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Insińska-Rak M, Sikorski M, Wolnicka-Glubisz A. Riboflavin and Its Derivates as Potential Photosensitizers in the Photodynamic Treatment of Skin Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:2304. [PMID: 37759526 PMCID: PMC10528563 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin, a water-soluble vitamin B2, possesses unique biological and physicochemical properties. Its photosensitizing properties make it suitable for various biological applications, such as pathogen inactivation and photodynamic therapy. However, the effectiveness of riboflavin as a photosensitizer is hindered by its degradation upon exposure to light. The review aims to highlight the significance of riboflavin and its derivatives as potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy. Additionally, a concise overview of photodynamic therapy and utilization of blue light in dermatology is provided, as well as the photochemistry and photobiophysics of riboflavin and its derivatives. Particular emphasis is given to the latest findings on the use of acetylated 3-methyltetraacetyl-riboflavin derivative (3MeTARF) in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Insińska-Rak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.I.-R.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.I.-R.); (M.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Wolnicka-Glubisz
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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2
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Groeneveld I, Ariese F, Somsen GW, van Bommel MR. Gas-permeable liquid-core waveguide coupled to LC-MS for studying the influence of oxygen on photodegradation processes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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3
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Yamabe S, Tsuchida N, Yamazaki S. A DFT study on the degradation mechanism of vitamin B2. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100080. [PMID: 35415686 PMCID: PMC8991990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Degradation reaction paths starting from riboflavin (RF) were investigated using DFT (density functional theory) as the first attempt to reveal their elementary processes. Photochemical reactions were followed in the lowest triplet spin state, "(T)". Two intermediates [Int1(T) and Int2(T)] were found in the course, RF(T) → FMF (7,8-dimethyl-10-formylflavin, T). From FMF(T), there are two degradation channels. Release of ketene(T) and carbon monoxide leads to LC (lumichrome, S0) and LF (lumiflavin, T), respectively. The base-catalyzed (ground state) degradation of FMF was investigated with HO-(H2O)3. The Grotthuss-type proton transfer along hydrogen bonds controlled the degradation reaction. All the transition states of cleavage of C-C and C-N covalent bonds were determined, and the degradation mechanism was clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Yamabe
- Department of Chemistry, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara 630-8528, Japan
| | - Noriko Tsuchida
- Department of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara 630-8528, Japan
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Kim E, Kim MH, Song JH, Kang C, Park WH. Dual crosslinked alginate hydrogels by riboflavin as photoinitiator. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:989-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Analysis of photoreactivity and phototoxicity of riboflavin's analogue 3MeTARF. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 205:111820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Schnellbaecher A, Binder D, Bellmaine S, Zimmer A. Vitamins in cell culture media: Stability and stabilization strategies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1537-1555. [PMID: 30793282 PMCID: PMC6594077 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, chemically defined cell culture media (CCM) have replaced serum- and hydrolysate-based media that rely on complex ingredients, such as yeast extracts or peptones. Benefits include a significantly lower lot-to-lot variability, more efficient manufacturing by reduction to essential components, and the ability to exclude components that may negatively influence growth, viability, or productivity. Even though current chemically defined CCMs provide an excellent basis for various mammalian biotechnological processes, vitamin instabilities are known to be a key factor contributing to the variabilities still present in liquid CCM as well as to short storage times. In this review, the chemical degradation pathways and products for the most relevant vitamins for CCM will be discussed, with a focus on the effects of light, oxygen, heat, and other CCM compounds. Different approaches to stabilize vitamins in solution, such as replacement with analogs, encapsulation, or the addition of stabilizing compounds will also be reviewed. While these vitamins and vitamin stabilization approaches are presented here as particular for CCM, the application of these concepts can also be considered relevant for pharmaceutical, medical, and food supplement purposes. More precise knowledge regarding vitamin instabilities will contribute to stabilize future formulations and thus decrease residual lot-to-lot variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Binder
