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Rinaldi G, Paz Meseguer C, Cantacessi C, Cortés A. Form and Function in the Digenea, with an Emphasis on Host-Parasite and Parasite-Bacteria Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:3-45. [PMID: 39008262 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This review covers the general aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the major body systems in digenetic trematodes, with an emphasis on new knowledge of the area acquired since the publication of the second edition of this book in 2019. In addition to reporting on key recent advances in the morphology and physiology of tegumentary, sensory, neuromuscular, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems, and their roles in host-parasite interactions, this edition includes a section discussing the known and putative roles of bacteria in digenean biology and physiology. Furthermore, a brief discussion of current trends in the development of novel treatment and control strategies based on a better understanding of the trematode body systems and associated bacteria is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Life Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Carla Paz Meseguer
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alba Cortés
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Ancarola ME, Maldonado LL, García LCA, Franchini GR, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Kamenetzky L, Cucher MA. A Comparative Analysis of the Protein Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles from Helminth Parasites. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2286. [PMID: 38137887 PMCID: PMC10744797 DOI: 10.3390/life13122286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites cause debilitating-sometimes fatal-diseases in humans and animals. Despite their impact on global health, mechanisms underlying host-parasite interactions are still poorly understood. One such mechanism involves the exchange of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane-enclosed subcellular nanoparticles. To date, EV secretion has been studied in helminth parasites, including EV protein content. However, information is highly heterogeneous, since it was generated in multiple species, using varied protocols for EV isolation and data analysis. Here, we compared the protein cargo of helminth EVs to identify common markers for each taxon. For this, we integrated published proteomic data and performed a comparative analysis through an orthology approach. Overall, only three proteins were common in the EVs of the seven analyzed species. Additionally, varied repertoires of proteins with moonlighting activity, vaccine antigens, canonical and non-canonical proteins related to EV biogenesis, taxon-specific proteins of unknown function and RNA-binding proteins were observed in platyhelminth and nematode EVs. Despite the lack of consensus on EV isolation protocols and protein annotation, several proteins were shown to be consistently detected in EV preparations from organisms at different taxa levels, providing a starting point for a selective biochemical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Ancarola
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121, Argentina; (M.E.A.); (L.L.M.)
- Institute of Research on Microbiology and Medical Parasitology (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121, Argentina
| | - Lucas L. Maldonado
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121, Argentina; (M.E.A.); (L.L.M.)
- Institute of Research on Microbiology and Medical Parasitology (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnología (INTEC), Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Buenos Aires C1073, Argentina
| | - Lucía C. A. García
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121, Argentina; (M.E.A.); (L.L.M.)
- Institute of Research on Microbiology and Medical Parasitology (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121, Argentina
| | - Gisela R. Franchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata B1900, Argentina;
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina;
| | - Marcela A. Cucher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121, Argentina; (M.E.A.); (L.L.M.)
- Institute of Research on Microbiology and Medical Parasitology (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121, Argentina
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You H, Jones MK, Gordon CA, Arganda AE, Cai P, Al-Wassiti H, Pouton CW, McManus DP. The mRNA Vaccine Technology Era and the Future Control of Parasitic Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0024121. [PMID: 36625671 PMCID: PMC10035331 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00241-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive long-term efforts, with very few exceptions, the development of effective vaccines against parasitic infections has presented considerable challenges, given the complexity of parasite life cycles, the interplay between parasites and their hosts, and their capacity to escape the host immune system and to regulate host immune responses. For many parasitic diseases, conventional vaccine platforms have generally proven ill suited, considering the complex manufacturing processes involved and the costs they incur, the inability to posttranslationally modify cloned target antigens, and the absence of long-lasting protective immunity induced by these antigens. An effective antiparasite vaccine platform is required to assess the effectiveness of novel vaccine candidates at high throughput. By exploiting the approach that has recently been used successfully to produce highly protective COVID mRNA vaccines, we anticipate a new wave of research to advance the use of mRNA vaccines to prevent parasitic infections in the near future. This article considers the characteristics that are required to develop a potent antiparasite vaccine and provides a conceptual foundation to promote the development of parasite mRNA-based vaccines. We review the recent advances and challenges encountered in developing antiparasite vaccines and evaluate the potential of developing mRNA vaccines against parasites, including those causing diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis, against which vaccines are currently suboptimal or not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexa E. Arganda
