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Ferguson SK, Pak DI, Hopkins JL, Harral JW, Redinius KM, Loomis Z, Stenmark KR, Borden MA, Schroeder T, Irwin DC. Pre-clinical assessment of a water-in-fluorocarbon emulsion for the treatment of pulmonary vascular diseases. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:147-157. [PMID: 30822171 PMCID: PMC6407583 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1568621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is a well-characterized vascular response to low oxygen pressures and is involved in life-threatening conditions such as high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While the efficacy of oral therapies can be affected by drug metabolism, or dose-limiting systemic toxicity, inhaled treatment via pressured metered dose inhalers (pMDI) may be an effective, nontoxic, practical alternative. We hypothesized that a stable water-in-perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) emulsion that provides solubility in common pMDI propellants, engineered for intrapulmonary delivery of pulmonary vasodilators, reverses HPV during acute hypoxia (HX). Male Sprague Dawley rats received two 10-min bouts of HX (13% O2) with 20 min of room air and drug application between exposures. Treatment groups: intrapulmonary delivery (PUL) of (1) saline; (2) ambrisentan in saline (0.1 mg/kg); (3) empty emulsion; (4) emulsion encapsulating ambrisentan or sodium nitrite (NaNO2) (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg each); and intravenous (5) ambrisentan (0.1 mg/kg) or (6) NaNO2 (0.5 mg/kg). Neither PUL of saline or empty emulsion, nor infusions of drugs prevented pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) elevation (32.6 ± 3.2, 31.5 ± 1.2, 29.3 ± 1.8, and 30.2 ± 2.5 mmHg, respectively). In contrast, PUL of aqueous ambrisentan and both drug emulsions reduced PAP by 20–30% during HX, compared to controls. IL6 expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and whole lung 24 h post-PUL did not differ among cohorts. We demonstrate proof-of-concept for delivering pulmonary vasodilators via aerosolized water-in-PFOB emulsion. This concept opens a potentially feasible and effective route of treating pulmonary vascular pathologies via pMDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Ferguson
- a Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - David I Pak
- a Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA.,b Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Justin L Hopkins
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Julie W Harral
- a Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Katherine M Redinius
- a Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Zoe Loomis
- a Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- a Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Mark A Borden
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Thies Schroeder
- c Department of Biochemistry , Johannes-Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - David C Irwin
- a Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
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Nelson DL, Zhao Y, Fabiilli ML, Cook KE. In vitro evaluation of lysophosphatidic acid delivery via reverse perfluorocarbon emulsions to enhance alveolar epithelial repair. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 169:411-417. [PMID: 29807339 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar drug delivery is needed to enhance alveolar repair during acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, delivery of inhaled drugs is poor in this setting. Drug delivery via liquid perfluorocarbon emulsions could address this problem through better alveolar penetration and improved spatial distribution. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of the delivery of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) growth factor to cultured alveolar epithelial cells via a perfluorocarbon emulsion. METHODS Murine alveolar epithelial cells were treated for 2 h with varying concentrations (0-10 μM) of LPA delivered via aqueous solution or PFC emulsion. Cell migration was evaluated 18 h post-treatment using a scratch assay. Barrier function was evaluated 1 h post-treatment using a permeability assay. Proliferation was evaluated 72 h post-treatment using a viability assay. RESULTS Partially due to emulsion creaming and stability, the effects of LPA were either diminished or completely hindered when delivered via emulsion versus aqueous. Migration increased significantly following treatment with the 10 μM emulsion (p < 10-3), but required twice the concentration to achieve an increase similar to aqueous LPA. Both barrier function and proliferation increased following aqueous treatment, but neither were significantly affected by the emulsion. CONCLUSIONS The availability and thus the biological effect of LPA is significantly blunted during emulsified delivery in vitro, and this attenuation depends on the specific cellular function examined. Thus, the cellular level effects of drug delivery to the lungs via PFC emulsion are likely to vary based on the drug and the effect it is intended to create.