1
|
Sainaga Jyothi VGS, Bulusu R, Venkata Krishna Rao B, Pranothi M, Banda S, Kumar Bolla P, Kommineni N. Stability characterization for pharmaceutical liposome product development with focus on regulatory considerations: An update. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122022. [PMID: 35843364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes have several advantages, such as the ability to be employed as a carrier/vehicle for a variety of drug molecules and at the same time they are safe and biodegradable. In the recent times, compared to other delivery systems, liposomes have been one of the most well-established and commercializing drug products of new drug delivery methods for majority of therapeutic applications. On the other hand, it has several limitations, particularly in terms of stability, which impedes product development and performance. In this review, we reviewed all the potential instabilities (physical, chemical, and biological) that a formulation development scientist confronts throughout the development of liposomal formulations as along with the ways to overcome these challenges. We have also discussed the effect of microbiological contamination on liposomal formulations with a focus on the use of sterilization methods used to improve the stability. Finally, we have reviewed quality control techniques and regulatory considerations recommended by the agencies (USFDA and MHLW) for liposome drug product development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaskuri G S Sainaga Jyothi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Raviteja Bulusu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Mulinti Pranothi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, ND, USA
| | - Srikanth Banda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jacobs GP. Irradiation of pharmaceuticals: A literature review. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Insights into Terminal Sterilization Processes of Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072068. [PMID: 33916823 PMCID: PMC8038324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles possess a huge potential to be employed in numerous biomedical purposes; their applications may include drug delivery systems, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. However, the in vivo use in biomedical applications requires that nanoparticles exhibit sterility. Thus, diverse sterilization techniques have been developed to remove or destroy microbial contamination. The main sterilization methods include sterile filtration, autoclaving, ionizing radiation, and nonionizing radiation. Nonetheless, the sterilization processes can alter the stability, zeta potential, average particle size, and polydispersity index of diverse types of nanoparticles, depending on their composition. Thus, these methods may produce unwanted effects on the nanoparticles' characteristics, affecting their safety and efficacy. Moreover, each sterilization method possesses advantages and drawbacks; thus, the suitable method's choice depends on diverse factors such as the formulation's characteristics, batch volume, available methods, and desired application. In this article, we describe the current sterilization methods of nanoparticles. Moreover, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of these methods, pointing out the changes in nanoparticles' biological and physicochemical characteristics after sterilization. Our main objective was to offer a comprehensive overview of terminal sterilization processes of nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Domańska IM, Oledzka E, Sobczak M. Sterilization process of polyester based anticancer-drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119663. [PMID: 32702451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, growing interest in biodegradable polyesters as drug carriers in the development of innovative anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs) has been observed. These compounds are thermally unstable, and are therefore, particularly demanding due to the limited number of available sterilization techniques. Furthermore, the DDSs sterilization process is often limited to aseptic filtration. Ensuring aseptic production is very demanding and costly, and it is therefore necessary to work on the application of new sterilization methods. In view of this, this review presents the current state of knowledge regarding the radiation sterilization process of some anticancer drugs as well biodegradable polyester carriers (such as polylactide, polyglycolide, poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(trimethylene carbonate) and co- or terpolymers of lactide, glycolide, ε-caprolactone and trimethylene carbonate). The structural changes in anticancer DDSs under the influence of ionizing radiation and the potential degradation mechanisms of both, polyester carriers and cytostatics during the sterilization process of ionizing radiation as well as their effects on the microstructure and properties of DDSs have been discussed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela M Domańska
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
| | - Ewa Oledzka
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
| | - Marcin Sobczak
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tapia-Guerrero YS, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Borbolla-Jiménez FV, Giraldo Gomez DM, García-Aguirre I, Colín-Castro CA, Morales-González JA, Leyva-Gómez G, Magaña JJ. Effect of UV and Gamma Irradiation Sterilization Processes in the Properties of Different Polymeric Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051090. [PMID: 32121529 PMCID: PMC7084644 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sterilization processes of nanoparticles (NP) by autoclaving and filtration are two of the most utilized methods in the pharmaceutical industry but are not always a viable option. For this reason, the search for alternative options such as UV and gamma radiation is of interest. In this work, we evaluated both types of sterilization on two types of NP in solid state widely employed in the literature for biomedical applications, poly-(ε-caprolactone) and poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) acid NP stabilized with polyvinyl alcohol. Physicochemical properties and cell viability were studied pre- and post-sterilization. The efficiency of irradiation sterilization was performed by a test of sterility using 1 × 108 CFU/mL of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Microbiological monitoring revealed that both methods were sufficient for sterilization. After the UV irradiation sterilization (100 µJ/cm2), no substantial changes were observed in the physicochemical properties of the NP or in the interaction or morphology of human glial cells, though 5 and 10 kGy of gamma irradiation showed slight changes of NP size as well as a decrease in cell viability (from 100 µg/mL of NP). At 5 kGy of radiation doses, the presence of trehalose as cryoprotectant reduces the cell damage with high concentrations of NP, but this did not occur at 10 kGy. Therefore, these methods could be highly effective and low-processing-time options for sterilizing NP for medical purposes. However, we suggest validating each NP system because these generally are of different polymer-composition systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Tapia-Guerrero
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico; (F.V.B.-J.); (C.A.C.-C.)