- Upstream R&D, Life Science Division, Merck KGaADarmstadtGermany
| | | | - Aline Zimmer
- Upstream R&D, Life Science Division, Merck KGaADarmstadtGermany
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Gul W, Vaid FHM, Faiyaz A, Anwar Z, Khurshid A, Ahmad I. Simultaneous photoaddition, photoreduction and chemical reduction of riboflavin by sulfur containing dianions: A kinetic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vaid FH, Gul W, Faiyaz A, Anwar Z, Ejaz MA, Zahid S, Ahmad I. Divalent anion catalyzed photodegradation of riboflavin: A kinetic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Ahmad I, Mirza T, Musharraf SG, Anwar Z, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Ejaz MA, Khurshid A. Photolysis of carboxymethylflavin in aqueous and organic solvent: a kinetic study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26559-26571. [PMID: 35528592 PMCID: PMC9070421 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02818h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study on the photolysis of carboxymethylflavin (CMF), an intermediate in the photolysis of riboflavin (RF). CMF is photodegraded by removal of side-chain to lumichrome (LC) in acid solution and to LC and lumiflavin (LF) in alkaline solution. It also undergoes alkaline hydrolysis to 1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-keto-3-quinoxaline carboxylic acid (KA) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-2,3-dioxoquinoxaline (DQ) by cleavage of isoalloxazine ring. CMF degrades to LC in organic solvents. The formation of LC in acid solution and organic solvents takes place by second-order reaction and those of LC, LF, KA and DQ in alkaline solution by first-order reactions. The values of second-order rate constants for the photolysis of CMF at pH 2.0 to 7.0 are in the range of 1.13 to 2.45 M−1 s−1 and those of first-order rate constants (kobs) at pH 8.0–12.0 from 1.53 to 4.18 × 10−4 s−1 and for the formation of photoproducts from 0.37 to 16.6 × 10−5 s−1. The photolysis of CMF is enhanced, with pH, in the alkaline region since the excited state is sensitive to alkaline hydrolysis. The photolysis and fluorescence quantum yields of CMF in aqueous and organic solvents have been reported. CMF and photoproducts have been assayed spectrofluorimetrically. The mode of CMF photolysis is discussed. Carboxymethylflavin (CMF) undergoes photolysis in acid solution to form lumichrome (LC) and in alkaline solution, LC and lumiflavin (LF) by side-chain cleavage and β-keto acid and a dioxoquinoxalaine (DQ) compound by isoalloxazine ring cleavage.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Baqai Medical University
- Karachi
- Pakistan
| | - Tania Mirza
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Baqai Medical University
- Karachi
- Pakistan
| | | | - Zubair Anwar
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Baqai Medical University
- Karachi
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Baqai Medical University
- Karachi
- Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Baqai Medical University
- Karachi
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Ejaz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Baqai Medical University
- Karachi
- Pakistan
| | - Adeela Khurshid
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Baqai Medical University
- Karachi
- Pakistan
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Ahmad I, Anwar Z, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Khattak SUR. Stability-indicating spectrofluorimetric method for the assay of riboflavin and photoproducts: Kinetic applications. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 33:1070-1080. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; Karachi Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; Karachi Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; Karachi Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; Karachi Pakistan
