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Lu B, Zhang J, Zhang J. Enhancing Transdermal Delivery of Curcumin-Based Ionic Liquid Liposomes for Application in Psoriasis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5864-5873. [PMID: 38047528 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
To improve the permeation of curcumin, we prepared curcumin-based ionic liquid (Cur-Bet-IL) (IL formed using curcumin succinic anhydride and betaine) from curcumin by combining theoretical calculation and experimental research and then prepared curcumin-based ionic liquid liposome (Cur-Bet-IL-Lip). The Cur-Bet-IL-Lip has good stability (stored for 10 days without significant changes) and biocompatibility, which encompasses not only the properties of curcumin but also the characteristics of ionic liquids and liposomes. Cur-Bet-IL-Lip can penetrate the stratum corneum and deliver curcumin to the epidermis and dermis of the skin, and the cumulative permeability of curcumin after 24 h was 49%. Compared to Cur-Bet-IL, Cur-Bet-IL-Lip has a good uptake ability on human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells (1.87-fold), which can reduce the expression of TNF-α (1.59-fold), IL-1β (1.19-fold), IL-17A (1.53-fold), IL-17F (1.18-fold), and IL-22 (1.49-fold) in HaCaT cells and then increase the expression of collagen-I (1.14-fold). Therefore, Cur-Bet-IL-Lip has guiding significance in improving the solubility and permeation of insoluble drugs, which also provides a potential value for the clinical application of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
- Candidate Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Skin Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
- Department of Shenzhen People's Hospital Geriatrics Center, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
- Candidate Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Skin Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
- Department of Shenzhen People's Hospital Geriatrics Center, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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2
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Patil P, Nene S, Shah S, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Exploration of novel drug delivery systems in topical management of osteoarthritis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:531-546. [PMID: 36031671 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the foremost disabling disorders in the world. There is no definitive treatment to prevent the progression of osteoarthritis. Hence, palliative treatment aims at minimizing pain, disability and improving function, performance and quality of life. Oral administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is associated with number of adverse effects and reduced therapeutic efficacy. Intra-articular injection has been the preferred route of drug administration. However, the clearance of drug from the arthritic site, risk of infections, cost and the pain associated with frequent injections make this route highly non-compliant to patients. Since osteoarthritis is a chronic condition which requires treatment for prolonged duration, there is an urgent need for another administration route which circumvents the hindrances linked with intra-articular route. Transdermal route across the skin locally at the osteoarthritis site could help in surpassing the disadvantages associated with intra-articular route. However, traversing skin barrier and reaching the chondrocytes with sufficient amount of the drug is extremely difficult. Nanocarrier-based approaches could hold an answer to the said shortcomings owing to their reduced size, targeting tunability and site specificity. In this article, we discuss the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis, molecular targets, and utilization of nanocarrier-based approaches to strategize the treatment of osteoarthritis in a new direction, i.e. topical delivery of nanocarriers in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Shweta Nene
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India.
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3
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Altamimi M, Hussain A, Mahdi WA, Imam SS, Alshammari MA, Alshehri S, Khan MR. Mechanistic Insights into Luteolin-Loaded Elastic Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery: HSPiP Predictive Parameters and Instrument-Based Evidence. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48202-48214. [PMID: 36591170 PMCID: PMC9798756 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated mechanistic insights into luteolin (LUT)-loaded elastic liposomes (OLEL1) permeated across rat skin. HSPiP software-based parameters, thermal analysis, infrared analysis, and morphological evaluations were employed to understand mechanistic observations of drug permeation and deposition. HSPiP provided HSP values (δd, δp, and δh) of OLEL1 (based on composition), LUT, excipients, and rat skin (literature value and by-default value). Rat skin was studied via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies. The δd and δh estimation of the skin and phosphatidylcholine showed close relation in terms of δd and δh. Similarly, OLEL1 and the skin might interact with each other mainly through δd and δp forces as evidenced by the predicted values. The untreated skin showed characteristic stretching and vibrations as compared to lower frequencies caused by OLEL1. DSC showed changes in the thermal behavior of the skin after OLEL1 treatment as compared to the untreated skin. Visualization of these changes was evident under fluorescence microscopy and SEM for confirmed substantial reversible surface perturbation of the skin protein layer for improved vesicle permeation and subsequent internalization with the inner skin matrix. The AFM study confirmed the nanoscale surface roughness variation caused substantially by OLEL1 and OLEL1 placebo as compared to the untreated control and drug solution. Thus, the study clearly demonstrated mechanistic insights into LUT-loaded vesicles across rat skin for enhanced permeation and drug deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Altamimi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- . Phone: +966564591584
| | - Wael A. Mahdi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad A. Alshammari
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Rashid Khan
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Chopra A, Gupta A. Skin as an immune organ and the site of biomimetic, non-invasive vaccination. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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5
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Dol HS, Hajare AA, Patil KS. Statistically designed novel ranolazine-loaded ethosomal transdermal gel for the treatment of angina pectoris. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bhattacharya S. Preparation and characterizations of glyceryl oleate ufasomes of terbinafine hydrochloride: a novel approach to trigger Candida albicans fungal infection. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Worldwide fungal infection cases are increasing by leaps and bounds. The patients who are immunocompromised, i.e., cancer and AIDS, are more susceptible to different types of fungal infections like cutaneous candidiasis and its associate infections. The available treatment for such a disease is creams, gels, etc. However, due to the lack of penetrability and higher systematic absorption, these formulations have reported many side effects. To overcome such challenges, various novel drug delivery systems were introduced. The present research focused on the preparation of glyceryl oleate ufasomes of terbinafine hydrochloride using the film hydration method.
