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Nikolaev B, Yakovleva L, Fedorov V, Li H, Gao H, Shevtsov M. Nano- and Microemulsions in Biomedicine: From Theory to Practice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1989. [PMID: 37514175 PMCID: PMC10383468 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano- and microemulsions are colloidal systems that are widely used in various fields of biomedicine, including wound and burn healing, cosmetology, the development of antibacterial and antiviral drugs, oncology, etc. The stability of these systems is governed by the balance of molecular interactions between nanodomains. Microemulsions as a colloidal form play a special important role in stability. The microemulsion is the thermodynamically stable phase from oil, water, surfactant and co-surfactant which forms the surface of drops with very small surface energy. The last phenomena determines the shortage time of all fluid dispersions including nanoemulsions and emulgels. This review examines the theory and main methods of obtaining nano- and microemulsions, particularly focusing on the structure of microemulsions and methods for emulsion analysis. Additionally, we have analyzed the main preclinical and clinical studies in the field of wound healing and the use of emulsions in cancer therapy, emphasizing the prospects for further developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nikolaev
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ludmila Yakovleva
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viacheslav Fedorov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Biophysics, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, Chernigovskaya Str. 5, 196084 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hanmei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Biomedical Cell Technologies, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
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Zamansky M, Zehavi N, Ben-Shabat S, Sintov AC. Characterization of nanoparticles made of ethyl cellulose and stabilizing lipids: Mode of manufacturing, size modulation, and study of their effect on keratinocytes. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121003. [PMID: 34391849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an ethyl cellulose-based nanoparticulate system for encapsulation of sparingly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. Cannabidiol (CBD) and curcumin (CUR) were selected as model active ingredients. Using the nanoprecipitation method, nanoparticles ranged between 150 nm and 250 nm were obtained with an entrapment efficiency of >80%. It has been shown that incorporation of stabilizing lipids significantly reduced aggregation, increased the yield and the active ingredient-to-polymer ratio. In this study, we have explored the influence of process parameters on the extent of new particle core formation: chemical properties of the active ingredients, polymer concentrations, non-solvent addition rate, and the volume of the organic solvent for nanoparticle size control. The relationship between the particle radius [R] and the polymer concentration [Pol] was defined by R ∝ [Pol]n when n < ⅓. The extent of polymer supersaturation was related to the value of n, when the high polymer supersaturation increased the formation rate of new particle cores while decreasing polymer layering on the existing cores and the nanoparticles size. The obtained nanoparticles have shown low toxicity in keratinocytes, however, higher loadings of CUR or CBD resulted in increased toxicity. The nanoparticles effectively internalized into keratinocytes, implying their applicability for dermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zamansky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Laboratory for Biopharmaceutics, E.D. Bergmann Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Na'ama Zehavi
- Laboratory for Biopharmaceutics, E.D. Bergmann Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
| | - Amnon C Sintov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Laboratory for Biopharmaceutics, E.D. Bergmann Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
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Bar‐Ilan E, Koren A, Shehadeh W, Mashiah J, Sprecher E, Artzi O. An enhanced transcutaneous delivery of botulinum toxin for the treatment of Hailey–Hailey disease. Dermatol Ther 2019; 33:e13184. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Bar‐Ilan
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyTel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
| | - Amir Koren
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyTel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
| | - Wasim Shehadeh
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyTel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
| | - Jacob Mashiah
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyTel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
- Pediatric Dermatology UnitDana Children's Hospital, Tel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv University Tel‐Aviv Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyTel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
- Pediatric Dermatology UnitDana Children's Hospital, Tel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv University Tel‐Aviv Israel
| | - Ofir Artzi
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyTel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
- Pediatric Dermatology UnitDana Children's Hospital, Tel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
- Dr. Artzi and Associates – Treatment and Research Center Tel‐Aviv Israel