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Ahmad I, Anwar Z, Ahmed S, Sheraz MA, Khattak SUR. Metal ion mediated photolysis reactions of riboflavin: A kinetic study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:231-239. [PMID: 28599240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of metal ion complexation on the photolysis of riboflavin (RF) using various metal ions (Ag+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe3+) has been studied. Ultraviolet and visible spectral and fluorimetric evidence has been obtained to confirm the formation of metal-RF complexes. The kinetics of photolysis of RF in metal-RF complexes at pH7.0 has been evaluated. The apparent first-order rate constant (kobs) for the photolysis of RF and the formation of lumichrome (LC) and lumiflavin (LF) (0.001M phosphate buffer) and LC, LF and cyclodehydroriboflavin (CDRF) (0.2-0.4M phosphate buffer) have been determined. The values of kobs indicate that the rate of photolysis of RF is promoted by divalent and trivalent metal ions. The second-order rate constants (k' ) for the interaction of metal ions with RF are in the order: Zn2+>Mg2+>Pb2+>Mn2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Fe2+>Ca2+>Fe3+>Co2+>Ni2+>Ag+. In phosphate buffer (0.2-0.4M), an increase in the metal ion concentration leads to a decrease in the formation of LC compared to that of CDRF by different pathways. The photoproducts of RF have been identified and RF and the photoproducts have simultaneously been assayed by a multicomponent spectrometric method. The mode of photolysis of RF in metal-RF complexes has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Saif-Ur-Rehman Khattak
- Central Drug Laboratories, Ministry of Health, DRAP, Block-B, S.M.C.H., Karachi 74400, Pakistan
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Modeling and Elucidation of the Kinetics of Multiple Consecutive Photoreactions AB 4 (4Φ) With Φ-order Kinetics. Application to the Photodegradation of Riboflavin. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3537-3548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ahmad I, Anwar Z, Ali SA, Hasan KA, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S. Ionic strength effects on the photodegradation reactions of riboflavin in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 157:113-9. [PMID: 26910851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study of the effect of ionic strength on the photodegradation reactions (photoreduction and photoaddition) of riboflavin (RF) in phosphate buffer (pH7.0) has been carried out using a specific multicomponent spectrometric method. It has been found that the rates of photodegradation reactions of RF are dependent upon the ionic strength of the solutions at different buffer concentrations. The apparent first-order rate constants (kobs) for the photodegradation of riboflavin at ionic strengths of 0.1-0.5 (0.5M phosphate) lie in the range of 7.35-30.32 × 10(-3) min(-1). Under these conditions, the rate constants for the formation of the major products, lumichrome (LC) by photoreduction pathway, and cyclodehydroriboflavin (CDRF) by photoaddition pathway, are in the range of 3.80-16.03 and 1.70-6.07 × 10(-3) min(-1), respectively. A linear relationship has been observed between log kobs and √μ/1+√μ. A similar plot of log k/ko against √μ yields a straight line with a value of ~+1 for ZAZB showing the involvement of a charged species in the rate determining step. NaCl appears to promote the photodegradation reactions of RF probably by an excited state interaction. The implications of ionic strength on RF photodegradation by different pathways and flavin-protein interactions have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Khwaja Ali Hasan
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
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Ahmad I, Arsalan A, Ali SA, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Anwar Z, Munir I, Shah MR. Formulation and stabilization of riboflavin in liposomal preparations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:358-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Riboflavin degradation in the presence of quercetin in methanol under continuous UV-B irradiation: the ESI–MS–UHPLC analysis. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Santos WG, Scurachio RS, Cardoso DR. Photochemical behavior of Safranine-Riboflavin complex in the degradation of folic acid. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Insińska-Rak M, Sikorski M. Riboflavin interactions with oxygen-a survey from the photochemical perspective. Chemistry 2014; 20:15280-91. [PMID: 25302465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this short review we provide some insights to the main processes that riboflavin is involved in upon absorption of a photon. We describe riboflavin properties in its interactions with oxygen, comparing them to the properties of some other singlet oxygen sensitizers. Data are provided on riboflavin photosensitizing properties in vivo and in vitro, and its properties as an endogenous singlet oxygen sensitizer are discussed. We additionally report flavin catalytic role in organic synthesis and photochemical reactivity in solutions of riboflavin and some of its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Insińska-Rak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań (Poland), Fax: (+48) 61 829 1555.