| | - M. L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Edo. de México 54740, Mexico;
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - F. V. Borbolla-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico; (F.V.B.-J.); (C.A.C.-C.)
- Programa de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - D. M. Giraldo Gomez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Edificio “A” 3er piso, Circuito Interior, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Unidad de Microscopía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Edificio “A” planta baja, Circuito Interior, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - I. García-Aguirre
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - C. A. Colín-Castro
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico; (F.V.B.-J.); (C.A.C.-C.)
- Departamento de Infectología, (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México (CDMX) 14389, Mexico
| | - J. A. Morales-González
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - G. Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (G.L.-G.); or (J.J.M.); Tel.: +52-(55)-5622-3899 (G.L.-G.); +52-(55)-5999-1000 (J.J.M.)
| | - J. J. Magaña
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico; (F.V.B.-J.); (C.A.C.-C.)
- Escuela de Ingeniería, Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey-Campus, Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico
- Correspondence: (G.L.-G.); or (J.J.M.); Tel.: +52-(55)-5622-3899 (G.L.-G.); +52-(55)-5999-1000 (J.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maksimenko O, Malinovskaya J, Shipulo E, Osipova N, Razzhivina V, Arantseva D, Yarovaya O, Mostovaya U, Khalansky A, Fedoseeva V, Alekseeva A, Vanchugova L, Gorshkova M, Kovalenko E, Balabanyan V, Melnikov P, Baklaushev V, Chekhonin V, Kreuter J, Gelperina S. Doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the chemotherapy of glioblastoma: Towards the pharmaceutical development. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118733. [PMID: 31689481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain delivery of drugs by nanoparticles is a promising strategy that could open up new possibilities for the chemotherapy of brain tumors. As demonstrated in previous studies, the loading of doxorubicin in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles coated with poloxamer 188 (Dox-PLGA) enabled the brain delivery of this cytostatic that normally cannot penetrate across the blood-brain barrier in free form. The Dox-PLGA nanoparticles produced a very considerable anti-tumor effect against the intracranial 101.8 glioblastoma in rats, thus representing a promising candidate for the chemotherapy of brain tumors that warrants clinical evaluation. The objective of the present study, therefore, was the optimization of the Dox-PLGA formulation and the development of a pilot scale manufacturing process. Optimization of the preparation procedure involved the alteration of the technological parameters such as replacement of the particle stabilizer PVA 30-70 kDa with a presumably safer low molecular mass PVA 9-10 kDa as well as the modification of the external emulsion medium and the homogenization conditions. The optimized procedure enabled an increase of the encapsulation efficiency from 66% to >90% and reduction of the nanoparticle size from 250 nm to 110 nm thus enabling the sterilization by membrane filtration. The pilot scale process was characterized by an excellent reproducibility with very low inter-batch variations. The in vitro hematotoxicity of the nanoparticles was negligible at therapeutically relevant concentrations. The anti-tumor efficacy of the optimized formulation and the ability of the nanoparticles to penetrate into the intracranial tumor and normal brain tissue were confirmed by in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Maksimenko
- Drugs Technology LLC, Rabochaya ul. 2A, 141400 Khimki, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Julia Malinovskaya
- Drugs Technology LLC, Rabochaya ul. 2A, 141400 Khimki, Moscow Region, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, ul. Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Shipulo
- Drugs Technology LLC, Rabochaya ul. 2A, 141400 Khimki, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Osipova
- Drugs Technology LLC, Rabochaya ul. 2A, 141400 Khimki, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Victoria Razzhivina
- Drugs Technology LLC, Rabochaya ul. 2A, 141400 Khimki, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Diana Arantseva
- Drugs Technology LLC, Rabochaya ul. 2A, 141400 Khimki, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Oksana Yarovaya
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ulyana Mostovaya
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Khalansky
- Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Tsurupy 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Fedoseeva
- Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Tsurupy 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Alekseeva
- Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Tsurupy 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, B. Pirogovskaya ul., 19-1, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila Vanchugova
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, 19991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gorshkova
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, 19991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kovalenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, bldg 7, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Balabanyan
- Drugs Technology LLC, Rabochaya ul. 2A, 141400 Khimki, Moscow Region, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, ul. Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Melnikov