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Friedman O, Koren A, Niv R, Mehrabi JN, Artzi O. The toxic edge-A novel treatment for refractory erythema and flushing of rosacea. Lasers Surg Med 2018; 51:325-331. [PMID: 30311683 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rosacea is a common, chronic facial skin disease that affects the quality of life. Treatment of facial erythema with intradermal botulinum toxin injection has previously been reported. The primary objective of the study was the safety and efficacy of thermal decomposition of the stratum corneum using a novel non-laser thermomechanical system (Tixel, Novoxel, Israel) to increase skin permeability for Botulinum toxin in the treatment of facial flushing of rosacea. METHODS A retrospective review of16 patients aged 23-45 years with Fitzpatrick Skin Types II to IV and facial erythematotelangiectatic rosacea treated by Tixel followed by topical application of 100 U of abobotulinumtoxin. A standardized high-definition digital camera photographed the patients at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after the last treatment. Objective and subjective assessments of the patients were done via Mexameter, the Clinicians Erythema Assessment (CEA), and Patients self-assessment (PSA) scores and the dermatology life quality index (DLQI) validated instrument. RESULTS The average Maxameter, CEA, and PSA scores at 1, 3, and 6 months were significantly improved compared with baseline (all had a P-value <0.001). DLQI scores significantly improved with an average score of 18.6 at baseline at 6 months after treatment (P < 0.001). Self-rated patient satisfaction was high. There were no motor function side-effects or drooping. CONCLUSION Thermal breakage of the stratum corneum using the device to increase skin permeability for botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of facial flushing of rosacea seems both effective and safe. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Friedman
- The Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Koren
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dr. Artzi Treatment and Research Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roni Niv
- Dr. Artzi Treatment and Research Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph N Mehrabi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofir Artzi
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dr. Artzi Treatment and Research Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sharma G, Kamboj S, Thakur K, Negi P, Raza K, Katare OP. Delivery of Thermoresponsive-Tailored Mixed Micellar Nanogel of Lidocaine and Prilocaine with Improved Dermatokinetic Profile and Therapeutic Efficacy in Topical Anaesthesia. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:790-802. [PMID: 27317572 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The topical delivery of local anaesthetics has always been a difficult task due to the limited percutaneous absorption of local anaesthetic drugs across the various barriers of the skin. In this pursuit, a thermoresponsive mixed micellar nanogel (MMNG) system of lidocaine and prilocaine has been attempted in the current piece of work. The system relies on the ability to alter its phase state (sol-to-gel) for feasibility of the topical application in response to change in temperature. The composition of MMNG entails majorly of Pluronic® F127 and Tween 80 in a fixed combination so as to provide the desired thermoreversibility for the skin application. The gels were optimized with respect to phase transition temperature (T sol/gel), turbidity and viscosity. The optimized systems were then characterized for particle size, spreadability, syringeability, bioadhesive strength, ex vivo skin permeation, retention and dermatokinetic studies. The skin compatibility revealed that no histological changes were observed for optimized formulation, while the conventional system showed changes in the skin-tissues. Further, the enhanced intensity of anaesthetic effect was noted in an in vivo rabbit model and tail flick model in mice. The overall results suggest that the prepared MMNG system possesses the potential in providing an efficacious, safe and acceptable alternative therapeutic system for topical anaesthesia.
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Sintov AC, Hofmann MA. A novel thermo-mechanical system enhanced transdermal delivery of hydrophilic active agents by fractional ablation. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:821-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cubayachi C, Couto ROD, de Gaitani CM, Pedrazzi V, Freitas OD, Lopez RFV. Needle-free buccal anesthesia using iontophoresis and amino amide salts combined in a mucoadhesive formulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:1193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Couto RO, Cubayachi C, Lopez RFV, de Gaitani CM, Pedrazzi V, de Freitas O. A simple and high-resolution HPLC-PDA method for simultaneous quantification of local anesthetics inin vitrobuccal permeation enhancement studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:857-66. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renê O. Couto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Camila Cubayachi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Renata F. V. Lopez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Cristiane M. de Gaitani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Vinícius Pedrazzi
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Osvaldo de Freitas
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
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Coneac G, Vlaia V, Olariu I, Muţ AM, Anghel DF, Ilie C, Popoiu C, Lupuleasa D, Vlaia L. Development and evaluation of new microemulsion-based hydrogel formulations for topical delivery of fluconazole. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:889-904. [PMID: 25591952 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to develop and evaluate microemulsion-loaded hydrogels (MEHs) for the topical delivery of fluconazole (FZ). The solubility of FZ in oils, surfactants and cosurfactants was evaluated to identify the components of the microemulsion. The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed using the novel phase diagram by micro-plate dilution method. Carbopol EDT 2020 was used to convert FZ-loaded microemulsions into gel form without affecting their structure. The selected microemulsions were assessed for globule size, zeta potential and polidispersity index. Besides this, the microemulsion-loaded hydrogel (MEH) formulations were evaluated for drug content, pH, rheological properties and in vitro drug release through synthetic membrane and excised pig ear skin in comparison with a conventional hydrogel. The optimised MEH FZ formulations consisting of FZ 2%, Transcutol P 11.5% and 11%, respectively, as oil phase, Lansurf SML 20-propyleneglycol 52% and 50%, respectively, as surfactant-cosurfactant (2:1), Carbopol EDT 2020 1.5% as gelling agent and water 34.5% and 37%, respectively, showed highest flux values and high release rate values, and furthermore, they had low surfactant content. The in vitro FZ permeation through synthetic membrane and excised pig ear skin from the studied MEHs was best described by the zero-order and first-order models. Finally, the optimised MEH FZ formulations showed similar or slightly higher antifungal activity as compared to that of conventional hydrogel and Nizoral® cream, respectively. The results suggest the potential use of developed MEHs as vehicles for topical delivery of FZ, encouraging further in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