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Scott Hall 4th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, East 1200A Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 3226A Medical Sciences Building I, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Keith E Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Scott Hall 4th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Fisicaro E, Compari C, Bacciottini F, Contardi L, Pongiluppi E, Barbero N, Viscardi G, Quagliotto P, Donofrio G, Krafft MP. Nonviral gene-delivery by highly fluorinated gemini bispyridinium surfactant-based DNA nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 487:182-191. [PMID: 27769002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological and thermodynamic properties of a new homologous series of highly fluorinated bispyridinium cationic gemini surfactants, differing in the length of the spacer bridging the pyridinium polar heads in 1,1' position, are reported for the first time. Interestingly, gene delivery ability is closely associated with the spacer length due to a structural change of the molecule in solution. This conformation change is allowed when the spacer reaches the right length, and it is suggested by the trends of the apparent and partial molar enthalpies vs molality. To assess the compounds' biological activity, they were tested with an agarose gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), MTT proliferation assay and Transient Transfection assays on a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Data from atomic force microscopy (AFM) allow for morphological characterization of DNA nanoparticles. Dilution enthalpies, measured at 298K, enabled the determination of apparent and partial molar enthalpies vs molality. All tested compounds (except that with the longest spacer), at different levels, can deliver the plasmid when co-formulated with 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). The compound with a spacer formed by eight carbon atoms gives rise to a gene delivery ability that is comparable to that of the commercial reagent. The compound with the longest spacer compacts DNA in loosely condensed structures by forming bows, which are not suitable for transfection. Regarding the compounds' hydrogenated counterparts, the tight relationship between the solution thermodynamics data and their biological performance is amazing, making "old" methods the foundation to deeply understanding "new" applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Fisicaro
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Compari
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Bacciottini
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Contardi
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Erika Pongiluppi
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Barbero
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Viscardi
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Quagliotto
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marie Pierre Krafft
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Fisicaro E, Contardi L, Compari C, Bacciottini F, Pongiluppi E, Viscardi G, Barbero N, Quagliotto P, Różycka-Roszak B. Solution Thermodynamics of highly fluorinated gemini bispyridinium surfactants for biomedical applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
For local lung conditions and diseases, pulmonary drug delivery has been widely used for more than 50 years now. A more recent trend involves the pulmonary route as a systemic drug-delivery target. Advantages such as avoidance of the gastrointestinal environment, different enzyme content compared with the intestine, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism make the lung an alternative route for the systemic delivery of actives. However, the lung offers barriers to absorption such as a surfactant layer, epithelial surface lining fluid, epithelial monolayer, interstitium and basement membrane, and capillary endothelium. Many delivery strategies have been developed in order to overcome these limitations. The use of surfactants is one of these approaches and their role in enhancing pulmonary drug delivery is reviewed in this article. A systematic review of the literature relating to the effect of surfactants on formulations for pulmonary delivery was conducted. Specifically, research reporting enhancement of in vivo performance was focused on. The effect of the addition of surfactants such as phospholipids, bile salts, non-ionic, fatty acids, and liposomes as phospholipid-containing carriers on the enhancement of therapeutic outcomes of drugs for pulmonary delivery was compiled. The main use attributed to surfactants in pulmonary drug delivery is as absorption enhancers by mechanisms of action not yet fully understood. Furthermore, surfactants have been used to improve the delivery of inhaled drugs in various additional strategies discussed herein.
