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Xu Y, Jin X, Zhang J, Wang K, Jin X, Xu D, Tian X, Liu L. Antitumor Activity of a Novel Double-Targeted System for Folate Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Mitomycin C. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26864-26870. [PMID: 33111012 PMCID: PMC7581226 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed, formulated, and investigated the potential antitumor activity of a folate receptor (FR)-mediated double-targeted drug delivery system. The system comprised of the FR ligand folic acid (FA), glycine-phenylalanine-leucine-glycine (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly, GFLG), which can be specifically cleaved by cathepsin B, and the anticancer drug mitomycin C (MMC). The antitumor effect of FA-GFLG-MMC was compared to that of MMC. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay revealed that FA-GFLG-MMC has a significantly higher inhibitory effect on HeLa, SiHa, and PC9 cells (high FR expression) than that on 16HBE and A549 cells (low FR expression). Furthermore, FA-GFLG-MMC inhibited cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Free MMC was toxic to both cancer and normal cells. Apoptosis of the HeLa, SiHa, and PC9 cells was higher than that of the A549 cells; however, the apoptotic effect on 16HBE cells was minimal. Proapoptotic protein bcl-2-associated X-protein (BAX) and antiapoptotic protein BCL-2 play critical roles in cellular defense and apoptotic signal transduction. BAX/BCL-2 ratio is used to determine the intensity of an apoptotic signal and assess whether a cell will survive or undergo apoptosis. BAX and BCL-2 expression in cells treated with 5 μM FA-GFLG-MMC was studied by Western blotting. FA-GFLG-MMC increased the BAX/BCL-2 ratio in HeLa, SiHa, and PC9 cells. The results show that FA-GFLG-MMC can effectively inhibit tumor cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. Therefore, the system developed can enhance the delivery of anticancer drugs to cancer cells and thereby reduce their toxic effects on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Center
of Morphological Experiment, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangmei Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Center
of Morphological Experiment, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Dongyuan Xu
- Center
of Morphological Experiment, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xizhe Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department
of Pathology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
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2
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Exploring the role of polymeric conjugates toward anti-cancer drug delivery: Current trends and future projections. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:500-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Dąbrowski JM, Pucelik B, Regiel-Futyra A, Brindell M, Mazuryk O, Kyzioł A, Stochel G, Macyk W, Arnaut LG. Engineering of relevant photodynamic processes through structural modifications of metallotetrapyrrolic photosensitizers. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
This overview intends to demonstrate the close relationship between the design of smart biomaterials and water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates. First, the discovery and systematic studies of hydrogels based on crosslinked poly(meth)acrylic acid esters and substituted amides is described. Then, the lessons learned for the design of water-soluble polymers as drug carriers are highlighted. The current state-of-the-art in water-soluble, mainly poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacylamide (HPMA), polymer-drug conjugates is shown including the design of backbone degradable HPMA copolymer carriers. In the second part, the modern design of hybrid hydrogels focuses on the self-assembly of hybrid copolymers composed from the synthetic part (backbone) and biorecognizable grafts (coiled-coil forming peptides or morpholino oligonucleotides) is shown. The research of self-assembling hydrogels inspired the invention and design of drug-free macromolecular therapeutics - a new paradigm in drug delivery where crosslinking of non-internalizating CD20 receptors results in apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The latter is mediated by biorecognition of complementary motifs; no low molecular weight drug is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Paramjot, Khan NM, Kapahi H, Kumar S, Bhardwaj TR, Arora S, Mishra N. Role of polymer–drug conjugates in organ-specific delivery systems. J Drug Target 2015; 23:387-416. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1016436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Urbanova M, Sturcova A, Kredatusova J, Brus J. Structural insight into the physical stability of amorphous Simvastatin dispersed in pHPMA: Enhanced dynamics and local clustering as evidenced by solid-state NMR and Raman spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:464-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lim EK, Kim T, Paik S, Haam S, Huh YM, Lee K. Nanomaterials for Theranostics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Chem Rev 2014; 115:327-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300213b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Lim
- Department
of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea
- BioNanotechnology
Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Taekhoon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Electronic
Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Mt. 14-1,
Nongseo-Ri, Giheung-Eup, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 449-712, Korea
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- Severance
Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Division
of Pathology, NSABP Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department
of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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8
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Yang J, Kopeček J. Macromolecular therapeutics. J Control Release 2014; 190:288-303. [PMID: 24747162 PMCID: PMC4142088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review covers water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates and macromolecules that possess biological activity without attached low molecular weight drugs. The main design principles of traditional and backbone degradable polymer-drug conjugates as well as the development of a new paradigm in nanomedicines - (low molecular weight) drug-free macromolecular therapeutics are discussed. To address the biological features of cancer, macromolecular therapeutics directed to stem/progenitor cells and the tumor microenvironment are deliberated. Finally, the future perspectives of the field are briefly debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA.