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Negi P, Singh B, Sharma G, Beg S, Katare OP. Biocompatible lidocaine and prilocaine loaded-nanoemulsion system for enhanced percutaneous absorption: QbD-based optimisation, dermatokinetics and in vivo evaluation. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:419-31. [PMID: 26066775 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1046513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Barrier properties of the skin and physicochemical properties of the drugs are the main hiccups in delivering local anaesthetic molecules topically. The present work endeavours for systematic optimisation and evaluation of nanoemulsions (NEs) of local anaesthetic drugs, lidocaine and prilocaine, employing the systematic approach of Quality by Design. A 3(3) Box-Behnken design was employed for systematic optimisation of the factors obtained from screening studies employing Plackett-Burman design and risk assessment studies. The superior permeation rates, and higher concentrations of the drugs in skin layers from the optimised NE carriers, were achieved in permeation and dermatokinetic studies, when compared to marketed cream. Furthermore, rapid onset of action was demonstrated by the NE system in rabbit eye corneal reflex model and biocompatibility was confirmed from the absence of any marked skin change(s) in the normal skin histology. The developed NE systems demonstrated it as a promising carrier for topical delivery of lidocaine and prilocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Negi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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Sintov AC. Transdermal delivery of curcumin via microemulsion. Int J Pharm 2015; 481:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pascoa H, Diniz DGA, Florentino IF, Costa EA, Bara MTF. Microemulsion based on Pterodon emarginatus oil and its anti-inflammatory potential. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502015000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports the development of a pharmaceutical product containing vegetable actives from a Brazilian medicinal plant. The possibility of forming a microemulsion using Pterodon emarginatus ("sucupira") oil was evaluated and the anti-inflammatory potential of this microemulsion was also examined. A formulation was developed using P. emarginatus oil, a mixture of ethoxylated Castor Oil (Ultramone(r) R-540/propylene glycol 2:1) (surfactant/cosurfactant) and distilled water at a ratio of 10:15:75, respectively. The microemulsion which was selected was then subjected to the preliminary stability test and analyzed in terms of average diameter of droplets, pH, zeta potential, and polydispersity index, on the 1st, 7th, 15th, and 30th days after preparation and stored at different temperatures (5 ± 2 °C, 25 ± 2 °C, and 40 ± 2 °C). The anti-inflammatory in vivo activity of both oil and formulation were evaluated, using the experimental model of croton oil-induced ear edema. The preliminary stability test showed that the microemulsion stored at 5 and 25 °C retained its original features throughout the 30-day period. The anti-inflammatory potential of both oil and formulation was shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.001), when compared to the control group, however, the microemulsion proved to be more effective (p < 0.05) than the oil when applied directly to the ear.
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Comparative percutaneous permeation study using caffeine-loaded microemulsion showing low reliability of the frozen/thawed skin models. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:516-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effect of modulated alternating and direct current iontophoresis on transdermal delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:537941. [PMID: 24959580 PMCID: PMC4052077 DOI: 10.1155/2014/537941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the iontophoretic delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride through porcine skin and to compare the effects of modulated alternating and direct current iontophoresis. Continuous and modulated iontophoresis was applied for one hour and two hours (0-1 h and 4-5th h) using a 1% w/v solution of lidocaine hydrochloride. Tape stripping was done to quantify the amount of drug permeated into stratum corneum and skin extraction studies were performed to determine the amount of drug in stripped skin. Receptor was sampled and analyzed over predefined time periods. The amount of lidocaine delivered across porcine skin after modulated direct current iontophoresis for 2 h was 1069.87 ± 120.03 μ g/sq · cm compared to 744.81 ± 125.41 μ g/sq · cm after modulated alternating current iontophoresis for 2 h. Modulated direct current iontophoresis also enhanced lidocaine delivery by twelvefold compared to passive delivery as 91.27 ± 18.71 μ g/sq · cm of lidocaine was delivered after passive delivery. Modulated iontophoresis enhanced the delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride across porcine skin compared to the passive delivery. Modulated alternating current iontophoresis for duration of 2 h at frequency of 1 kHz was found to be comparable to the continuous direct current iontophoresis for 1 h.
