medicines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Albert Picado
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Erbil Governorate: Clinical manifestations and disease course. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2018; 32:71. [PMID: 30643746 PMCID: PMC6325281 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.32.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease of zoonotic characteristic; its etiological agent is a protozoan of Leishmania species. This infectious agent is transmitted to humans through a secondary vector, which is infected sand-fly. According to WHO report, Iraq is a country where cutaneous leishmaniasis is an emerging disease, especially, its rural areas are labeled to be the source of the infection and endemicity. Course of the disease and treatment is highly defined by the subtype of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its species.
Methods: Data were collected from cutaneous leishmaniasis registry database of Erbil Dermatology Teaching Center in city of Erbil from August 2016 to August 2017. The collected data were descriptively analyzed for the clinical manifestations and the course of disease in the outbreak of this disease in Erbil governorate.
Results: A total of 124 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 93 (75%) were male and 31 (25%) were female. Their age ranged from 2 years to 73 years, with the mean age of 30.7±11.3. The majority of the patients were members of army forces. The total number of the lesions was 325. The number of lesions being ulcerated at the time of presentation was 179 (55%) and non-ulcerated lesions 146 (45%). Time needed for improvement ranged from 1.5 to 4.8 months. Recovery time of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions from time of onset to the remission ranged from 1.3 to 14.3 months.
Conclusion: The complete recovery time of the CL lesions was longer than what has been mentioned previously in Iraq. Ulceration of the lesions depends on the diameter of the lesions, as increased diameter increases the possibility of the ulceration. The possibility of lesion ulceration increases with an increase in the diameter of the lesions. Considering the observations in different clinical patterns and course of this disease, further studies should be conducted to identify CL species.
Collapse
|
41
|
Quiroga C, Cevallos V, Morales D, Baldeon ME, Cardenas P, Rojas-Silva P, Ponce P. Response to Hashiguchi and Gomez (2018). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:775-776. [PMID: 29659919 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quiroga
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Varsovia Cevallos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Manuel E Baldeon
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paul Cardenas
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Ponce
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Biología, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jariyapan N, Daroontum T, Jaiwong K, Chanmol W, Intakhan N, Sor-suwan S, Siriyasatien P, Somboon P, Bates MD, Bates PA. Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:351. [PMID: 29914526 PMCID: PMC6006788 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in Thailand with an unknown incidence or prevalence. Although the number of properly characterized and clinically confirmed cases is about 20, it is suspected that this low number masks a potentially high prevalence, with clinical disease typically manifesting itself against an immunocompromised background, but with a substantial number of subclinical or cured cases of infection. To date leishmaniasis in Thailand has been mainly ascribed to two taxa within the recently erected subgenus Mundinia Shaw, Camargo & Teixeira, 2016, Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis Desbois, Pratlong & Dedet, 2014 and a species that has not been formally described prior to this study. RESULTS A case of simple cutaneous leishmaniasis was diagnosed in a patient from Nan Province, Thailand. Molecular analysis of parasites derived from a biopsy sample revealed this to be a new species of Leishmania Ross, 1908, which has been named as Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis Bates & Jariyapan n. sp. A formal description is provided, and this new taxon supercedes some isolates from the invalid taxon "Leishmania siamensis". A summary of all known cases of leishmaniasis with a corrected species identification is provided. CONCLUSIONS Three species of parasites are now known to cause leishmaniasis is Thailand, L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis n. sp. in the subgenus Mundinia, which contains the type-species Leishmania enriettii Muniz & Medina, 1948, and a single case of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908. This study now enables epidemiological and other investigations into the biology of these unusual parasites to be conducted. It is recommended that the use of the taxonomically invalid name "L. siamensis" should be discontinued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narissara Jariyapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Teerada Daroontum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Wetpisit Chanmol
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuchpicha Intakhan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sriwatapron Sor-suwan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Michelle D. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Armah FA, Amponsah IK, Mensah AY, Dickson RA, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Adokoh CK. Leishmanicidal activity of the root bark of Erythrophleum Ivorense (Fabaceae) and identification of some of its compounds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 211:207-216. [PMID: 28970156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leishmaniasis is one of the neglected tropical disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandflies. High cost and lack of oral formulation of existing drugs, rapid developments of resistance by the parasite coupled with serious side effects require new treatments to augment or replace currently available therapies. The major merits of herbal medicine seem to demonstrate perceived efficacy, low incidence of serious adverse effects and low cost. Erythrophleum plants possess beneficial biological properties and, as such, characterization of the bioactive components of these plants is imperative. Previous work has shown an overwhelming presence of cassaine alkaloids in these plants. However, amongst these plants, the African based specie (Erythrophleum ivorense) is the least studied. OBJECTIVE In the current study, the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of the crude extract, its fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated using direct counting assay of promastigotes of Leishmania donovani using amphotericin B as positive control. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-leishmanial activity of E. ivorense extract was evaluated in vitro against the promastigote forms of Leishmania Donovani using a direct counting assay based on growth inhibition. Different crude extracts from ethyl acetate, pet-ether, and methanol as well as pure isolated compounds of E. ivorense: Erythroivorensin, Eriodictyol and Betulinic acid were screened. To know the possible components of the active methanolic extract, attempt was made to elucidate the extract using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). RESULTS This afforded a weak pet-ether fraction, a moderately active ethyl acetate fraction and a significantly active methanol fraction (IC50 = 2.97μg/mL) compared to Amphotericin B (IC50 = 2.40±0.67μg/mL). The novel diterpene erythroivorensin, betulinic acid and the flavanone Eriodictyol, from the ethyl acetate fraction, showed weak activity. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS was used to identify the cassaine diterpenoids from the active methanol fraction. Here, 10 compounds of this type were putatively identified from the ethanol crude extract. CONCLUSION The fragmentation mechanism of these metabolites is also proposed and are expected to serve as reference template for identification of these and related compounds in future. The presence of these compounds is an indication that they are an inherited and evolutionary component of plants belonging to the Erythrophleum genus. Our results further present another dimension where these compounds and their relative abundances can be used as chemo-taxonomical bio-markers of the genus. The present study also successfully demonstrated/re-affirmed the use of UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS as a robust technique for the characterization of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Armah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Sciences, College of Health and Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Isaac K Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Abraham Y Mensah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rita A Dickson
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul A Steenkamp
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Biosciences, Natural Products and Agroprocessing Group, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Ntakadzeni E Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Christian K Adokoh
- Department of Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
An overview on Leishmania (Mundinia) enriettii: biology, immunopathology, LRV and extracellular vesicles during the host-parasite interaction. Parasitology 2017; 145:1265-1273. [PMID: 29223169 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the Leishmania species known to be non-infective to humans is Leishmania (Mundinia) enriettii whose vertebrate host is the guinea pig Cavia porcellus. It is a good model for cutaneous leishmaniasis, chemotherapeutic and molecular studies. In the last years, an increased interest has emerged concerning the L. (Mundinia) subgenus after the finding of Leishmania (M.) macropodum in Australia and with the description of other new/putative species such as L. (M.) martiniquensis and 'L. (M.) siamensis'. This review focused on histopathology, glycoconjugates and innate immunity. The presence of Leishmania RNA virus and shedding of extracellular vesicles by the parasite were also evaluated.
Collapse
|
45
|
Paranaiba LF, Pinheiro LJ, Torrecilhas AC, Macedo DH, Menezes-Neto A, Tafuri WL, Soares RP. Leishmania enriettii (Muniz & Medina, 1948): A highly diverse parasite is here to stay. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006303. [PMID: 28542526 PMCID: PMC5444841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa F. Paranaiba
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LFP); (RPS)
| | - Lucélia J. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Diego H. Macedo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Armando Menezes-Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P. Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LFP); (RPS)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cotton JA. The Expanding World of Human Leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:341-344. [PMID: 28319012 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
New Leishmania isolates form a novel group of human parasites related to Leishmania enrietti, with cases in Ghana, Thailand, and Martinique; other relatives infect Australian and South American wildlife. These parasites apparently cause both cutaneous and visceral disease, and may have evolved a novel transmission mechanism exploiting blood-feeding midges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs, CB10 1SA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Coughlan S, Mulhair P, Sanders M, Schonian G, Cotton JA, Downing T. The genome of Leishmania adleri from a mammalian host highlights chromosome fission in Sauroleishmania. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43747. [PMID: 28256610 PMCID: PMC5335649 DOI: 10.1038/srep43747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of pathogens arising from humans, livestock and wild animals can be enhanced by genome-based investigation. Phylogenetically classifying and optimal construction of these genomes using short sequence reads are key to this process. We examined the mammal-infecting unicellular parasite Leishmania adleri belonging to the lizard-infecting Sauroleishmania subgenus. L. adleri has been associated with cutaneous disease in humans, but can be asymptomatic in wild animals. We sequenced, assembled and investigated the L. adleri genome isolated from an asymptomatic Ethiopian rodent (MARV/ET/75/HO174) and verified it as L. adleri by comparison with other Sauroleishmania species. Chromosome-level scaffolding was achieved by combining reference-guided with de novo assembly followed by extensive improvement steps to produce a final draft genome with contiguity comparable with other references. L. tarentolae and L. major genome annotation was transferred and these gene models were manually verified and improved. This first high-quality draft Leishmania adleri reference genome is also the first Sauroleishmania genome from a non-reptilian host. Comparison of the L. adleri HO174 genome with those of L. tarentolae Parrot-TarII and lizard-infecting L. adleri RLAT/KE/1957/SKINK-7 showed extensive gene amplifications, pervasive aneuploidy, and fission of chromosomes 30 and 36. There was little genetic differentiation between L. adleri extracted from mammals and reptiles, highlighting challenges for leishmaniasis surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Coughlan