Result
The prepared formulations were characterized for globular size (nm), zeta potential (mV), PDI, morphological characteristics, thermal behavior, in vitro drug release, in vitro antifungal activity, and in vitro skin permeation retention studies. After suitable formulation optimization using thin-film hydration method, 3:7 drug to glyceryl oleate ratio, UF3 formulation was found to produce higher drug entrapment efficacy (52.45 ± 0.56%), stable anionic zeta potential (− 33.37 ± 0.231 mV), desired globular size (376.5 ± 0.42 nm), and decent polydispersity index (0.348 ± 0.0345). Diffusion-controlled and zero-order sustained release profile was observed in the optimized UF3 batch. From the 5 days in vitro antifungal activity studies, it confirmed that UF3 ufasomes possessed good applicability in more prolonged therapy.
Conclusion
From the current investigation, it can be concluded that glyceryl oleate ufasomes of terbinafine hydrochloride could be an excellent approach to treat topical fungal infections.
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Oyarzún P, Gallardo-Toledo E, Morales J, Arriagada F. Transfersomes as alternative topical nanodosage forms for the treatment of skin disorders. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2465-2489. [PMID: 34706575 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery is a promising approach to treat different skin disorders. However, it remains a challenge mainly due to the nature and rigidity of the nanosystems, which limit deep skin penetration, and the unsuccessful demonstration of clinical benefits; greater penetration by itself, does not ensure pharmacological success. In this context, transfersomes have appeared as promising nanosystems; deformability, their unique characteristic, allows them to pass through the epidermal microenvironment, improving the skin drug delivery. This review focuses on the comparison of transfersomes with other nanosystems (e.g., liposomes), discusses recent therapeutic applications for the topical treatment of different skin disorders and highlights the need for further studies to demonstrate significant clinical benefits of transfersomes compared with conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Oyarzún
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Eduardo Gallardo-Toledo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380494, Chile
| | - Javier Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380494, Chile
| | - Francisco Arriagada
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
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8
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Souto EB, Macedo AS, Dias-Ferreira J, Cano A, Zielińska A, Matos CM. Elastic and Ultradeformable Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9743. [PMID: 34575907 PMCID: PMC8472566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through the skin, by means of topical drug delivery systems, is an advanced therapeutic approach. As the skin is the largest organ of the human body, primarily acting as a natural protective barrier against permeation of xenobiotics, specific strategies to overcome this barrier are needed. Liposomes are nanometric-sized delivery systems composed of phospholipids, which are key components of cell membranes, making liposomes well tolerated and devoid of toxicity. As their lipid compositions are similar to those of the skin, liposomes are used as topical, dermal, and transdermal delivery systems. However, permeation of the first generation of liposomes through the skin posed some limitations; thus, a second generation of liposomes has emerged, overcoming permeability problems. Various mechanisms of permeation/penetration of elastic/ultra-deformable liposomes into the skin have been proposed; however, debate continues on their extent/mechanisms of permeation/penetration. In vivo bioavailability of an API administered in the form of ultra-deformable liposomes is similar to the bioavailability achieved when the same API is administered in the form of a solution by subcutaneous or epi-cutaneous injection, which demonstrates their applicability in transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B. Souto
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.D.-F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ana S. Macedo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal;
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences—Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Dias-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.D.-F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.D.-F.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Carla M. Matos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal;
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An Y, Park MJ, Lee J, Ko J, Kim S, Kang DH, Hwang NS. Recent Advances in the Transdermal Delivery of Protein Therapeutics with a Combinatorial System of Chemical Adjuvants and Physical Penetration Enhancements. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Hyeon An
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Mihn Jeong Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyeon Ko
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Su‐Hwan Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S. Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- BioMAX Institute, Institute of BioengineeringSeoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Development and Percutaneous Permeation Study of Escinosomes, Escin-Based Nanovesicles Loaded with Berberine Chloride. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120682. [PMID: 31847489 PMCID: PMC6955842 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Escin is a natural saponin, clinically used for the anti-edematous and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the study was to explore the possibility of converting escin into vesicle bilayer-forming component. The hyaluronidase inhibition activity of escin was evaluated after its formulation in escinosomes. Berberine chloride, a natural quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from several medicinal plants that is traditionally used for various skin conditions was loaded in the vesicles. The developed nanovesicles were characterized in terms of diameter, polydispersity, ζ-potential, deformability, recovery, encapsulation efficiency, stability, and release kinetics. Nanovesicle permeation properties through artificial membranes and rabbit ear skin were investigated using skin-PAMPATM and Franz cells were also evaluated. Escinosomes, made of phosphatidylcholine and escin, were loaded with berberine chloride. These nanovesicles displayed the best characteristics for skin application, particularly optimal polydispersity (0.17) and deformability, high negative ζ-potential value, great encapsulation efficiency (about 67%), high stability, and the best release properties of berberine chloride (about 75% after 24 h). In conclusion, escinosomes seem to be new vesicular carriers, capable to maintain escin properties such as hyaluronidase inhibition activity, and able to load other active molecules such as berberine chloride, in order to enhance or expand the activity of the loaded drug.