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Peng J, Zhai F, Guo X, Jiang X, Ma Y. Self-assembly and phase separation of amphiphilic dyads based on 4,7-bis(2-thienyl)benzothiodiazole and perylene diimide. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47633b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Duangjai A, Luo K, Zhou Y, Yang J, Kopeček J. Combination cytotoxicity of backbone degradable HPMA copolymer gemcitabine and platinum conjugates toward human ovarian carcinoma cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 87:187-96. [PMID: 24316339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiblock, backbone degradable HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates containing gemcitabine and DACH platinum (mP-GEM and mP-DACH Pt), respectively were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and subsequent chain extension by click chemistry. Using combination index analysis, the cytotoxicities of the two multiblock conjugates, as single agent and in combination, were evaluated in vitro in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells, with free drugs as controls. The greatest synergistic cytotoxic effect was observed when A2780 cells were sequentially exposed to mP-GEM for 24h and mP-DACH Pt for 48h. In addition, mechanistic studies support the rationale of the synergy between mP-GEM and mP-DACH Pt: mP-GEM pretreatment was able to enhance the platinum-DNA adduct accumulation and inhibit cell proliferation to a higher extent than single mP-DACH Pt treatment. These observations are useful for the development of combination macromolecular therapeutics for ovarian cancer based on the second-generation backbone degradable HPMA copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharaporn Duangjai
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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11
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Kopeček J. Polymer-drug conjugates: origins, progress to date and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:49-59. [PMID: 23123294 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This overview focuses on bioconjugates of water-soluble polymers with low molecular weight drugs and proteins. After a short discussion of the origins of the field, the state-of-the-art is reviewed. Then research directions needed for the acceleration of the translation of nanomedicines into the clinic are outlined. Two most important directions, synthesis of backbone degradable polymer carriers and drug-free macromolecular therapeutics, a new paradigm in drug delivery, are discussed in detail. Finally, the future perspectives of the field are briefly discussed.