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Ahmad I, Qadeer K, Zahid S, Sheraz MA, Ismail T, Hussain W, Ansari IA. Effect of ascorbic acid on the degradation of cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin in aqueous solution: a kinetic study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1324-33. [PMID: 24920523 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation kinetics of 5 × 10(-5) M cyanocobalamin (B12) and hydroxocobalamin (B12b) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AH2) was studied in the pH range of 1.0-8.0. B12 is degraded to B12b which undergoes oxidation to corrin ring cleavage products. B12b alone is directly oxidized to the ring cleavage products. B12 and B12b in degraded solutions were simultaneously assayed by a two-component spectrometric method at 525 and 550 nm without interference from AH2. Both degrade by first-order kinetics and the values of the rate constants at pH 1.0-8.0 range from 0.08 to 1.05 × 10(-5) s(-1) and 0.22-7.62 × 10(-5) s(-1), respectively, in the presence of 0.25 × 10(-3) M AH2. The t 1/2 values of B12 and B12b range from 13.7 to 137.5 h and 2.5-87.5 h, respectively. The second-order rate constants for the interaction of AH2 with B12 and B12b are 0.05-0.28 × 10(-2) and 1.10-30.08 × 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1), respectively, indicating a greater effect of AH2 on B12b compared to that of B12. The k obs-pH profiles for both B12 and B12b show the highest rates of degradation around pH 5. The degradation of B12 and B12b by AH2 is affected by the catalytic effect of phosphate ions on the oxidation of AH2 in the pH range 6.0-8.0.
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Sheraz MA, Kazi SH, Ahmed S, Anwar Z, Ahmad I. Photo, thermal and chemical degradation of riboflavin. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1999-2012. [PMID: 25246959 PMCID: PMC4168737 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF), also known as vitamin B2, belongs to the class of water-soluble vitamins and is widely present in a variety of food products. It is sensitive to light and high temperature, and therefore, needs a consideration of these factors for its stability in food products and pharmaceutical preparations. A number of other factors have also been identified that affect the stability of RF. These factors include radiation source, its intensity and wavelength, pH, presence of oxygen, buffer concentration and ionic strength, solvent polarity and viscosity, and use of stabilizers and complexing agents. A detailed review of the literature in this field has been made and all those factors that affect the photo, thermal and chemical degradation of RF have been discussed. RF undergoes degradation through several mechanisms and an understanding of the mode of photo- and thermal degradation of RF may help in the stabilization of the vitamin. A general scheme for the photodegradation of RF is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Hafeez Kazi
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
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Ahmad I, Anwar Z, Iqbal K, Ali SA, Mirza T, Khurshid A, Khurshid A, Arsalan A. Effect of acetate and carbonate buffers on the photolysis of riboflavin in aqueous solution: a kinetic study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:550-9. [PMID: 24504494 PMCID: PMC4037473 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The photolysis of riboflavin (RF) in the presence of acetate buffer (pH 3.8-5.6) and carbonate buffer (pH 9.2-10.8) has been studied using a multicomponent spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous assay of RF and its photoproducts. Acetate and carbonate buffers have been found to catalyze the photolysis reaction of RF. The apparent first-order rate constants for the acetate-catalyzed reaction range from 0.20 to 2.86 × 10(-4) s(-1) and for the carbonate-catalyzed reaction from 3.33 to 15.89 × 10(-4) s(-1). The second-order rate constants for the interaction of RF with the acetate and the carbonate ions range from 2.04 to 4.33 × 10(-4) M(-1) s(-1) and from 3.71 to 11.80 × 10(-4) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The k-pH profile for the acetate-catalyzed reaction is bell shaped and for the carbonate-catalyzed reaction a steep curve. Both HCO3(-) and CO3(2-) ions are involved in the catalysis of the photolysis reaction in alkaline solution. The rate constants for the HCO3(-) and CO3(2-) ions catalyzed reactions are 0.72 and 1.38 × 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1), respectively, indicating a major role of CO3(2-) ions in the catalysis reaction. The loss of RF fluorescence in acetate buffer suggests an interaction between RF and acetate ions to promote the photolysis reaction. The optimum stability of RF solutions is observed in the pH range 5-6, which is suitable for pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Kefi Iqbal
- />Baqai Dental College, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- />HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Tania Mirza
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Adeela Khurshid
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Aqeela Khurshid
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Adeel Arsalan
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
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Multicomponent spectrometric analysis of riboflavin and photoproducts and their kinetic applications. OPEN CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-014-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRiboflavin (RF) is a light sensitive compound and is known to form a number of photoproducts. These photoproducts possess the same nucleus and may interfere in the analysis of RF by UV and visible spectrometry. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the methods of multicomponent spectrometric analysis to quantify the vitamin and its photoproducts accurately. Such methods are useful in the study of the kinetics of photodegradation reactions of RF to obtain accurate and reliable results. Any interference in these methods due to linear or nonlinear irrelevant absorption of the minor unknown products can be accounted for by the application of appropriate correction procedures prior to kinetic treatment. Various factors affecting the accuracy, precision and selectivity of these analytical procedures are also discussed. This review highlights the principles and applications of multicomponent spectrometric methods and their application to the simultaneous determination of RF and its major photoproducts in degraded solutions to evaluate the kinetics of degradation.