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Kassem MA, Aboul-Einien MH, El Taweel MM. Dry Gel Containing Optimized Felodipine-Loaded Transferosomes: a Promising Transdermal Delivery System to Enhance Drug Bioavailability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2155-2173. [PMID: 29714001 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Felodipine has a very low bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism. The aim of this study was to enhance its bioavailability by transdermal application. Felodipine-loaded transferosomes were prepared by thin-film hydration using different formulation variables. An optimized formula was designed using statistical experimental design. The independent variables were the used edge activator, its molar ratio to phosphatidylcholine, and presence or absence of cholesterol. The responses were entrapment efficiency of transferosomes, their size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and percent drug released after 8 h. The optimized formula was subjected to differential scanning calorimetry studies and its stability on storage at 4°C for 6 months was estimated. This formula was improved by incorporation of different permeation enhancers where ex vivo drug flux through mice skin was estimated and the best improved formula was formulated in a gel and lyophilized. The prepared gel was subjected to in vivo study using Plendil® tablets as a reference. According to the calculated desirability, the optimized transferosome formula was that containing sodium deoxycholate as edge activator at 5:1 M ratio to phosphatidylcholine and no cholesterol. The thermograms of this formula indicated the incorporation of felodipine inside the prepared vesicles. None of the tested parameters differed significantly on storage. The lyophilized gel of labrasol-containing formula was chosen for in vivo study. The relative bioavailability of felodipine from the designed gel was 1.7. In conclusion, topically applied lyophilized gel containing felodipine-loaded transferosomes is a promising transdermal delivery system to enhance its bioavailability.
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Jijie R, Barras A, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Nanomaterials for transdermal drug delivery: beyond the state of the art of liposomal structures. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8653-8675. [PMID: 32264260 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02529g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of biomedical materials have been proposed to meet the different needs for controlled oral or intravenous drug delivery. The advantages of oral delivery such as self-administration of a pre-determined drug dose at defined time intervals makes it the most convenient means for the delivery of small molecular drugs. It fails however to delivery therapeutic macromolecules due to rapid degradation in the stomach and size-limited transport across the epithelium. The primary mode of administration of macromolecules is presently via injection. This administration mode is not without limitations, as the invasive nature of injections elicits pain and decreases patients' compliance. Alternative routes for drug delivery have been looked for, one being the skin. Delivery of drugs via the skin is based on the therapeutics penetrating the stratum corneum (SC) with the advantage of overcoming first-pass metabolism of drugs, to deliver drugs with a short-half-life time more easily and to eliminate frequent administrations to maintain constant drug delivery. The transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. The low permeability of the SC to water-soluble and macromolecular drugs poses significant challenges to transdermal administration via passive diffusion through the skin, as is the case for all topically administered drug formulations intended to bring the therapeutic into the general circulation. To widen the scope of drugs for transdermal delivery, new procedures to enhance skin permeation to hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules are under development. Next to the integration of skin enhancers into pharmaceutical formulations, nanoparticles based on lipid carriers have been widely considered and reviewed. While being briefly reviewed here, the main focus of this article is on current advancements using polymeric and metallic nanoparticles. Next to these passive technologies, the handful of active technologies for local and systemic transdermal drug delivery will be discussed and put into perspective. While passive approaches dominate the literature and the transdermal market, active delivery based on microneedles or iontophoresis approaches have shown great promise for transdermal drug delivery and have entered the market, in the last decade. This review gives an overall idea of the current activities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Jijie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
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13
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Abstract
Elastic liposomes have been developed and evaluated as novel topical and transdermal delivery systems. They share some similarities to conventional liposomes but their composition is designed to confer flexibility and elasticity in the lipid bilayer structure. Elastic liposomes are applied non-occluded to the skin and are reported to permeate through the stratum corneum lipid lamellar regions as a result of the hydration or osmotic force in the skin. They have been investigated as drug carriers for a range of small molecules, peptides, proteins, and vaccines, both in vitro and in vivo. Following topical application, structural changes in the stratum corneum have been identified and intact elastic liposomes visualized within the stratum corneum lipid lamellar regions, but evidence of intact liposomes in the deeper viable tissues is limited. The method by which they transport their drug payload into and through the skin has been investigated but remains an area of contention. This chapter provides an overview of the development, characterization, and evaluation of elastic liposomes for delivery into and via the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A E Benson
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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14
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Lipid based noninvasive vesicular formulation of cytarabine: Nanodeformable liposomes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Singh S, Vardhan H, Kotla NG, Maddiboyina B, Sharma D, Webster TJ. The role of surfactants in the formulation of elastic liposomal gels containing a synthetic opioid analgesic. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1475-82. [PMID: 27114707 PMCID: PMC4833371 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems have made significant contributions to the medical community, but have yet to completely substitute oral or parenteral delivery. Recently, various strategies have been used to augment the transdermal delivery of therapeutics. Primarily, they include iontophoresis, electrophoresis, sonophoresis, chemical permeation enhancers, microneedles, and vesicular systems. Among these strategies, elastic liposomes appear promising. Elastic vesicle scaffolds have been developed and evaluated as novel topical and transdermal delivery systems, with an infrastructure consisting of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties together, and as a result, such scaffolds can accommodate drug molecules with a wide range of solubility. High deformability of these vesicles provides for better penetration of intact vesicles. This system is much more efficient at delivering low- and high-molecular-weight drugs to the skin in terms of quantity and depth. In this work, elastic liposomes of Tramadol HCl were prepared using a solvent evaporation method with different surfactants and were characterized using microscopy, and particle size, shape, drug content, ex vivo release, and zeta potential were also calculated. The prepared elastic liposomes were found to be in the range of 152.4 nm with a zeta potential of −22.4 mV; the entrapment efficiencies of the selected formulation was found to be 79.71%±0.27%. All formulations in the form of a gel were evaluated for physicochemical properties and were found to be homogeneous with no grittiness, and the pH of all formulations was found to be neutral. The optimized selected elastic liposomal formulation followed the Higuchi equation and Fickian diffusion and released the drug for a period of 24 hours. The overall results provide much promise for the continued investigation of deformable vesicles as transdermal drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Harsh Vardhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Niranjan G Kotla
