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Saleh M, Hummel K, Schlosser S, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Bartholomew JL, Holzer A, Secombes CJ, El-Matbouli M. The myxozoans Myxobolus cerebralis and Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae modulate rainbow trout immune responses: quantitative shotgun proteomics at the portals of entry after single and co-infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1369615. [PMID: 38803570 PMCID: PMC11129561 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1369615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about the proteomic changes at the portals of entry in rainbow trout after infection with the myxozoan parasites, Myxobolus cerebralis, and Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Whirling disease (WD) is a severe disease of salmonids, caused by the myxosporean M. cerebralis, while, proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is caused by T. bryosalmonae, which instead belongs to the class Malacosporea. Climate change is providing more suitable conditions for myxozoan parasites lifecycle, posing a high risk to salmonid aquaculture and contributing to the decline of wild trout populations in North America and Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide the first proteomic profiles of the host in the search for evasion strategies during single and coinfection with M. cerebralis and T. bryosalmonae. Methods One group of fish was initially infected with M. cerebralis and another group with T. bryosalmonae. After 30 days, half of the fish in each group were co-infected with the other parasite. Using a quantitative proteomic approach, we investigated proteomic changes in the caudal fins and gills of rainbow trout before and after co-infection. Results In the caudal fins, 16 proteins were differentially regulated post exposure to M. cerebralis, whereas 27 proteins were differentially modulated in the gills of the infected rainbow trout post exposure to T. bryosalmonae. After co-infection, 4 proteins involved in parasite recognition and the regulation of host immune responses were differentially modulated between the groups in the caudal fin. In the gills, 11 proteins involved in parasite recognition and host immunity, including 4 myxozoan proteins predicted to be virulence factors, were differentially modulated. Discussion The results of this study increase our knowledge on rainbow trout co-infections by myxozoan parasites and rainbow trout immune responses against myxozoans at the portals of entry, supporting a better understanding of these host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jerri L. Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Astrid Holzer
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher J. Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Kristmundsson Á, Rut Svavarsdóttir F, Árnason F, Antonsson Þ, Guðbergsson G, Magnúsdóttir H, Andrew Freeman M. Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and proliferative kidney disease in Icelandic salmonids - Comparative data from two different time periods. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:207-220. [PMID: 36822541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite and the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), a serious, temperature-dependent and emerging disease affecting salmonid fish. It was first identified in Iceland in 2008, from Arctic charr inhabiting a shallow lowland lake. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and prevalence of macroscopic and subclinical T. bryosalmonae infections in Icelandic salmonids and compare different time periods, in context with depths, volumes, altitudes and areas of the lakes and fish age. Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) from 34 lakes, sampled between 1994-1998 and 2009-2017, were examined for macroscopic signs of PKD (n = 2,151) and the presence of T. bryosalmonae infections (n = 1,424). In the earlier period, 43% of lakes (10/23) harboured T. bryosalmonae -infected fish. The mean prevalence in those lakes was 62.1%, being most common in shallow lowland lakes whilst deeper lakes at high altitudes were all free from infection. Only a single fish from one lake showed macroscopic signs of PKD, a shallow lowland lake in southwestern Iceland. In the latter period, T. bryosalmonae was found in 16/18 lakes studied (89%), with a mean prevalence of 78-79% (excluding T.b. free lakes), being most common in the smaller, shallower lakes at lower alttudes. Macroscopic signs of PKD were observed in 11 of 18 of the lakes studied (61%) with prevalences up to 67%, most common in younger fish inhabiting small shallow lowland lakes. The results indicate that the distribution of T. bryosalmonae and the presence of PKD in Iceland have increased over the last few decades. The disease was almost non-existent in the 1990s but has become very common during the last decade or two. With further water temperature increases, as predicted by climate models, PKD is likely to increasingly affect wild salmonid populations in Iceland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árni Kristmundsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Fjóla Rut Svavarsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; The Marine and Freshwater Research Institute in Iceland, Hafnarfjordur, Iceland
| | - Friðþjófur Árnason
- The Marine and Freshwater Research Institute in Iceland, Hafnarfjordur, Iceland
| | - Þórólfur Antonsson
- The Marine and Freshwater Research Institute in Iceland, Hafnarfjordur, Iceland
| | - Guðni Guðbergsson
- The Marine and Freshwater Research Institute in Iceland, Hafnarfjordur, Iceland
| | - Hildur Magnúsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mark Andrew Freeman
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Lauringson M, Ozerov MY, Lopez ME, Wennevik V, Niemelä E, Vorontsova TY, Vasemägi A. Distribution and prevalence of the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in northernmost Europe: analysis of three salmonid species. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 151:37-49. [PMID: 36106715 DOI: 10.3354/dao03688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is altering the abundance and spread of many aquatic parasites and pathogens. Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is one such emerging disorder, and its impact is expected to increase with rising water temperature. Yet, the distribution and prevalence of T. bryosalmonae in Northern Europe remain poorly characterized. Here, we studied 43 locations in 27 rivers in northernmost Norway and Finland to describe T. bryosalmonae infection frequency and patterns in 1389 juvenile salmonids. T. bryosalmonae was discovered in 12 out of 27 rivers (44%) and prevalence ranged from 4.2 to 55.5% in Atlantic salmon and from 5.8 to 75% in brown trout among infected rivers. In sympatric populations, brown trout was more frequently infected with T. bryosalmonae than was salmon. Age-specific parasite prevalence patterns revealed that in contrast to lower latitudes, the infection of juvenile fish predominantly occurs during the second summer or later. Temperature monitoring over 2 yr indicated that the mean water temperature in June was 2.1 to 3.2°C higher in rivers containing T. bryosalmonae compared to parasite-free rivers, confirming the important role of temperature in parasite occurrence. Temporal comparison in T. bryosalmonae prevalence over a 10 yr period in 11 rivers did not reveal any signs of contemporary parasite spread to previously uninfected rivers. However, the wide distribution of T. bryosalmonae in rivers flowing to the Barents Sea indicates that climate change and heat waves may cause new disease outbreaks in northern regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lauringson