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Harry Al-Wassiti
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin W. Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Sheng ZA, Wu CL, Wang DY, Zhong SH, Yang X, Rao GS, Peng H, Feng SW, Li J, Huang WY, Luo HL. Proteomic analysis of exosome-like vesicles from Fasciola gigantica adult worm provides support for new vaccine targets against fascioliasis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:62. [PMID: 36765398 PMCID: PMC9921414 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by helminths play an important role in parasite-host communication. However, little is known about the characteristics and contents of the EVs of Fasciola gigantica, a parasitic flatworm that causes tropical fascioliasis. A better understanding of EVs released by F. gigantica will help elucidate the mechanism of F. gigantica-host interaction and facilitate the search for new vaccine candidates for the control and treatment of fascioliasis. METHODS Two different populations of EVs (15k EVs and 100k EVs) were purified from adult F. gigantica culture media by ultracentrifugation. The morphology and size of the purified EVs were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by the Zetasizer Nano ZSP high performance particle characterization system. With the aim of identifying diagnostic markers or potential vaccine candidates, proteins within the isolated 100k EVs were analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics (LC-MS/MS). Mice were then vaccinated with excretory/secretory products (ESPs; depleted of EVs), 15k EVs, 100k EVs and recombinant F. gigantica heat shock protein 70 (rFg-HSP70) combined with alum adjuvant followed by challenge infection with F. gigantica metacercariae. Fluke recovery and antibody levels were used as measures of vaccine protection. RESULTS TEM analysis and nanoparticle tracking analysis indicated the successful isolation of two subpopulations of EVs (15k EVs and 100k EVs) from adult F. gigantica culture supernatants using differential centrifugation. A total of 755 proteins were identified in the 100k EVs. Exosome biogenesis or vesicle trafficking proteins, ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) pathway proteins and exosome markers, heat shock proteins and 14-3-3 proteins were identified in the 100k EVs. These results indicate that the isolated 100k EVs were exosome-like vesicles. The functions of the identified proteins may be associated with immune regulation, immune evasion and virulence. Mice immunized with F. gigantica ESPs, 15k EVs, 100k EVs and rFg-HSP70 exhibited a reduction in fluke burden of 67.90%, 60.38%, 37.73% and 56.6%, respectively, compared with the adjuvant control group. The vaccination of mice with F. gigantica 100k EVs, 15k EVs, ESP and rFg-HSP70 induced significant production of specific immunoglobulins in sera, namely IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that proteins within the exosome-like vesicles of F. gigantica have immunomodulatory, immune evasion and virulence functions. This knowledge may lead to new strategies for immunotherapy, vaccination and the diagnosis of fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-An Sheng
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China ,grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jining Medical University, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cui-Lan Wu
- grid.418337.aGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ying Wang
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Hong Zhong
- grid.418337.aGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China ,Yuxi Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Yuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Shun Rao
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Peng
- grid.418337.aGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wen Feng
- grid.418337.aGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Yi Huang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Lin Luo
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Cwiklinski K, Dalton JP. Omics tools enabling vaccine discovery against fasciolosis. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:1068-1079. [PMID: 36270885 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade significant advances in our understanding of liver fluke biology have been made through in-depth interrogation and analysis of evolving Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica omics datasets. This information is crucial for developing novel control strategies, particularly vaccines necessitated by the global spread of anthelmintic resistance. Distilling them down to a manageable number of testable vaccines requires combined rational, empirical, and collaborative approaches. Despite a lack of clear outstanding vaccine candidate(s), we must continue to identify salient parasite-host interacting molecules, likely in the secretory products, tegument, or extracellular vesicles, and perform robust trials especially in livestock, using present and emerging vaccinology technologies to discover that elusive liver fluke vaccine. Omics tools are bringing this prospect ever closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - John P Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health (MPL), Ryan Institute, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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6