- Center for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Balaji Maddiboyina
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishwabharathi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur, India
| | | | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Yang G, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Dang B, Liu Y, Feng N. Enhanced oral bioavailability of silymarin using liposomes containing a bile salt: preparation by supercritical fluid technology and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6633-44. [PMID: 26543366 PMCID: PMC4622520 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s92665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to develop a procedure to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of silymarin (SM) by using bile salt-containing liposomes that were prepared by supercritical fluid technology (ie, solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids [SEDS]). The process for the preparation of SM-loaded liposomes containing a bile salt (SM-Lip-SEDS) was optimized using a central composite design of response surface methodology with the ratio of SM to phospholipids (w/w), flow rate of solution (mL/min), and pressure (MPa) as independent variables. Particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE), and drug loading (DL) were dependent variables for optimization of the process and formulation variables. The particle size, zeta potential, EE, and DL of the optimized SM-Lip-SEDS were 160.5 nm, −62.3 mV, 91.4%, and 4.73%, respectively. Two other methods to produce SM liposomes were compared to the SEDS method. The liposomes obtained by the SEDS method exhibited the highest EE and DL, smallest particle size, and best stability compared to liposomes produced by the thin-film dispersion and reversed-phase evaporation methods. Compared to the SM powder, SM-Lip-SEDS showed increased in vitro drug release. The in vivo AUC0−t of SM-Lip-SEDS was 4.8-fold higher than that of the SM powder. These results illustrate that liposomes containing a bile salt can be used to enhance the oral bioavailability of SM and that supercritical fluid technology is suitable for the preparation of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Beilei Dang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianping Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Bashyal S, Lee S. Delivery of biopharmaceuticals using combination of liposome and iontophoresis: a review. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-015-0219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Ascenso A, Raposo S, Batista C, Cardoso P, Mendes T, Praça FG, Bentley MVLB, Simões S. Development, characterization, and skin delivery studies of related ultradeformable vesicles: transfersomes, ethosomes, and transethosomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5837-51. [PMID: 26425085 PMCID: PMC4583114 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s86186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultradeformable vesicles (UDV) have recently become a promising tool for the development of improved and innovative dermal and transdermal therapies. The aim of this work was to study three related UDV: transfersomes, ethosomes, and transethosomes for the incorporation of actives of distinct polarities, namely, vitamin E and caffeine, and to evaluate the effect of the carrier on skin permeation and penetration. These actives were incorporated in UDV formulations further characterized for vesicles imaging by transmission electron microscopy; mean vesicle size and polydispersity index by photon correlation spectroscopy; zeta potential by laser-Doppler anemometry; deformability by pressure-driven transport; and incorporation efficiency (IE) after actives quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography. Topical delivery studies were performed in order to compare UDV formulations regarding the release, skin permeation, and penetration profiles. All UDV formulations showed size values within the expected range, except transethosomes prepared by “transfersomal method”, for which size was smaller than 100 nm in contrast to that obtained for vesicles prepared by “ethosomal method”. Zeta potential was negative and higher for formulations containing sodium cholate. The IE was much higher for vitamin E- than caffeine-loaded UDV as expected. For flux measurements, the following order was obtained: transethosomes (TE) > ethosomes (E) ≥ transfersomes (T). This result was consistent with the release and skin penetration profiles for Vitamin E-loaded UDV. However, the releasing results were totally the opposite for caffeine-loaded UDV, which might be explained by the solubility and thermodynamic activity of this active in each formulation instead of the UDV deformability attending to the higher non-incorporated fraction of caffeine. Anyway, a high skin penetration and permeation for all caffeine-loaded UDV were obtained. Transethosomes were more deformable than ethosomes and transfersomes due to the presence of both ethanol and surfactant in their composition. All these UDV were suitable for a deeper skin penetration, especially transethosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ascenso
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Raposo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia Batista
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Mendes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabíola Garcia Praça
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Simões
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Froelich A, Osmałek T, Kunstman P, Roszak R, Białas W. Rheological and textural properties of microemulsion-based polymer gels with indomethacin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1066799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Froelich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland and
| | - Tomasz Osmałek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland and
| | - Paweł Kunstman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland and
| | - Rafał Roszak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland and
| | - Wojciech Białas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Lunter D, Daniels R. Confocal Raman microscopic investigation of the effectiveness of penetration enhancers for procaine delivery to the skin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:126015. [PMID: 25539061 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.12.126015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A methodology that employs confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) on ex vivo skin samples is proposed for the investigation of drug content and distribution in the skin. To this end, the influence of the penetration enhancers propylene glycol and polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether on the penetration and permeation of procaine as a model substance was investigated. The drug content of skin samples that had been incubated with semisolid formulations containing one of these enhancers was examined after skin segmentation. The experiments showed that propylene glycol did not affect the procaine content that was delivered to the skin, whereas polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether led to higher procaine contents and deeper penetration. Neither substance was found to influence the permeation rate of procaine. It is thereby shown that CRM can provide additional information on drug penetration and permeation. Furthermore, the method was found to enhance the depth from which Raman spectra can be collected and to improve the depth resolution compared to previously proposed methods.