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 46A Kreutzwaldi St., 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Svavarsdottir FR, Freeman MA, Antonsson T, Arnason F, Kristmundsson A. The presence of sporogonic stages of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in Icelandic salmonids detected using in situ hybridisation. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 34400591 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a widespread temperature-dependent disease in salmonids caused by the myxozoan parasite, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw et Okamura, 1999) (Tb). Tb has a two-host life cycle, involving fish as an intermediate host and freshwater bryozoans as the definitive host. Although salmonids are acknowledged as hosts for the parasite, it is less clear which fish species are active hosts in the life cycle of Tb. Differences in infection dynamics have been observed between some fish species, which are thought to be related to the existence of two main Tb-strains, the American and European. Iceland, having three species of indigenous salmonids and positioned geographically between Europe and North America, is an ideal location to study the natural development of Tb in wild fish. The main aim of this study was to determine the genetic origin of Tb in Iceland and confirm whether mature spores are produced in Icelandic salmonids. In this study, Icelandic salmonids were infected with the European Tb-strain. In situ hybridisation revealed that intraluminal sporogonic stages, including mature spores, were commonly observed in all three salmonid species. The presence of intraluminal stages has previously been confirmed in brown trout Salmo trutta Linnaeus and Atlantic salmon S. salar Linnaeus in Europe, but they have only been observed in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) in North America, infected by the local strain. This is, therefore, the first time that sporogonic stages have been observed in Arctic charr in Europe, where fish are infected with the European Tb-strain. Our data strongly suggest that all the three salmonid species inhabiting Icelandic waters serve as active hosts in the life cycle of Tb. However, for full confirmation, transmission trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjola Rut Svavarsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Hafnarfjordhur, Iceland
| | - Mark A Freeman
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts West Indies
| | | | | | - Arni Kristmundsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Lauringson M, Nousiainen I, Kahar S, Burimski O, Gross R, Kaart T, Vasemägi A. Climate change-driven disease in sympatric hosts: Temporal dynamics of parasite burden and proliferative kidney disease in wild brown trout and Atlantic salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:689-699. [PMID: 33428789 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is altering the abundance and spread of various parasites, which has important consequences not only for host-parasite interactions but also for the relationships between different host species. Here, we focus on the myxozoan endoparasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae that causes temperature-dependent proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids. We characterized the temporal changes in the parasite load and the severity of PKD signs (renal hyperplasia, haematocrit) in two sympatric populations of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We found that both the parasite load and disease signs vary considerably between individuals, species, rivers and sampling periods. We showed that Atlantic salmon was able to slow down the initial parasite proliferation rate and subsequently tolerate high parasite burden without obvious disease signs. In contrast, the initial parasite proliferation rate was much higher in brown trout, which was followed by the development of severe PKD signs. Thus, the speed of parasite proliferation, rather than the absolute number of the parasites in the host kidney, may play an important role in interspecific variation in PKD susceptibility. To conclude, this study illustrates the usefulness of temporal perspective for understanding host defence mechanisms and climate change-mediated impacts in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lauringson
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ilkka Nousiainen
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siim Kahar
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oksana Burimski
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riho Gross
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Kaart
- Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
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Hutchins PR, Sepulveda AJ, Hartikainen H, Staigmiller KD, Opitz ST, Yamamoto RM, Huttinger A, Cordes RJ, Weiss T, Hopper LR, Purcell MK, Okamura B. Exploration of the 2016 Yellowstone River fish kill and proliferative kidney disease in wild fish populations. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Hutchins
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2327 University Way Suite 2 Bozeman Montana59715USA
| | - Adam J. Sepulveda
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2327 University Way Suite 2 Bozeman Montana59715USA
| | - Hanna Hartikainen
- School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham University Park NottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Ken D. Staigmiller
- Fish Health Lab Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks 4801 Giant Springs Road Great Falls Montana59405USA
| | - Scott T. Opitz
- Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks 1400 South 19th Avenue Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Renee M. Yamamoto
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Amberly Huttinger
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Rick J. Cordes
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Tammy Weiss
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Lacey R. Hopper
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Maureen K. Purcell
- Western Fisheries Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 6505 NE 65th Street Seattle Washington98115USA
| | - Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum Cromwell Road LondonSW7 5BDUK
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