- V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinskiy per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Baklaushev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of the Russian Federation, Orekhoviy blvd. 28, 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinskiy per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jörg Kreuter
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, B. Pirogovskaya ul., 19-1, 119146 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biocenter, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Svetlana Gelperina
- Drugs Technology LLC, Rabochaya ul. 2A, 141400 Khimki, Moscow Region, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Potential effects of gamma irradiation on the stability and therapeutic activity of anticancer drug, doxorubicin. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
Nanoparticles made of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coated with polysorbate 80 or poloxamer 188 enable the transport of cytostatics such as doxorubicin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Following intravenous injection to rats bearing intracranially the very aggressive glioblastoma 101/8 these particles loaded with doxorubicin significantly increased the survival times and led to a complete tumor remission in 20–40% of the animals. Moreover, these particles considerably reduced the dose-limiting cardiotoxicity and also the testicular toxicity of this drug. The drug transport across the BBB by nanoparticles appears to be due to a receptor-mediated interaction with the brain capillary endothelial cells, which is facilitated by certain plasma apolipoproteins adsorbed by nanoparticles in the blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kreuter
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kanwal U, Irfan Bukhari N, Ovais M, Abass N, Hussain K, Raza A. Advances in nano-delivery systems for doxorubicin: an updated insight. J Drug Target 2017; 26:296-310. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1380655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ummarah Kanwal
- University College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ovais
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Abass
- University College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain
- University College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abida Raza
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Asasutjarit R, Theerachayanan T, Kewsuwan P, Veeranondha S, Fuongfuchat A, Ritthidej GC. Gamma sterilization of diclofenac sodium loaded- N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for ophthalmic use. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:603-612. [PMID: 27987968 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on physicochemical properties of N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC), diclofenac sodium (DC) and diclofenac sodium loaded N-trimethylchitosan nanoparticles (DC-TMCNs), and to determine suitable doses of gamma rays for sterilization of DC-TMCNs. Physicochemical properties of TMC, DC and DC-TMCNs before and after exposure to gamma rays at various doses were investigated. It was found that gamma irradiation at doses of 5-25kGy did not cause any significant changes in physical and chemical properties of TMC, DC and DC-TMCNs. The bioburden of DC-TMCNs was 1.5×106 CFU/vial. The initial contaminating bacteria were radiosensitive bacteria. A number of microorganisms was reduced to 10-6 after exposure to 9.9kGy of gamma rays. Therefore, DC-TMCNs could be sterilized by gamma irradiation at a dose of 10kGy, which did not alter their physicochemical properties and did not produce any substances toxic to the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rathapon Asasutjarit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Thitaree Theerachayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
| | - Prartana Kewsuwan
- Group of Research and Development, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Sukitaya Veeranondha
- National Center For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Asira Fuongfuchat
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Garnpimol C Ritthidej
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Raja MA, Zeenat S, Arif M, Liu C. Self-assembled nanoparticles based on amphiphilic chitosan derivative and arginine for oral curcumin delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4397-4412. [PMID: 27660435 PMCID: PMC5019276 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is a striking anticancer agent, but its low aqueous solubility, poor absorption, hasty metabolism, and elimination limit its oral bioavailability and consequently hinder its development as a drug. To redress these limitations, amphiphilic chitosan (CS) conjugate with improved mucoadhesion and solubility over a wider pH range was developed by modification with hydrophobic acrylonitrile (AN) and hydrophilic arginine (Arg); the synthesized conjugate (AN–CS–Arg), which was well characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results of critical aggregation concentration revealed that the AN–CS–Arg conjugate had low critical aggregation concentration and was prone to form self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous medium. Cur-encapsulated AN–CS–Arg NPs (AN–CS–Arg/Cur NPs) were developed by a simple sonication method and characterized for the physicochemical parameters such as zeta potential, particle size, and drug encapsulation. The results showed that zeta potential of the prepared NPs was 40.1±2.81 mV and the average size was ~218 nm. A considerable improvement in the aqueous solubility of Cur was observed after encapsulation into AN–CS–Arg/Cur NPs. With the increase in Cur concentration, loading efficiency increased but encapsulation efficiency decreased. The in vitro release profile exhibited sustained release pattern from the AN–CS–Arg/Cur NPs in typical biological buffers. The ex vivo mucoadhesion study revealed that AN–CS–Arg/Cur NPs had greater mucoadhesion than the control CS NPs. Compared with free Cur solution, AN–CS–Arg/Cur NPs showed stronger dose-dependent cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells. In addition, it was observed that cell uptake of AN–CS–Arg/Cur NPs was much higher compared with free Cur. Furthermore, the in vivo pharmacokinetic results in rats demonstrated that the AN–CS–Arg/Cur NPs could remarkably improve the oral bioavailability of Cur. Therefore, the developed AN–CS–Arg/Cur NPs might be a promising nano-candidate for oral delivery of Cur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Ali Raja