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Wu J, Liao Y, Li D, Zhu Z, Zhang L, Wu Z, He P, Wang L. Extracellular vesicles derived from Trichinella Spiralis larvae promote the polarization of macrophages to M2b type and inhibit the activation of fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974332. [PMID: 36211336 PMCID: PMC9532625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is a globally distributed food-borne parasite that can coexist with the host for a long time after infection. Trichinella-derived secretions can regulate the immune response and fibroblasts of the host, but the specific mechanisms involved are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of T. spiralis larvae-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their key miRNAs in the process of T. spiralis–host interaction. In this study, we found that the EVs of T. spiralis larvae, as well as miR-1-3p and let-7-5p, expressed in T. spiralis larvae-derived EVs, can promote the polarization of bone marrow macrophages to M2b type while inhibiting the activation of fibroblasts. These findings will contribute to further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying T. spiralis–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wu
- Medical Department of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yao Liao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dinghao Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lifu Wang, ; Ping He, ; Zhongdao Wu,
| | - Ping He
- Medical Department of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lifu Wang, ; Ping He, ; Zhongdao Wu,
| | - Lifu Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lifu Wang, ; Ping He, ; Zhongdao Wu,
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7
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Bennett APS, de la Torre-Escudero E, Dermott SSE, Threadgold LT, Hanna REB, Robinson MW. Fasciola hepatica Gastrodermal Cells Selectively Release Extracellular Vesicles via a Novel Atypical Secretory Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105525. [PMID: 35628335 PMCID: PMC9143473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is an obligate blood-feeder, and the gastrodermal cells of the parasite form the interface with the host’s blood. Despite their importance in the host–parasite interaction, in-depth proteomic analysis of the gastrodermal cells is lacking. Here, we used laser microdissection of F. hepatica tissue sections to generate unique and biologically exclusive tissue fractions of the gastrodermal cells and tegument for analysis by mass spectrometry. A total of 226 gastrodermal cell proteins were identified, with proteases that degrade haemoglobin being the most abundant. Other detected proteins included those such as proton pumps and anticoagulants which maintain a microenvironment that facilitates digestion. By comparing the gastrodermal cell proteome and the 102 proteins identified in the laser microdissected tegument with previously published tegument proteomic datasets, we showed that one-quarter of proteins (removed by freeze–thaw extraction) or one-third of proteins (removed by detergent extraction) previously identified as tegumental were instead derived from the gastrodermal cells. Comparative analysis of the laser microdissected gastrodermal cells, tegument, and F. hepatica secretome revealed that the gastrodermal cells are the principal source of secreted proteins, as well as showed that both the gastrodermal cells and the tegument are likely to release subpopulations of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Microscopical examination of the gut caeca from flukes fixed immediately after their removal from the host bile ducts showed that selected gastrodermal cells underwent a progressive thinning of the apical plasma membrane which ruptured to release secretory vesicles en masse into the gut lumen. Our findings suggest that gut-derived EVs are released via a novel atypical secretory route and highlight the importance of the gastrodermal cells in nutrient acquisition and possible immunomodulation by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. S. Bennett
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (A.P.S.B.); (E.d.l.T.-E.)
| | - Eduardo de la Torre-Escudero
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (A.P.S.B.); (E.d.l.T.-E.)
| | - Susan S. E. Dermott
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (A.P.S.B.); (E.d.l.T.-E.)
| | - Lawrence T. Threadgold
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (A.P.S.B.); (E.d.l.T.-E.)
| | - Robert E. B. Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK;
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (A.P.S.B.); (E.d.l.T.-E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)28-9097-2120
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8