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12
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Zhou Y, Kopeček J. Biological rationale for the design of polymeric anti-cancer nanomedicines. J Drug Target 2012; 21:1-26. [PMID: 23009337 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.723213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biological features of cancer is the basis for designing efficient anti-cancer nanomedicines. On one hand, important therapeutic targets for anti-cancer nanomedicines need to be identified based on cancer biology, to address the unmet medical needs. On the other hand, the unique pathophysiological properties of cancer affect the delivery and interactions of anti-cancer nanomedicines with their therapeutic targets. This review discusses several critical cancer biological properties that challenge the currently available anti-cancer treatments, including cancer heterogeneity and cancer stem cells, the complexcity of tumor microenvironment, and the inevitable cancer metastases. In addition, the biological bases of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and tumor-specific active targeting, as well as the physiological barriers for passive and active targeting of anti-cancer nanomedicines are covered in this review. Correspondingly, possible nanomedicine strategies to target cancer heterogeneity, cancer stem cells and metastases, to overcome the challenges related to tumor passive targeting and tumor penetration, and to improve the interactions of therapeutic payloads with the therapeutic targets are discussed. The focus is mainly on the designs of polymeric anti-cancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Nanotechnology applied to overcome tumor drug resistance. J Control Release 2012; 162:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Larson N, Ghandehari H. Polymeric conjugates for drug delivery. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:840-853. [PMID: 22707853 PMCID: PMC3374380 DOI: 10.1021/cm2031569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The field of polymer therapeutics has evolved over the past decade and has resulted in the development of polymer-drug conjugates with a wide variety of architectures and chemical properties. Whereas traditional non-degradable polymeric carriers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (HPMA) copolymers have been translated to use in the clinic, functionalized polymer-drug conjugates are increasingly being utilized to obtain biodegradable, stimuli-sensitive, and targeted systems in an attempt to further enhance localized drug delivery and ease of elimination. In addition, the study of conjugates bearing both therapeutic and diagnostic agents has resulted in multifunctional carriers with the potential to both "see and treat" patients. In this paper, the rational design of polymer-drug conjugates will be discussed followed by a review of different classes of conjugates currently under investigation. The design and chemistry used for the synthesis of various conjugates will be presented with additional comments on their potential applications and current developmental status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
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15
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Intelligent Polymeric Nanocarriers Responding to Physical or Biological Signals: A New Paradigm of Cytosolic Drug Delivery for Tumor Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/polym2020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Kopeček J, Kopečková P. HPMA copolymers: origins, early developments, present, and future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:122-49. [PMID: 19919846 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The overview covers the discovery of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers, initial studies on their synthesis, evaluation of biological properties, and explorations of their potential as carriers of biologically active compounds in general and anticancer drugs in particular. The focus is on the research in the authors' laboratory - the development of macromolecular therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and musculoskeletal diseases. In addition, the evaluation of HPMA (co)polymers as building blocks of modified and new biomaterials is presented: the utilization of semitelechelic poly(HPMA) and HPMA copolymers for the modification of biomaterial and protein surfaces and the design of hybrid block and graft HPMA copolymers that self-assemble into smart hydrogels. Finally, suggestions for the design of second-generation macromolecular therapeutics are portrayed.
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Miao Q, Yan X, Zhao K. Synthesis, Structure and Anticancer Activity Studies of 1-[(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)sulfonyl]-5-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Liu L, Yu M, Duan X, Wang S. Conjugated polymers as multifunctional biomedical platforms: Anticancer activity and apoptosis imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Herth MM, Barz M, Moderegger D, Allmeroth M, Jahn M, Thews O, Zentel R, Rösch F. Radioactive Labeling of Defined HPMA-Based Polymeric Structures Using [18F]FETos for In Vivo Imaging by Positron Emission Tomography. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1697-703. [DOI: 10.1021/bm8014736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M. Herth
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Institute of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Institute of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dorothea Moderegger
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Institute of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mareli Allmeroth
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Institute of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Jahn
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Institute of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Thews
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Institute of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Institute of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Institute of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Lammers T, Subr V, Ulbrich K, Peschke P, Huber PE, Hennink WE, Storm G. Simultaneous delivery of doxorubicin and gemcitabine to tumors in vivo using prototypic polymeric drug carriers. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3466-75. [PMID: 19304320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Copolymers of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) are prototypic and well-characterized polymeric drug carriers that have been broadly implemented in the delivery of anticancer therapeutics. To demonstrate that polymers, as liposomes, can be used for simultaneously delivering multiple chemotherapeutic agents to tumors in vivo, we have synthesized and evaluated an HPMA-based polymer-drug conjugate carrying 6.4wt% of gemcitabine, 5.7wt% of doxorubicin and 1.0mol% of tyrosinamide (to allow for radiolabeling). The resulting construct, i.e. poly(HPMA-co-MA-GFLG-gemcitabine-co-MA-GFLG-doxorubicin-co-MA-TyrNH(2)), was termed P-Gem-Dox, and was shown to effectively kill cancer cells in vitro, to circulate for prolonged period of time, to localize to tumors relatively selectively, and to inhibit tumor growth. As compared to control regimens, P-Gem-Dox increased the efficacy of the combination of gemcitabine and doxorubicin without increasing its toxicity, and it more strongly inhibited angiogenesis and induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that passively tumor-targeted polymeric drug carriers can be used for delivering two different chemotherapeutic agents to tumors simultaneously, and they thereby set the stage for more elaborate analyses on the potential of polymer-based multi-drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twan Lammers
- Department of Innovative Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy, DKFZ Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center, Germany.