- School of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Mulhair
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Tim Downing
- School of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, Kuhls K, Lukeš J, Cannet A, Ravel C, Marty P, Delaunay P, Kasbari M, Granouillac B, Gradoni L, Sereno D. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 57:1-29. [PMID: 28159546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tim Downing
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnaud Cannet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Kasbari
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Granouillac
- IRD/UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France; Intertryp UMR IRD177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Barratt J, Kaufer A, Peters B, Craig D, Lawrence A, Roberts T, Lee R, McAuliffe G, Stark D, Ellis J. Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005215. [PMID: 28081121 PMCID: PMC5230760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Leishmania includes approximately 53 species, 20 of which cause human leishmaniais; a significant albeit neglected tropical disease. Leishmaniasis has afflicted humans for millennia, but how ancient is Leishmania and where did it arise? These questions have been hotly debated for decades and several theories have been proposed. One theory suggests Leishmania originated in the Palearctic, and dispersed to the New World via the Bering land bridge. Others propose that Leishmania evolved in the Neotropics. The Multiple Origins theory suggests that separation of certain Old World and New World species occurred due to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Some suggest that the ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia evolved on Gondwana between 90 and 140 million years ago. In the present study a detailed molecular and morphological characterisation was performed on a novel Australian trypanosomatid following its isolation in Australia’s tropics from the native black fly, Simulium (Morops) dycei Colbo, 1976. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted and confirmed this parasite as a sibling to Zelonia costaricensis, a close relative of Leishmania previously isolated from a reduviid bug in Costa Rica. Consequently, this parasite was assigned the name Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. Assuming Z. costaricensis and Z. australiensis diverged when Australia and South America became completely separated, their divergence occurred between 36 and 41 million years ago at least. Using this vicariance event as a calibration point for a phylogenetic time tree, the common ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia appeared in Gondwana approximately 91 million years ago. Ultimately, this study contributes to our understanding of trypanosomatid diversity, and of Leishmania origins by providing support for a Gondwanan origin of dixenous parasitism in the Leishmaniinae. The genus Leishmania includes approximately 53 species, 20 of which cause human leishmaniais, a significant disease that has afflicted humans for millennia. But how ancient is Leishmania and where did it arise? Some suggest Leishmania originated in the Palearctic. Others suggest it appeared in the Neotropics. The Multiple Origins theory proposes that separation of certain Old World and Neotropical species occurred following the opening of the Atlantic. Others suggest that an ancestor to the Euleishmania and Paraleishmania appeared on Gondwana 90 to 140 million years ago (MYA). We performed a detailed molecular and morphological characterisation of a novel Australian trypanosomatid. This parasite is a sibling to the Neotropical Zelonia costaricensis, a close relative of Leishmania, and designated as Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. Assuming Z. costaricensis and Z. australiensis split when Australia and South America separated, their divergence occurred between 36 and 41 MYA. Using this event as a calibration point for a phylogenetic time tree, an ancestor of the dixenous Leishmaniinae appeared in Gondwana ~ 91 MYA. This study contributes to our understanding of trypanosomatid diversity by describing a unique Australian trypanosomatid and to our understanding of Leishmania evolution by inferring a Gondwanan origin for dixenous parasitism in the Leishmaniinae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Barratt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexa Kaufer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bryce Peters
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Insect Research Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Douglas Craig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea Lawrence
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Entomology, University of Sydney & Pathology West - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamalee Roberts
- St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Division of Microbiology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary McAuliffe
- Microbiology Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Division of Microbiology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
An appraisal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomatids presently classified as Leishmania and Endotrypanum. Parasitology 2016; 145:430-442. [PMID: 27976601 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016002092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We propose a taxonomic revision of the dixenous trypanosomatids currently classified as Endotrypanum and Leishmania, including parasites that do not fall within the subgenera L. (Leishmania) and L. (Viannia) related to human leishmaniasis or L. (Sauroleishmania) formed by leishmanias of lizards: L. colombiensis, L. equatorensis, L. herreri, L. hertigi, L. deanei, L. enriettii and L. martiniquensis. The comparison of these species with newly characterized isolates from sloths, porcupines and phlebotomines from central and South America unveiled new genera and subgenera supported by past (RNA PolII gene) and present (V7V8 SSU rRNA, Hsp70 and gGAPDH) phylogenetic analyses of the organisms. The genus Endotrypanum is restricted to Central and South America, comprising isolates from sloths and transmitted by phlebotomines that sporadically infect humans. This genus is the closest to the new genus Porcisia proposed to accommodate the Neotropical porcupine parasites originally described as L. hertigi and L. deanei. A new subgenus Leishmania (Mundinia) is created for the L. enriettii complex that includes L. martiniquensis. The new genus Zelonia harbours trypanosomatids from Neotropical hemipterans placed at the edge of the Leishmania-Endotrypanum-Porcisia clade. Finally, attention is drawn to the status of L. siamensis and L. australiensis as nomem nudums.
Collapse
|