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Ascenso A, Salgado A, Euletério C, Praça FG, Bentley MVLB, Marques HC, Oliveira H, Santos C, Simões S. In vitro and in vivo topical delivery studies of tretinoin-loaded ultradeformable vesicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Al-Mahallawi AM, Khowessah OM, Shoukri RA. Nano-transfersomal ciprofloxacin loaded vesicles for non-invasive trans-tympanic ototopical delivery: in-vitro optimization, ex-vivo permeation studies, and in-vivo assessment. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:304-14. [PMID: 24971692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has been used for systemic treatment of otitis media in adults. It was approved for topical treatment of otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes. The aim of this work was to enhance the local non-invasive delivery of ciprofloxacin to the middle ear across an intact tympanic membrane (TM) in an attempt to treat acute otitis media (AOM) ototopically. In order to achieve this goal, ciprofloxacin nano-transfersomal vesicles were prepared by thin film hydration (TFH) technique, using several edge activators (EAs) of varying hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values. A full factorial design was employed for the optimization of formulation variables using Design-Expert(®) software. The optimal formulation was subjected to stability testing, ex-vivo permeation studies (through ear skin and TM of rabbits), and in-vivo evaluation. Results revealed that the optimal formulation (composed of phospholipid and sodium cholate as an EA at a molar ratio of 5:1) exhibited enhanced ex-vivo drug flux through ear skin and TM when compared with the commercial product (Ciprocin(®) drops). It demonstrated a greater extent of in-vivo drug deposition in the TM of albino rabbits relative to Ciprocin(®). Consequently, transfersomes could be promising for the non-invasive trans-tympanic delivery of ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Mohsen Al-Mahallawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Omneya Mohammed Khowessah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Raguia Ali Shoukri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Conaghan PG, Bijlsma JW, Kneer W, Wise E, Kvien TK, Rother M. Drug-free gel containing ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles (TDT 064) as topical therapy for the treatment of pain associated with osteoarthritis: a review of clinical efficacy and safety. Curr Med Res Opin 2014; 30:599-611. [PMID: 24164189 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2013.860018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with osteoarthritis (OA) experience side effects with available systemic therapies, some of which can be life threatening. The widespread use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), often without prescription, is concerning given their potential risks. New treatments for OA are therefore required. This review discusses evidence supporting the use of TDT 064, a drug-free, topical gel containing ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles (Sequessome * vesicles), for OA-associated pain. SCOPE Preclinical and clinical studies investigating TDT 064 in patients with OA-associated knee pain were identified in searches of PubMed and congress abstracts. FINDINGS The ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles (sequessome vesicles) in TDT 064 pass through the skin intact to reach the synovial space within the joint. The mechanism of action is not yet certain, but the phospholipid-based structure of these ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles, and the observation that they localize to the cartilage surface, support biolubrication as a possible mechanism of action of TDT 064. Data from randomized, phase III studies in OA knee pain in which TDT 064 was used as the drug-free vehicle control for IDEA-033 (ketoprofen in ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles) demonstrate a marked and consistent response to TDT 064 in terms of pain, stiffness, and function. In a 12 week study of >1300 patients, the effects of TDT 064 on pain and function were statistically noninferior to those of oral celecoxib, and superior to oral placebo. TDT 064 was well tolerated in all studies, and adverse events were typically mild-to-moderate effects on the skin. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from clinical studies supports the use of TDT 064 as a drug-free topical treatment for patients with OA. Further experience with TDT 064, particularly among patients with comorbidities or NSAID contraindications, will provide more information on its potential use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Conaghan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit , Leeds , UK
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Lei W, Yu C, Lin H, Zhou X. Development of tacrolimus-loaded transfersomes for deeper skin penetration enhancement and therapeutic effect improvement in vivo. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Highly deformable and highly fluid vesicles as potential drug delivery systems: theoretical and practical considerations. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3171-86. [PMID: 23986634 PMCID: PMC3754763 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s33048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicles that are specifically designed to overcome the stratum corneum barrier in intact skin provide an efficient transdermal (systemic or local) drug delivery system. They can be classified into two main groups according to the mechanisms underlying their skin interaction. The first group comprises those possessing highly deformable bilayers, achieved by incorporating edge activators to the bilayers or by mixing with certain hydrophilic solutes. The vesicles of this group act as drug carriers that penetrate across hydrophilic pathways of the intact skin. The second group comprises those possessing highly fluid bilayers, owing to the presence of permeation enhancers. The vesicles of this group can act as carriers of drugs that permeate the skin after the barrier of the stratum corneum is altered because of synergistic action with the permeation enhancers contained in the vesicle structure. We have included a detailed overview of the different mechanisms of skin interaction and discussed the most promising preclinical applications of the last five years of Transfersomes® (IDEA AG, Munich, Germany), ethosomes, and invasomes as carriers of antitumoral and anti-inflammatory drugs applied by the topical route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Lilia Romero
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ascenso A, Pinho S, Eleutério C, Praça FG, Bentley MVLB, Oliveira H, Santos C, Silva O, Simões S. Lycopene from tomatoes: vesicular nanocarrier formulations for dermal delivery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7284-7293. [PMID: 23826819 DOI: 10.1021/jf401368w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This experimental work aimed to develop a simple, fast, economic, and environmentally friendly process for the extraction of lycopene from tomato and incorporate this lycopene-rich extract into ultradeformable vesicular nanocarriers suitable for topical application. Lycopene extraction was conducted without a cosolvent for 30 min. The extracts were analyzed and incorporated in transfersomes and ethosomes. These formulations were characterized, and the cellular uptake was observed by confocal microscopy. Dermal delivery of lycopene formulations was tested under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Lycopene extraction proved to be quite safe and selective. The vesicular formulation was taken up by the cells, being more concentrated around the nucleus. Epicutaneous application of lycopene formulations decreased the level of anthralin-induced ear swelling by 97 and 87%, in a manner nonstatistically different from the positive control. These results support the idea that the lycopene-rich extract may be a good alternative to the expensive commercial lycopene for incorporation into advanced topical delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ascenso
- Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Systems group of iMedUL, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Shamma RN, Elsayed I. Transfersomal lyophilized gel of buspirone HCl: formulation, evaluation and statistical optimization. J Liposome Res 2013; 23:244-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2013.801489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen J, Lu WL, Gu W, Lu SS, Chen ZP, Cai BC. Skin permeation behavior of elastic liposomes: role of formulation ingredients. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:845-56. [PMID: 23550630 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.779252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the incorporation of edge activators into the lipid bilayer structure, elasticity properties are given to liposomes. Regardless of the debate over the precise permeation mechanism of elastic liposomes, these vesicles have been proven to enhance drug permeation into or through skin in most cases. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of the formulation ingredients of elastic liposomes and their relationship with skin permeation behavior. The ingredients are divided into two categories of basic and optional ingredients. The effect of stability on permeation behavior of the vesicles is highlighted. EXPERT OPINION More attention should be paid to the stability of elastic liposomes. The different stability properties of the elastic liposomes following administration can induce different skin permeation behaviors of the vesicles. It is necessary to select the optimum composition of the elastic liposomes in order to control the stability and permeation behavior of the vesicles into or through the skin. Moreover, for the development of elastic liposomes, particular attention should also be paid to the drug leakage from the vesicles during long-term storage. The application of optional ingredients to improve the stability and/or elasticity of the elastic liposomes is becoming a new trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, PR China
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29
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Davies RT, Kim J, Jang SC, Choi EJ, Gho YS, Park J. Microfluidic filtration system to isolate extracellular vesicles from blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:5202-10. [PMID: 23111789 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are released by various cell types, particularly tumor cells, and may be potential targets for blood-based cancer diagnosis. However, studies performed on blood-borne vesicles to date have been limited by lack of effective, standardized purification strategies. Using in situ prepared nanoporous membranes, we present a simple strategy employing a microfluidic filtration system to isolate vesicles from whole blood samples. This method can be applied to purify nano-sized particles from blood allowing isolation of intact extracellular vesicles, avoiding the need for laborious and potentially damaging centrifugation steps or overly specific antibody-based affinity purification. Porous polymer monoliths were integrated as membranes into poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips by benchtop UV photopolymerization through a mask, allowing precise positioning of membrane elements while preserving simplicity of device preparation. Pore size could be manipulated by changing the ratio of porogenic solvent to prepolymer solution, and was tuned to a size proper for extraction of vesicles. Using the membrane as a size exclusion filter, we separated vesicles from cells and large debris by injecting whole blood under pressure through the microfluidic device. To enhance isolation purity, DC electrophoresis was employed as an alternative driving force to propel particles across the filter and increase the separation efficiency of vesicles from proteins. From the whole blood of melanoma-grown mice, we isolated extracellular vesicles and performed RT-PCR to verify their contents of RNA. Melan A mRNA derived from melanoma tumor cells were found enriched in filtered samples, confirming the recovery of vesicles via their cargo. This filtration system can be incorporated into other on-chip processes enabling integrated sample preparation for the downstream analysis of blood-based extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Davies
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Preparation and quality assessment of itraconazole transfersomes. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:291-8. [PMID: 22796030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug-loading transfersomes were prepared with itraconazole, a lipophilic drug, as a model drug to investigate the key factor affecting transfersomes quality and to evaluate their qualities. Drug-loading transfersomes were prepared using film dispersion method. The quality of transfersomes was evaluated by HPLC, transmission electron microscope, particle size analyzer and in vitro release. Itraconazole transfersomes was transparent solution in ivory white color with a mean entrapment efficiency of about 80%. The shape of hollow vesicles was spheroidal with the diameter of approximately 100 nm, and the zeta potential of 45 mV, which had a good transdermal effect. It can be concluded via single-factor investigation that the quality of transfersomes is significantly affected by solvent, salt ion concentration and homogenization pressure and so on. The preparation method obtained through screening and optimizing formulation and technology is feasible and the quality can be controlled.
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Cevc G. Rational design of new product candidates: the next generation of highly deformable bilayer vesicles for noninvasive, targeted therapy. J Control Release 2012; 160:135-46. [PMID: 22266051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Amphipat bilayer vesicles are a subgroup of "fat-and-water" mixtures useful as drug carriers. Scrutinising amphipat aggregation in terms of the popular molecular descriptors (esp. the Israelachvili's form-factor or HLB number) is "too static" to foretell reliably and quantitatively bilayer vesicle formation. A better predictor introduced in this work is the effective area per lipid chain (cross-section of a "tail", A(c)), which also correlates, quasi-exponentially, with the ease of bilayer vesicle formation and bilayer deformability. The latter is highest near an uppermost, bilayer-compatible but nearly headgroup independent, A(c)-value reachable on different paths to bilayer solubilisation. The deformable bilayer vesicles class is thus more diverse than had previously been recognised. It includes phospholipid or phospholipid-surfactant blends (1st generation), synergistic phospholipid-amphipat or drug mixtures (2nd generation), and novel (non-phospholipid) amphipat combinations with appropriate effective tail(s) cross-section (3rd generation). Typically, vesicularisation ability and bilayer adaptability of such preparations is proportional, and arguably depends upon, the dynamic and stress-dependent molecular re-arrangement during aggregate formation and bilayer adaptation. In the previously described formulations such re-arrangement took place within or across the mixed lipid bilayer. This work shows that water-soluble molecules redistribution near a bilayer surface can be similarly effective. The new mechanism for bilayer properties modulation thus potentially avoids using harsher molecules in the adaptable vesicles, and can utilise buffers, microbicides, etc., in their stead. A plethora of amphipats can comprise hyper-adaptable vesicles of the new generation, including some that are more stable than the previously recognised ones. Encompassing well-chosen hydrophilic additive(s) and/or drug(s), such hyper-adaptable vesicles can be blended into fluid or semisolid preparations suitable for non-invasive, and potentially parenteral, applications. Pharmacologically relevant examples include, but are not limited to, the composite adaptable phospholipid-free vesicles loaded with anti-mycosis drugs (such as terbinafine), surfactant-free preparations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as indomethacin or ketoprofen), etc. Further interesting implementations of the new technology contain hyper-adaptable drug-free vesicles that suppress human skin inflammation after local application better than hydrocortisone and broadly similar to conventional topical NSAIDs. The carriers described in this work thus provide unprecedented options for cutaneous or targeted subcutaneous deposition of drugs and/or for the sustained delivery of the corresponding carrier associated therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Cevc
- The Advanced Treatments Institute, Gauting, Germany.