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Dogrul A, Arslan SA, Tirnaksiz F. Water/oil type microemulsion systems containing lidocaine hydrochloride:in vitroandin vivoevaluation. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:448-60. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.879926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Qin G, Gao Y, Wu Y, Zhang S, Qiu Y, Li F, Xu B. Simultaneous basal-bolus delivery of fast-acting insulin and its significance in diabetes management. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:221-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Transdermal and transbuccal drug delivery systems: Enhancement using iontophoretic and chemical approaches. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang J, Michniak-Kohn B. Investigation of microemulsion microstructures and their relationship to transdermal permeation of model drugs: ketoprofen, lidocaine, and caffeine. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:34-44. [PMID: 21959104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, microemulsion microstructures, key formulation variables, and their relationship to drug transdermal permeation enhancement were investigated. A microemulsion system with high water soluble capacity was developed, using isopropyl myristate, Labrasol, and Cremophor EL as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. The microstructures of the microemulsions were characterized by a combination of techniques including electrical conductivity measurement (EC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electro-analytical cyclic voltammetry (CV), dynamic light scattering (DLS). Three microemulsion formulations with the model drugs at water contents of 20%, 40%, and 70% representing the microstructures of W/O, Bi-continuous, and O/W were prepared along the water dilution line of oil to surfactant ratio of 1/9. Skin permeation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic model drugs, ketoprofen, lidocaine, and caffeine in the microemulsion formulations was studied using Franz-cells and dermatomed porcine skin. Permeation of all drugs from microemulsions was enhanced significantly compared with the control propylene glycol formulation. The drug permeation flux and the cumulative permeation amount after 24h increased with water content in the microemulsions, thus correlated to the formulation microstructures of W/O, Bi-continuous, and O/W. The permeation of lipophilic drugs ketoprofen and lidocaine increased with water content in a more pronounced manner, which seemed to follow an exponential growth trend, while the permeation of hydrophilic drug caffeine appeared to increase linearly. Additionally, at the same water content, increasing oil content led to higher ketoprofen permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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Gratieri T, Kalaria D, Kalia YN. Non-invasive iontophoretic delivery of peptides and proteins across the skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:645-63. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.566265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kim KM, Oh SY. Calcitonin Transport through Skin Using Iontophoresis. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2011. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2011.41.1.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pathak P, Nagarsenker M. Formulation and evaluation of lidocaine lipid nanosystems for dermal delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:985-92. [PMID: 19641997 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to formulate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for improving the dermal delivery of a local anesthetic agent lidocaine (LID). SLN and NLC were characterized for particle size distribution, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRD), thermal behavior by differential scanning colorimeter (DSC) and surface morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). LID-loaded SLN and NLC were formulated into hydrogels for topical application. The in vitro permeation profiles of LID SLN gel, LID NLC gel, and a marketed LID formulation (Xylocaine gel) were evaluated by using guinea pig skin. The in vivo efficacy of LID SLN gel, LID NLC gel, and a marketed LID formulation (Xylocaine gel) gel was evaluated on guinea pig using pinprick test. LID SLN showed a particle size of 78.1 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.556, whereas LID NLC showed a particle size of 72.8 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.463. The entrapment efficiency of LID in both SLN and NLC was 97% and 95.9%, respectively. The TEM studies revealed the almost spherical nature of LID SLN and NLC formulations. The XRD and DSC studies of LID SLN suggested amorphization of drug in the carrier system. The SLN formulation was stable with respect to particle size, polydispersity, and entrapment efficiency for 6 months at 40 degrees C/75% relative humidity (RH). Negligible leakage was observed for the NLC formulation when stored for 1 month at 40 degrees C/75% RH. In vitro permeation studies indicated that LID SLN gel and LID NLC gel significantly sustained the LID release compared to that of Xylocaine gel. The in vivo efficacy results supported the results of the in vitro permeation studies wherein the LID SLN gel and LID NLC gel resulted in fivefold and sixfold increase in duration of anesthesia, respectively, compared to that of Xylocaine gel.