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shah Zeenat
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mogoşanu GD, Grumezescu AM, Bejenaru C, Bejenaru LE. Polymeric protective agents for nanoparticles in drug delivery and targeting. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:419-29. [PMID: 26972379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification/functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs) using polymeric protective agents is an issue of great importance and actuality for drug delivery and targeting. Improving the blood circulation half-life of surface-protected nanocarriers is closely related to the elimination of main biological barriers and limiting factors (protein absorption and opsonization), due to the phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system. For passive or active targeted delivery, in biomedical area, surface-functionalized NPs with tissue-recognition ligands were designed and optimized as a result of modern research techniques. Also, multi-functionalized nanostructures are characterized by enhanced bioavailability, efficacy, targeted localization, active cellular uptake, and low side effects. Surface-protected NPs are obtained from biocompatible, biodegradable and less toxic natural polymers (dextran, β-cyclodextrin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, heparin, gelatin) or synthetic polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid, poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(alkyl cyanoacrylates). PEGylation is one of the most important functionalization methods providing steric stabilization, long circulating and 'stealth' properties for both polymeric and inorganic-based nanosystems. In addition, for their antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor effects, cutting-edge researches in the field of pharmaceutical nanobiotechnology highlighted the importance of noble metal (platinum, gold, silver) NPs decorated with biopolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Dan Mogoşanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Bejenaru
- Department of Vegetal & Animal Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ludovic Everard Bejenaru
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Radiation-induced radicals in different polymorphic modifications of d -mannitol: Structure, conformations and dosimetric implications. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Santos GCM, Tiago M, Maria-Engler SS, Pinto TDJA. Three-Dimensional Systems in Polybutylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles Safety Evaluation. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.1002097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
15
|
Kolter M, Ott M, Hauer C, Reimold I, Fricker G. Nanotoxicity of poly(n-butylcyano-acrylate) nanoparticles at the blood-brain barrier, in human whole blood and in vivo. J Control Release 2014; 197:165-79. [PMID: 25445700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapy of diseases of the central nervous system is a major challenge since drugs have to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A powerful strategy to enhance cerebral drug concentration is administration of drug-loaded poly(n-butylcyano-acrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles coated with polysorbate 80 (PS80). This study evaluates the toxicity of PBCA-nanoparticles at the BBB, representing the target organ, the inflammatory response in human whole blood, as the site of administration and in a rat model in vivo. PBCA-nanoparticles were prepared by a mini-emulsion method and characterized concerning size, surface charge, shape and PS80-adsorption. The influence on metabolic activity, cell viability and integrity of the BBB was analyzed in an in vitro model of the BBB. In ex vivo experiments in human whole blood the release of 12 inflammatory cytokines was investigated. In addition, the inflammatory response was studied in vivo in rats and complemented with the analysis of different organ toxicity parameters. PBCA-nanoparticles showed time- and concentration-dependent effects on metabolic activity, cell viability and BBB integrity. No cell death or loss of metabolic activity was observed for nanoparticle-concentrations ≤500μg/ml up to 3h of treatment. Within 12 tested inflammatory cytokines, only interleukin-8 displayed a significant release after nanoparticle exposure in human blood. No severe inflammatory processes or organ damages were identified in rats in vivo. Thus, PBCA-nanoparticles are a promising drug delivery system to overcome the BBB since they showed hardly any cytotoxic or inflammatory effect at therapeutic concentrations and incubation times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marise Kolter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Melanie Ott
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Hauer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isolde Reimold