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Formulation and in Vitro, ex Vivo and in Vivo Evaluation of Elastic Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:954-70. [PMID: 24309316 PMCID: PMC3857066 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to formulate ketorolac tromethamine-loaded elastic liposomes and evaluate their in vitro drug release and their ex vivo and in vivo transdermal delivery. Ketorolac tromethamine (KT), which is a potent analgesic, was formulated in elastic liposomes using Tween 80 as an edge activator. The elastic vesicles were prepared by film hydration after optimizing the sonication time and number of extrusions. The vesicles exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 73 ± 11%, vesicle size of 127.8 ± 3.4 nm and a zeta potential of −12 mV. In vitro drug release was analyzed from liposomes and an aqueous solution, using Franz diffusion cells and a cellophane dialysis membrane with molecular weight cut-off of 8000 Da. Ex vivo permeation of KT across pig ear skin was studied using a Franz diffusion cell, with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 32 °C as receptor solution. An in vivo drug permeation study was conducted on healthy human volunteers using a tape-stripping technique. The in vitro results showed (i) a delayed release when KT was included in elastic liposomes, compared to an aqueous solution of the drug; (ii) a flux of 0.278 μg/cm2h and a lag time of about 10 h for ex vivo permeation studies, which may indicate that KT remains in the skin (with the possibility of exerting a local effect) before reaching the receptor medium; (iii) a good correlation between the total amount permeated, the penetration distance (both determined by tape stripping) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measured during the in vivo permeation studies. Elastic liposomes have the potential to transport the drug through the skin, keep their size and drug charge, and release the drug into deep skin layers. Therefore, elastic liposomes hold promise for the effective topical delivery of KT.
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Shah PP, Desai PR, Singh M. Effect of oleic acid modified polymeric bilayered nanoparticles on percutaneous delivery of spantide II and ketoprofen. J Control Release 2011; 158:336-45. [PMID: 22134117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oleic acid modified polymeric bilayered nanoparticles (NPS) on combined delivery of two anti-inflammatory drugs, spantide II (SP) and ketoprofen (KP) on the skin permeation. NPS were prepared using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan. SP and KP were encapsulated in different layers alone or/and in combination (KP-NPS, SP-NPS and SP+KP-NPS). The surface of NPS was modified with oleic acid (OA) ('Nanoease' technology) using an established procedure in the laboratory (KP-NPS-OA, SP-NPS-OA and SP+KP-NPS-OA). Fluorescent dyes (DiO and DID) containing surface modified (DiO-NPS-OA and DID-NPS-OA) and unmodified NPS (DiO-NPS and DID-NPS) were visualized in lateral rat skin sections using confocal microscopy and Raman confocal spectroscopy after skin permeation. In vitro skin permeation was performed in dermatomed human skin and HPLC was used to analyze the drug levels in different skin layers. Further, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) model was used to evaluate the response of KP-NPS, SP-NPS, SP+KP-NPS, KP-NPS-OA, SP-NPS-OA and SP+KP-NPS-OA treatment in C57BL/6 mice. The fluorescence from OA modified NPS was observed up to a depth of 240μm and was significantly higher as compared to non-modified NPS. The amount of SP and KP retained in skin layers from OA modified NPS increased by several folds compared to unmodified NPS and control solution. In addition, the combination index value calculated from ACD response for solution suggested an additive effect and moderate synergism for NPS-OA. Our results strongly suggest that surface modification of bilayered nanoparticles with oleic acid improved drug delivery to the deeper skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit P Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Chourasia MK, Kang L, Chan SY. Nanosized ethosomes bearing ketoprofen for improved transdermal delivery. RESULTS IN PHARMA SCIENCES 2011; 1:60-7. [PMID: 25755983 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of ethosomes for delivering ketoprofen via skin was evaluated. The ethosomes were prepared, optimized and characterized. Vesicular shape, size and entrapment efficiency were determined by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and minicolumn centrifugation technique, respectively. Vesicle sizes varied from 120.3±6.1 to 410.2±21.8 nm depending on the concentrations of soya phosphatidyl choline (SPC) and ethanol. Entrapment efficiency increased with concentrations of SPC and ethanol. The formulations exhibited entrapment efficiencies of 42-78%. In vitro release through cellophane membrane showed sustained release of drug from ethosomal formulations in contrast to hydroalcoholic drug solution (HA), which released most of the drug within 2-3 h. In vitro drug permeation across human skin revealed improved drug permeation and higher transdermal flux with ethosomal formulations compared to hydroethanolic drug solution. Kinetics of in vitro skin permeation showed zero order drug release from formulations. Based on in vitro transdermal flux, the estimated steady state in vivo plasma concentration from ethosomes attained therapeutic drug levels whereas hydroalcoholic drug solution exhibited sub therapeutic drug concentration with a patch size of 50 cm(2). Skin permeation of ethosomal formulations assessed by confocal microscopy revealed enhanced permeation of Rhodamine 123 loaded formulation in comparison to the hydroalcoholic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Chourasia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore ; Pharmaceutics Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Lifeng Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sui Yung Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Liposomal systems as drug delivery vehicles for dermal and transdermal applications. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:607-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Self-assembly based on hydrotropic counterion—single-chain amphiphile ion pairs. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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El Zaafarany GM, Awad GAS, Holayel SM, Mortada ND. Role of edge activators and surface charge in developing ultradeformable vesicles with enhanced skin delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:164-72. [PMID: 20599487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transfersomes are highly efficient edge activator (EA)-based ultraflexible vesicles capable of, non-invasively, trespassing skin by virtue of their high, self-optimizing deformability. This investigation presents different approaches for the optimization of Transfersomes for enhanced transepidermal delivery of Diclofenac sodium (DS). Different methods of preparation, drug and lipid concentrations and vesicle compositions were employed, resulting in ultraflexible vesicles with diverse membrane characteristics. Evaluation of Transfersomes was implemented in terms of their shapes, sizes, entrapment efficiencies (EE%), relative deformabilities and in vitro skin permeation. Transfersomes prepared with 95:5% (w/w) (PC:EA) ratio showed highest EE% (Span 85>Span 80>Na cholate>Na deoxycholate>Tween 80). Whereas, those prepared using 85:15% (w/w) ratio showed highest deformability (Tween 80 was superior to bile salts and spans). Transfersomes were proved significantly superior in terms of, the amount of drug deposited in the skin and the amount permeated, with an enhancement ratio of 2.45, when compared to a marketed product. The study proved that the type and concentration of EA, as well as, the method of preparation had great influences on the properties of Transfersomes. Hence, optimized Transfersomes can significantly increase transepidermal flux and prolong the release of DS, when applied non-occlusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M El Zaafarany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Monazzamet El-wehda Elafrikeya Street, Abbasseya, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Elastic liposomes have been developed and evaluated as novel topical and transdermal delivery systems. They are similar to conventional liposomes but with the incorporation of an edge activator in the lipid bilayer structure to provide elasticity. Elastic liposomes are applied non-occluded to the skin and have been shown to permeate through the stratum corneum lipid lamellar regions as a result of the hydration or osmotic force in the skin. They have been investigated as drug carriers for a range of small molecules, peptides, proteins and vaccines, both in vitro and in vivo. Following topical application, structural changes in the stratum corneum have been identified and intact elastic liposomes visualised within the stratum corneum lipid lamellar regions, but no intact liposomes have been identified in the deeper viable tissues. The method by which they transport their drug payload into and through the skin has been investigated but remains an area of contention. This chapter provides an overview of the development, characterisation and evaluation of elastic liposomes for delivery into and via the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A E Benson
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia
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Bahia APC, Azevedo EG, Ferreira LA, Frézard F. New insights into the mode of action of ultradeformable vesicles using calcein as hydrophilic fluorescent marker. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 39:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Development of liposomes containing ethanol for skin delivery of temoporfin: Characterization and in vitro penetration studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 74:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Surface charged temoporfin-loaded flexible vesicles: in vitro skin penetration studies and stability. Int J Pharm 2009; 384:100-8. [PMID: 19819321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase topical delivery of temoporfin (mTHPC), a highly hydrophobic photosensitizer with low percutaneous penetration, neutral, anionic and cationic flexible liposomes (i.e. flexosomes) were prepared and investigated for their penetration enhancing ability. The in vitro skin penetration study was performed using human abdominal skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells. Besides the effect of surface charge of flexosomes on skin penetration of mTHPC, also its effect on physical properties (particle size, polydispersity index, lamellarity) and physicochemical stability of vesicles was investigated. Photon-correlation spectroscopy revealed that vesicles had after preparation a small particle size and low polydispersity index, while cryo-electron microscopy confirmed that these vesicles were mostly unilamellar and of a spherical shape. Regarding stability, contrasting to anionic flexosomes showing lack of long-term stability, neutral and cationic flexosomes were stable during 9 months storage at 4 degrees C. As to the penetration enhancing ability, cationic flexosomes possessed the highest, i.e. they delivered the highest mTHPC-amount to stratum corneum and deeper skin layers compared to conventional liposomes, neutral and anionic flexosomes. In conclusion, mTHPC-loaded cationic flexosomes could be a promising tool for delivering mTHPC to the skin, which would be beneficial for the photodynamic therapy of cutaneous malignant or non-malignant diseases.
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Enhanced bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug fenofibrate by using liposomes containing a bile salt. Int J Pharm 2009; 376:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chapter 3 Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Ultradeformable Vesicles using Calcein as Hydrophilic Fluorescent Marker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1554-4516(09)09003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Cevc G, Mazgareanu S, Rother M. Preclinical characterisation of NSAIDs in ultradeformable carriers or conventional topical gels. Int J Pharm 2008; 360:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Occlusion effect on transcutaneous NSAID delivery from conventional and carrier-based formulations. Int J Pharm 2008; 359:190-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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