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Herron CM, O’Connor A, Robb E, McCammick E, Hill C, Marks NJ, Robinson MW, Maule AG, McVeigh P. Developmental Regulation and Functional Prediction of microRNAs in an Expanded Fasciola hepatica miRNome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:811123. [PMID: 35223544 PMCID: PMC8867070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.811123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is a global burden on the wellbeing and productivity of farmed ruminants, and a zoonotic threat to human health. Despite the clear need for accelerated discovery of new drug and vaccine treatments for this pathogen, we still have a relatively limited understanding of liver fluke biology and host interactions. Noncoding RNAs, including micro (mi)RNAs, are key to transcriptional regulation in all eukaryotes, such that an understanding of miRNA biology can shed light on organismal function at a systems level. Four previous publications have reported up to 89 mature miRNA sequences from F. hepatica, but our data show that this does not represent a full account of this species miRNome. We have expanded on previous studies by sequencing, for the first time, miRNAs from multiple life stages (adult, newly excysted juvenile (NEJ), metacercariae and adult-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)). These experiments detected an additional 61 high-confidence miRNAs, most of which have not been described in any other species, expanding the F. hepatica miRNome to 150 mature sequences. We used quantitative (q)PCR assays to provide the first developmental profile of miRNA expression across metacercariae, NEJ, adult and adult-derived Evs. The majority of miRNAs were expressed most highly in metacercariae, with at least six distinct expression clusters apparent across life stages. Intracellular miRNAs were functionally analyzed to identify target mRNAs with inversely correlated expression in F. hepatica tissue transcriptomes, highlighting regulatory interactions with key virulence transcripts including cathepsin proteases, and neuromuscular genes that control parasite growth, development and motility. We also linked 28 adult-derived EV miRNAs with downregulation of 397 host genes in F. hepatica-infected transcriptomes from ruminant lymph node, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and liver tissue transcriptomes. These included genes involved in signal transduction, immune and metabolic pathways, adding to the evidence for miRNA-based immunosuppression during fasciolosis. These data expand our understanding of the F. hepatica miRNome, provide the first data on developmental miRNA regulation in this species, and provide a set of testable hypotheses for functional genomics interrogations of liver fluke miRNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul McVeigh
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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9
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Kumagai T, Shimogawara R, Ichimura K, Iwanaga S. Calpain inhibitor suppresses both extracellular vesicle-mediated secretion of miRNAs and egg production from paired adults of Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Int 2022; 87:102540. [PMID: 35007765 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been reported to be secreted from Schistosoma japonicum at all developmental stages. However, the reproduction and communication mechanisms between the paired adults through the EVs in dioecious Trematoda have not been reported. In this study, EVs containing many exosome-like vesicles and microvesicles were observed in the supernatants of paired adults cultured in vitro, and abundant selected miRNAs were contained in them. In particular, the female-specific miR-bantam was present only in vesicles and was hardly secreted outside the vesicles. In this study, we found that male-female pairing induced secretion of miR-3479 and miR-bantam in EVs, but not of male-specific miR-61. Furthermore, ingestion of mouse erythrocytes also increased the production of miRNAs in paired adult and single female worms. Vesicles were found in the tegument of females treated with erythrocytes under electron microscopy. After the paired worms were treated with several inhibitors against the secretion of EVs, only calpain inhibitor (calpeptin) significantly reduced the amount of miRNA in EVs. Furthermore, the worms treated with only calpeptin inhibited egg production in vitro. Together, these results indicate that qualitative miRNA production through EVs regulated by calpain plays a role in egg production in S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Rieko Shimogawara
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Fifty years of the schistosome tegument: discoveries, controversies, and outstanding questions. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1213-1232. [PMID: 34767805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique multilaminate appearance of the tegument surface of schistosomes was first described in 1973, in one of the earliest volumes of the International Journal for Parasitology. The present review, published almost 50 years later, traces the development of our knowledge of the tegument, starting with those earliest cytological advances, particularly the surface plasma membrane-membranocalyx complex, through an era of protein discovery to the modern age of protein characterization, aided by proteomics. More recently, analysis of single cell transcriptomes of schistosomes is providing insight into the organisation of the cell bodies that support the surface syncytium. Our understanding of the tegument, notably the nature of the proteins present within the plasma membrane and membranocalyx, has provided insights into how the schistosomes interact with their hosts but many aspects of how the tegument functions remain unanswered. Among the unresolved aspects are those concerned with maintenance and renewal of the surface membrane complex, and whether surface proteins and membrane components are recycled. Current controversies arising from investigations about whether the tegument is a source of extracellular vesicles during parasitism, and if it is covered with glycolytic enzymes, are evaluated in the light of cytological and proteomic knowledge of the layer.