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abuhanoğlu G, Ozer AY. Radiation sterilization of new drug delivery systems. Interv Med Appl Sci 2014; 6:51-60. [PMID: 24936306 PMCID: PMC4047505 DOI: 10.1556/imas.6.2014.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation sterilization has now become a commonly used method for sterilization of several active ingredients in drugs or drug delivery systems containing these substances. In this context, many applications have been performed on the human products that are required to be sterile, as well as on pharmaceutical products prepared to be developed. The new drug delivery systems designed to deliver the medication to the target tissue or organ, such as microspheres, nanospheres, microemulsion, and liposomal systems, have been sterilized by gamma (γ) and beta (β) rays, and more recently, by e-beam sterilization. In this review, the sterilization of new drug delivery systems was discussed other than conventional drug delivery systems by γ irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gürhan Abuhanoğlu
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University Sıhhiye, Ankara Turkey
| | - A Yekta Ozer
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University Sıhhiye, Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vetten MA, Yah CS, Singh T, Gulumian M. Challenges facing sterilization and depyrogenation of nanoparticles: effects on structural stability and biomedical applications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1391-9. [PMID: 24709329 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines and compares techniques that are currently available for the sterilization of nanoparticles and addresses the topic of endotoxin contamination. Several techniques are available for the removal of microbial contamination from nanoparticles developed for use in nanomedicine applications. These techniques include filtration, autoclaving and irradiation, as well as formaldehyde, ethylene oxide and gas plasma treatments. Of these sterilization methodologies, filtration may potentially remove microbial contamination without altering the physicochemical properties of the carrier nanoparticles, nor affecting their toxicity and functionality. However, no single process may be applied to all nanoparticle preparations and, therefore, it is recommended that each nanoparticle-drug system be validated on a case-by-case basis. From the clinical editor: This comprehensive review covers the currently available methods for removal of microbial contaminations from nanoparticles for nanomedicine applications. The review highlights the pros and cons of each available method. Authors conclude that there is no single best method and recommend a customized approach for each nanoparticle system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Vetten
- Toxicology and Biochemistry Section, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Clarence S Yah
- Human Sciences Research Council, Newton Park, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanusha Singh
- Immunology and Microbiology Section, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Immunology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mary Gulumian
- Toxicology and Biochemistry Section, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Preparation of epirubicin-loaded poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) colloidal particles by polymerization in a mixed organic–aqueous solvent system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Yordanov G, Evangelatov A, Skrobanska R. Epirubicin loaded to pre-polymerized poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles: Preparation and in vitro evaluation in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 107:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Potential implications of nanoparticle characterization on in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1347-56. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are rapidly emerging as therapeutic delivery vectors defined by size-dependent properties. They offer several advantages over the traditional drug-delivery systems and medical diagnostics but also pose considerable challenges for systemic applications. Gene delivery is one of the important applications of nanotechnology. Usually, the nanoparticles employed for gene delivery are either formed by condensation of DNA with preformed cationic polymers or by polymerization of monomeric units thereby entrapping DNA in it. The physicochemical properties such as size, shape, surface morphology have been found to have significant influence on the gene-delivery efficacy of nanoparticles. Furthermore, when administered in vitro and in vivo, the efficiency of nanoparticles depends on a wide variety of other parameters, that is, transfection conditions, time of exposure, cell type and so forth. In this review, the potential role of characterization of nanoparticles physicochemical properties on the in vitro and in vivo gene delivery efficacy of nanoparticles is discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier by nanoparticles. J Control Release 2011; 161:264-73. [PMID: 21872624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is well protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which maintains its homeostasis. Due to this barrier many potential drugs for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) cannot reach the brain in sufficient concentrations. One possibility to deliver drugs to the CNS is the employment of polymeric nanoparticles. The ability of these carriers to overcome the BBB and to produce biologic effects on the CNS was shown in a number of studies. Over the past few years, progress in understanding of the mechanism of the nanoparticle uptake into the brain was made. This mechanism appears to be receptor-mediated endocytosis in brain capillary endothelial cells. Modification of the nanoparticle surface with covalently attached targeting ligands or by coating with certain surfactants enabling the adsorption of specific plasma proteins are necessary for this receptor-mediated uptake. The