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Azeem A, Khan ZI, Aqil M, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK, Talegaonkar S. Microemulsions as a Surrogate Carrier for Dermal Drug Delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:525-47. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802448646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Akomeah FK, Martin GP, Brown MB. Short-term iontophoretic and post-iontophoretic transport of model penetrants across excised human epidermis. Int J Pharm 2009; 367:162-8. [PMID: 18950696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of short-term current application (0.4mA for 10min) on the epidermal transport of two model penetrants (butyl paraben, BP; caffeine, CF) of differing lipohilicity was investigated and compared to that produced by employing an established method of skin penetration enhancement (delipidisation). The aim was to investigate the mechanism of enhancement and route of skin permeation associated with each penetrant and mode of treatment. Franz cell diffusion experiments were conducted using human epidermal sheets and a saturated buffer solution (pH 7.4) of the respective penetrant, at a pseudo-finite dose. The effects of electrode type (anodal or cathodal) and current treatment protocol (iontophoresis or post-iontophoresis) on solute permeation was found not to be significantly different (p>0.05). However, in contrast to BP, a significant increase in CF transport (3-5-fold) relative to untreated skin was observed when iontophoretic/post-iontophoretic treatment protocols were employed. The use of delipidised skin was found to enhance the permeation of both model penetrants to an extent greater than iontophoresis (BP: 3-fold; CF: 24-fold). Results from this study suggest that the permeation of the more hydrophilic CF across the skin, unlike BP, may involve multiple pathways. Electroperturbation of the epidermis was confirmed as the mechanism responsible for enhancing CF transport when electrical current was applied. Iontophoretic and post-iontophoretic enhancement may serve as a potential approach to enhance the topical delivery of CF in cosmetic or dermatological treatments (anti-cellulite, viral infections and psoriasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin K Akomeah
- King's College London, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Heuschkel S, Goebel A, Neubert RHH. Microemulsions--modern colloidal carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:603-31. [PMID: 17696162 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microemulsions are modern colloidal drug carrier systems. They form spontaneously combining appropriate amounts of a lipophilic and a hydrophilic ingredient, as well as a surfactant and a co-surfactant. Due to their special features, microemulsions offer several advantages for pharmaceutical use, such as ease of preparation, long-term stability, high solubilization capacity for hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, and improved drug delivery. The article summarizes the level of research with respect to dermal and transdermal application. A large number of in vitro as well as some in vivo studies demonstrated that drugs incorporated into microemulsions penetrate efficiently into the skin. The enhancing activity seems to be attributable to a variety of factors depending on the composition and the resulting microstructure of the formulations. However, an extended use in practice depends on the choice of well-tolerated ingredients, mainly surfactants, and the restriction of their amounts in order to guarantee skin compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heuschkel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Ben-Shabat S, Baruch N, Sintov AC. Conjugates of unsaturated fatty acids with propylene glycol as potentially less-irritant skin penetration enhancers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:1169-75. [PMID: 18058312 DOI: 10.1080/03639040701199258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) are well known as efficient enhancers for transdermal delivery of drugs; however, their frequent dermal toxicity limits their regular use. In order to utilize the fatty acid as a safe enhancer devoid of its irritant effect, we have synthesized and evaluated a series of fatty acids conjugated to propylene glycol (FA-PG). Each one of the conjugates was prepared as a mono- or di- acyl ester derivative. The effects of the synthetic enhancers on the porcine skin permeability were evaluated in a diffusion cell system using lidocaine as the model drug. In addition, in vivo examinations in rabbits were preformed for skin toxicological evaluation. The results indicate that among the FA-PG conjugates, oleic acid (C18:1(n-9))-PG, linoleic acid (C18:2(n-6))-PG and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3(n-3))-PG, mono- or di-esters, enhance the penetration of lidocaine relatively to the vehicle (without enhancer). The conjugates of oleic acid (C18:1(n-9)) and linoleic acid (C18:2(n-6)) with PG have demonstrated a similar enhancing effect as the corresponding free fatty acids. Interestingly, although the mono- or the di- conjugates of alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3(n-3)) with PG enhanced the lidocaine flux as the other two fatty acid conjugates, they resulted in a reduced permeability as compared to the action of their free acid. In addition, the mono-conjugates of alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3(n-3)) with PG exhibited elevated skin irritation in rabbits (relative to the fatty acid alone) compared to the significantly reduced irritation of oleate-PG and linoeate-PG mono-conjugates. In conclusion, except saturated FA-PG and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3(n-3)) - PG mono-conjugates, unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., oleic and linoleic acids) after conjugation to PG may be safe and effective enhancers for delivering topical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, E.D. Bergmann Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Okuno M, Takahashi Y, Isowa K, Machida Y. Effect of Iontophoresis and Switching Iontophoresis on Skin Accumulation of Ketoprofen. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:487-92. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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