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Drurey C, Maizels RM. Helminth extracellular vesicles: Interactions with the host immune system. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:124-133. [PMID: 34246032 PMCID: PMC8636279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As long-lived parasites, helminths depend upon immunomodulation of their hosts for survival. The release of excretory-secretory (ES) products, including proteins, lipids and RNAs is how successful host manipulation is achieved. It has recently been discovered that the ES products of helminths contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), with every species investigated found to secrete these lipid-bound structures. EVs are perfect for packaging and delivering immune modulators to target cell types. This review outlines the research carried out on helminth EVs and their constituents thus far, as well as their interaction with components of the mammalian immune system. We discuss how targeting EVs will aid treatment of helminth infection and consider how EVs and their immunomodulatory cargo could be used as therapeutics as we progress through this exciting era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Drurey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Wititkornkul B, Hulme BJ, Tomes JJ, Allen NR, Davis CN, Davey SD, Cookson AR, Phillips HC, Hegarty MJ, Swain MT, Brophy PM, Wonfor RE, Morphew RM. Evidence of Immune Modulators in the Secretome of the Equine Tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070912. [PMID: 34358062 PMCID: PMC8308605 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoplocephala perfoliata is a neglected gastro-intestinal tapeworm, commonly infecting horses worldwide. Molecular investigation of A. perfoliata is hampered by a lack of tools to better understand the host-parasite interface. This interface is likely influenced by parasite derived immune modulators released in the secretome as free proteins or components of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Therefore, adult RNA was sequenced and de novo assembled to generate the first A. perfoliata transcriptome. In addition, excretory secretory products (ESP) from adult A. perfoliata were collected and EVs isolated using size exclusion chromatography, prior to proteomic analysis of the EVs, the EV surface and EV depleted ESP. Transcriptome analysis revealed 454 sequences homologous to known helminth immune modulators including two novel Sigma class GSTs, five α-HSP90s, and three α-enolases with isoforms of all three observed within the proteomic analysis of the secretome. Furthermore, secretome proteomics identified common helminth proteins across each sample with known EV markers, such as annexins and tetraspanins, observed in EV fractions. Importantly, 49 of the 454 putative immune modulators were identified across the secretome proteomics contained within and on the surface of EVs in addition to those identified in free ESP. This work provides the molecular tools for A. perfoliata to reveal key players in the host-parasite interaction within the horse host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boontarikaan Wititkornkul
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80240, Thailand
| | - Benjamin J. Hulme
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - John J. Tomes
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Nathan R. Allen
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Chelsea N. Davis
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Sarah D. Davey
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Alan R. Cookson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Helen C. Phillips
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Matthew J. Hegarty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Martin T. Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Peter M. Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Ruth E. Wonfor
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.E.W.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Russell M. Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (B.W.); (B.J.H.); (J.J.T.); (N.R.A.); (C.N.D.); (S.D.D.); (A.R.C.); (H.C.P.); (M.J.H.); (M.T.S.); (P.M.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.E.W.); (R.M.M.)
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Transcriptional profiles of genes potentially involved in extracellular vesicle biogenesis in Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Trop 2021; 217:105851. [PMID: 33524382 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a severe chronic disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. Recent studies indicate that schistosomes can secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play important regulatory roles in many biological processes. However, the mechanisms underlying EV biogenesis in schistosomes are poorly understood. In this study, we performed bioinformatic analyses and identified several genes putatively involved in EV biogenesis in Schistosoma japonicum, which were then confirmed by PCR. Quantitative transcriptional profiles of the selected genes indicated that they were differentially expressed in male and female worms as well as in the different developmental stages of S. japonicum. Thus, the highest expression of VAMP3 was detected in cercariae, whereas that of ARF6 was detected in eggs. RAB11A and the Syntenin-encoding gene SDCBP were highly expressed in 14-day schistosomula and VPS4A and RAB27A were highly expressed in 35-day-old adult schistosomes. The expression of RAB11A, CHMP4C, VPS4A, and SDCBP was higher in male worms, whereas that of ARF6, VAMP3, and RAB27A was higher in female worms. Our results are expected to provide important clues for understanding the role of EV biogenesis in S. japonicum development.
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Bennett APS, Robinson MW. Trematode Proteomics: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Pathogens 2021; 10:348. [PMID: 33809501 PMCID: PMC7998542 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trematodes cause disease in millions of people worldwide, but the absence of commercial vaccines has led to an over-reliance on a handful of monotherapies to control infections. Since drug-resistant fluke populations are emerging, a deeper understanding of parasite biology and host interactions is required to identify new drug targets and immunogenic vaccine candidates. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics represents a key tool to that end. Recent studies have capitalised on the wider availability of annotated helminth genomes to achieve greater coverage of trematode proteomes and discover new aspects of the host-parasite relationship. This review focusses on these latest advances. These include how the protein components of fluke extracellular vesicles have given insight into their biogenesis and cellular interactions. In addition, how the integration of transcriptome/proteome datasets has revealed that the expression and secretion of selected families of liver fluke virulence factors and immunomodulators are regulated in accordance with parasite development and migration within the mammalian host. Furthermore, we discuss the use of immunoproteomics as a tool to identify vaccine candidates associated with protective antibody responses. Finally, we highlight how established and emerging technologies, such as laser microdissection and single-cell proteomics, could be exploited to resolve the protein profiles of discrete trematode tissues or cell types which, in combination with functional tools, could pinpoint optimal targets for fluke control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK;
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