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Jia Z, Wong L, Davis TP, Bulmus V. One-pot conversion of RAFT-generated multifunctional block copolymers of HPMA to doxorubicin conjugated acid- and reductant-sensitive crosslinked micelles. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3106-13. [PMID: 18844406 DOI: 10.1021/bm800657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) containing polymers that are widely used as anticancer drug carriers. We have synthesized new amphiphilic block copolymers of HPMA with a functional monomer 2-(2-pyridyldisulfide)ethylmethacrylate (PDSM) via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In a one-pot reaction, the versatility of PDS groups on poly(PDSM)- b-poly(HPMA) was used to conjugate an anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), and also simultaneously crosslink the micellar assemblies via acid-cleavable hydrazone bonds and reducible disulfide bonds. DOX-conjugated crosslinked micelles with an average diameter of approximately 60 nm were observed to be formed in aqueous medium. Disintegration of the micelles into unimers in the presence of a disulfide reducing agent confirmed the crosslinking via disulfide bonds. While the release of DOX from the crosslinked micelles at pH 5.0 was faster compared to the release at pH 7.4, a high proportion of released DOX was found to retain the original active structure. Overall results demonstrate the simplicity and the versatility of the poly(PDSM)- b-poly(HPMA) system, which are potentially important in the design of new generation of polymer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfan Jia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
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22
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Hongrapipat J, Kopecková P, Liu J, Prakongpan S, Kopecek J. Combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy with fab' fragment targeted HPMA copolymer conjugates in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:696-709. [PMID: 18729468 PMCID: PMC2646875 DOI: 10.1021/mp800006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
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The biological activities of sequential combinations of anticancer drugs, SOS thiophene (SOS) and mesochlorin e6 monoethylenediamine (Mce6), in the form of free drugs, nontargeted N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer−drug conjugates, P-GFLG-Mce6 and P-GFLG-SOS (P is the HPMA copolymer backbone and GFLG is the glycylphenylalanylleucylglycine spacer), and Fab′-targeted HPMA copolymer−drug conjugates, P-(GFLG-Mce6)-Fab′ and P-(GFLG-SOS)-Fab′ (Fab′ from OV-TL16 antibodies complementary to CD47), were evaluated against human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 cells. Mce6, SOS, P-GFLG-Mce6, P-GFLG-SOS, P-(GFLG-Mce6)-Fab′, and P-(GFLG-SOS)-Fab′, when used as single agents or in binary combination, exhibited cytotoxic activities against OVCAR-3 cells, as determined using a modified MTT assay. The binding and internalization of P-(GFLG-Mce6)-Fab′ and P-(GFLG-SOS)-Fab′ by OVCAR-3 cells were visualized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The results confirmed an enhanced biorecognition by OVCAR-3 cells of Fab′-targeted HPMA copolymer conjugates over nontargeted conjugates. The median-effect analysis and the determination of the combination index (CI) were used to describe the drug interaction and quantify the synergism, antagonism, or additivity in anticancer effects. The sequential combinations of SOS+Mce6 and P-GFLG-SOS+P-GFLG-Mce6 displayed very strong synergism to synergism in the entire range of cell inhibition levels (fa = 0.5 − 0.95). The P-(GFLG-SOS)-Fab′+P-(GFLG-Mce6)-Fab′ exhibited a strong synergism for fa values up to about 0.85, but showed synergistic effect and nearly additive effect at fa = 0.9 and 0.95, respectively. These observations support the continuation of in vivo investigations of these conjugates for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Hongrapipat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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