delivery of drugs, which usually are not able to cross the BBB, into the brain was confirmed by the biodistribution studies and pharmacological assays in rodents. Furthermore, the presence of nanoparticles in the brain parenchyma was visualized by electron microscopy. The intravenously administered biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin were successfully used for the treatment of experimental glioblastoma. These data, together with the possibility to employ nanoparticles for delivery of proteins and other macromolecules across the BBB, suggest that this technology holds great promise for non-invasive therapy of the CNS diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Vauthier C, Bouchemal K. Processing and Scale-up of Polymeric Nanoparticles. INTRACELLULAR DELIVERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1248-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Zheng J, Clogston JD, Patri AK, Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. Sterilization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Standard Gamma Irradiation Procedure Affects Particle Integrity and Biocompatibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2011:001. [PMID: 25035814 PMCID: PMC4098784 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.s5-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are commonly used in a variety of commercial and medical products. Here we investigate the effects of standard sterilization methods, including heat/steam (autoclave) and gamma-irradiation on the structural integrity and biocompatibility of citrate-stabilized silver nanoparticles with nominal sizes of 20, 40, 60 and 80 nm. Particle size, shape and in vitro biocompatibility were studied pre- and post-sterilization. Sterilization by gamma irradiation at dose levels commonly used in medical device industry (15, 25 and 50 kGy) resulted in dramatic changes in particle size and morphology, as monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Exposing the particles to a chemical producer of hydroxyl radicals (N-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione) allowed us to duplicate the sterilization-based changes in size and morphology, implying a free radical mechanism of action. Compared to untreated controls, we also observed a three- to five-fold increase in tendency of sterilized silver nanoparticles to cause platelet aggregation, a sensitive in vitro indicator of thrombogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Zheng
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Jeffrey D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Anil K Patri
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Scott E McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD21702
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Duan J, Zhang Y, Han S, Chen Y, Li B, Liao M, Chen W, Deng X, Zhao J, Huang B. Synthesis and in vitro/in vivo anti-cancer evaluation of curcumin-loaded chitosan/poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2010; 400:211-20. [PMID: 20813175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized novel cationic poly(butyl) cyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles coated with chitosan, formulation of curcumin nanoparticles. The size and zeta potential of prepared curcumin nanoparticles were about 200 nm and +29.11 mV, respectively with 90.04% encapsulation efficiency. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study revealed the spherical nature of the prepared nanoparticles along with confirmation of particle size. Curcumin nanoparticles demonstrate comparable in vitro therapeutic efficacy to free curcumin against a panel of human hepatocellular cancer cell lines, as assessed by cell viability (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay [MTT assay]) and proapoptotic effects (annexin V/propidium iodide staining). In vivo, curcumin nanoparticles suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma growth in murine xenograft models and inhibited tumor angiogenesis. The curcumin nanoparticles' mechanism of action on hepatocellular carcinoma cells is a mirror that of free curcumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Duan
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Ministry of Health National Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Design and influence of γ-irradiation on the biopharmaceutical properties of nanoparticles containing an antigenic complex from Brucella ovis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:563-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Vauthier C, Bouchemal K. Methods for the preparation and manufacture of polymeric nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2008; 26:1025-58. [PMID: 19107579 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the different methods of preparation of polymer nanoparticles including nanospheres and nanocapsules. The first part summarizes the basic principle of each method of nanoparticle preparation. It presents the most recent innovations and progresses obtained over the last decade and which were not included in previous reviews on the subject. Strategies for the obtaining of nanoparticles with controlled in vivo fate are described in the second part of the review. A paragraph summarizing scaling up of nanoparticle production and presenting corresponding pilot set-up is considered in the third part of the review. Treatments of nanoparticles, applied after the synthesis, are described in the next part including purification, sterilization, lyophilization and concentration. Finally, methods to obtain labelled nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo investigations are described in the last part of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Vauthier
- CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris Sud-11, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|