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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Igarashi I. Ascorbic acid co-administration with a low dose of diminazene aceturate inhibits the in vitro growth of Theileria equi, and the in vivo growth of Babesia microti. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Silva RCRD, Cruz LNPD, Coutinho JMDS, Fonseca-Alves CE, Rebêlo JMM, Pereira SRF. Experimental transmission of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis to immunosuppressed mice through the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) results in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e81. [PMID: 34878039 PMCID: PMC8670602 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the natural vector of
Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, but it is also permissive
for several Leishmania species that are related to cutaneous
leishmaniasis (CL). Maranhao State (Northeast of Brazil) is endemic for CL and
has the highest number of cases of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) in the
country. It is a rare disease associated with a defective immune response mainly
caused by L. (L.) amazonensis. Additionally, the number of
immunosuppressed patients infected with the etiologic agents of CL has
increased, including regions in which the main vectors of CL are rare.
Therefore, we investigated whether Lu. longipalpis is able to
transmit L. (L.) amazonensis to uninfected and immunosuppressed
mice, resulting in CL. For that, 291 sand flies took an initial blood meal in
mice infected with L. (L.) amazonensis. Of these, 17 underwent
a second feeding on uninfected and immunosuppressed mice (of which 58.8% were
also positive for Leishmania according to data on the
dissection of the intestine). After 27 days of infection, these mice exhibited
leishmaniotic lesions. The occurrence of parasites on the animal’s skin was
confirmed by limiting dilution and immunohistopathological analyses. Parasite
DNA was also detected in paw lesions and inguinal lymph nodes. DNA sequencing
confirmed the Leishmania species in insects and mice. The
results confirmed the ability of Lu. longipalpis to become
infected and experimentally transmit L. (L.) amazonensis to
immunosuppressed rodents, resulting in leishmaniotic lesions. Our data open
perspectives for the potential role of Lu. longipalpis in the
epidemiology of urban cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially in immunosuppressed
patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cristina Ribeiro da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Léo Nava Piorsky Dominici Cruz
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - João Manoel da Silva Coutinho
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Silma Regina Ferreira Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Pandey SC, Kumar A, Samant M. Genetically modified live attenuated vaccine: A potential strategy to combat visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12732. [PMID: 32418227 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani mainly influencing the population of tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. The arsenal of drugs available is limited, and prolonged use of such drugs makes parasite to become resistant. Therefore, it is very imperative to develop a safe, cost-effective and inexpensive vaccine against VL. Although in recent years, many strategies have been pursued by researchers, so far only some of the vaccine candidates reached for clinical trial and more than half of them are still in pipeline. There is now a broad consent among Leishmania researchers that the perseverance of parasite is very essential for eliciting a protective immune response and may perhaps be attained by live attenuated parasite vaccination. For making a live attenuated parasite, it is very essential to ensure that the parasite is deficient of virulence and should further study genetically modified parasites to perceive the mechanism of pathogenesis. So it is believed that in the near future, a complete understanding of the Leishmania genome will explore clear strategies to discover a novel vaccine. This review describes the need for a genetically modified live attenuated vaccine against VL, and obstacles associated with its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
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Islam MT. Angiostatic effects of ascorbic acid: current status and future perspectives. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:275-277. [PMID: 32240427 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis effect of ascorbic acid (AA) is still controversial. However, most of the scientific evidence suggests that AA has anti-angiogenesis effects on a number of test systems, including laboratory animals, human beings, and their derived cell lines. The information provided in this paper suggests that AA may be a hopeful angiostatic agent for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, 8100, Gopalganj, Bangladesh.
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Sundar S, Agrawal N, Singh B. Exploiting knowledge on pharmacodynamics-pharmacokinetics for accelerated anti-leishmanial drug discovery/development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:595-612. [PMID: 31174439 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1629417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Being on the top list of neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis has been marked for elimination by 2020. In the light of small armamentarium of drugs and their associated drawbacks, the understanding of pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics becomes a priority to achieve and sustain disease elimination. Areas covered: The authors have looked into pharmacological aspects of existing and emerging drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis. An in-depth understanding of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics (PKPD) provides a rationale for drug designing and optimizing the treatment strategies. It forms a key to prevent drug resistance and avoid drug-associated adverse effects. The authors have compiled the researches on the PKPD of different anti-leishmanial formulations that have the potential for improved and/or effective disease intervention. Expert opinion: Understanding the pharmacological aspects of drugs forms the basis for the clinical application of novel drugs. Tailoring drug dosage and individualized treatment can avoid the adverse events and bridge gap between the in vitro models and their clinical application. An integrated approach, with pragmatic use of technological advances can improve phenotypic screening and physiochemical properties of novel drugs. Concomitantly, this can serve to improve clinical efficacies, reduce the incidence of relapse and accelerate the drug discovery/development process for leishmaniasis elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Neha Agrawal
- b Hepatology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Bhawana Singh
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.,c Department of Pathology , Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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