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Abstract
Surfactants are an essential part of the droplet-based microfluidic technology. They are involved in the stabilization of droplet interfaces, in the biocompatibility of the system and in the process of molecular exchange between droplets. The recent progress in the applications of droplet-based microfluidics has been made possible by the development of new molecules and their characterizations. In this review, the role of the surfactant in droplet-based microfluidics is discussed with an emphasis on the new molecules developed specifically to overcome the limitations of 'standard' surfactants. Emulsion properties and interfacial rheology of surfactant-laden layers strongly determine the overall capabilities of the technology. Dynamic properties of droplets, interfaces and emulsions are therefore very important to be characterized, understood and controlled. In this respect, microfluidic systems themselves appear to be very powerful tools for the study of surfactant dynamics at the time- and length-scale relevant to the corresponding microfluidic applications. More generally, microfluidic systems are becoming a new type of experimental platform for the study of the dynamics of interfaces in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Baret
- Droplets, Membranes and Interfaces, MPI for Dynamics and Self-organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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Krafft MP. Strasbourg's SOFFT team—Soft functional systems self-assembled from perfluoroalkylated molecular components. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fernandes CA, Vanbever R. Preclinical models for pulmonary drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1231-45. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903241788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Riess JG. Highly fluorinated amphiphilic molecules and self-assemblies with biomedical potential. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Li X, Turánek J, Knötigová P, Kudláčková H, Mašek J, Pennington DB, Rankin SE, Knutson BL, Lehmler HJ. Synthesis and biocompatibility evaluation of fluorinated, single-tailed glucopyranoside surfactants. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b805015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lehmler HJ, Xu L, Vyas SM, Ojogun VA, Knutson BL, Ludewig G. Synthesis, physicochemical properties and in vitro cytotoxicity of nicotinic acid ester prodrugs intended for pulmonary delivery using perfluorooctyl bromide as vehicle. Int J Pharm 2007; 353:35-44. [PMID: 18164563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study explores perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) as a potential vehicle for the pulmonary delivery of a series of prodrugs of nicotinic acid using cell culture studies. The prodrugs investigated have PFOB-water (logK(p)=0.78 to >2.2), perfluoromethylcyclohexane-toluene (logK(p)=-2.62 to 0.13) and octanol-water (logK(p)=0.90-10.2) partition coefficients spanning several orders of magnitude. In confluent NCI-H358 human lung cancer cells, the toxicity of prodrugs administered in culture medium or PFOB depends on the medium of administration, with EC20's above 8 mM and 2.5 mM for culture medium and PFOB, respectively. Short-chain nicotinates administered both in PFOB and medium increase cellular NAD/NADP levels at 1mM nicotinate concentrations. Long-chain nicotinates, which could not be administered in medium due to their poor aqueous solubility, increased NAD/NADP levels if administered in PFOB at concentrations > or =10 mM. These findings suggest that even highly lipophilic prodrugs can partition out of the PFOB phase into cells, where nicotinic acid is released and converted to NAD. Thus, PFOB may be a novel and biocompatible vehicle for the delivery of lipophilic prodrugs of nicotinic acid and other drugs directly to the lung of laboratory animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA.
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Abstract
Drug delivery to the diseased lung is hindered by the buildup of fluid and shunting of blood flow away from the site of injury. The use of perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) as drug delivery vehicles has been proposed to overcome these obstacles. This drug delivery approach is based on the unique properties of PFCs. For example, PFCs can homogeneously fill the lung and recruit airways by replacing edematous fluid. Analogously, drugs administered with a PFC vehicle are expected to be homogeneously distributed throughout the lung. At the same time, intrapulmonary administration of the drug will achieve higher drug concentrations in the lung than conventional approaches, while reducing systemic exposure. Unfortunately, PFCs are poor solvents for typical drug molecules. To overcome this obstacle, several approaches, such as dispersions, prodrugs, solubilizing agents and (micro)emulsions, are under investigation to develop homogeneous PFC-drug mixtures suitable for intrapulmonary administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Research Scientist, University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Yoshiura H, Hashida M, Kamiya N, Goto M. Factors affecting protein release behavior from surfactant–protein complexes under physiological conditions. Int J Pharm 2007; 338:174-9. [PMID: 17331681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein release behavior from its complex with edible surfactants was investigated under physiological conditions using hen egg lysozyme and Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase as model proteins. It revealed that protein release rates could be controlled by hydrophobicity of surfactants and the molar ratio of proteins to surfactants in the preparation of the complexes. Evaluation of functional integrity of a protein on the basis of specific activity of an enzyme released from the complex suggested that lower hydrophobicity of surfactants led to higher retention of catalytic activity. In addition, it was found that protein release rates from the complexes were correlated with the aqueous droplet size of water-in-oil emulsions in the preparation of the complexes. The results suggest the potential of surfactant-protein complexes in pharmaceutical formulations for mucosal delivery of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Yoshiura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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