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Sheraz MA, Kazi SH, Ahmed S, Mirza T, Ahmad I, Evstigneev MP. Effect of phosphate buffer on the complexation and photochemical interaction of riboflavin and caffeine in aqueous solution: A kinetic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Photoinitiated polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate by riboflavin/triethanolamine in aqueous solution: a kinetic study. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2013; 2013:958712. [PMID: 24175102 PMCID: PMC3794564 DOI: 10.1155/2013/958712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polymerization of 1–3 M 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) initiated by riboflavin/triethanolamine system has been studied in the pH range 6.0–9.0. An approximate measure of the kinetics of the reaction during the initial stages (~5% HEMA conversion) has been made to avoid the effect of any variations in the volume of the medium. The concentration of HEMA in polymerized solutions has been determined by a UV spectrophotometric method at 208 nm with a precision of ±3%. The initial rate of polymerization of HEMA follows apparent first-order kinetics and the rates increase with pH. This may be due to the presence of a labile proton on the hydroxyl group of HEMA. The second-order rate constants for the interaction of triethanolamine and HEMA lie in the range of 2.36 to 8.67 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 at pH 6.0–9.0 suggesting an increased activity with pH. An increase in the viscosity of HEMA solutions from 1 M to 3 M leads to a decrease in the rate of polymerization probably as a result of the decrease in the reactivity of the flavin triplet state. The effect of pH and viscosity of the medium on the rate of reaction has been evaluated.
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Ahmad I, Qadeer K, Iqbal K, Ahmed S, Sheraz MA, Ali SA, Mirza T, Hafeez A. Correction for irrelevant absorption in multicomponent spectrophotometric assay of riboflavin, formylmethylflavin, and degradation products: kinetic applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:1101-7. [PMID: 23821430 PMCID: PMC3755170 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the spectrophotometric assay of multicomponent systems involved in drug degradation studies, some minor or unknown degradation products may be present. These products may interfere in the assay and thus invalidate the results due to their absorption in the range of analytical wavelengths. This interference may be eliminated by the application of an appropriate correction procedure to obtain reliable data for kinetic treatment. The present study is based on the application of linear and non-linear irrelevant absorption corrections in the multicomponent spectrophotometric assay of riboflavin and formylmethylflavin during the photolysis and hydrolysis studies. The correction procedures take into account the interference caused by minor or unknown products and have shown considerable improvement in the assay data in terms of the molar balance. The treatment of the corrected data has led to more accurate kinetic results in degradation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Kiran Qadeer
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Kefi Iqbal
- />Department of Material Science, Baqai Dental College, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- />HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Tania Mirza
- />Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan
| | - Ambreen Hafeez
- />Department of Biochemistry, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Karachi, 75200 Pakistan
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Ahmed S, Sheraz MA, Rehman IU. Studies on tolfenamic acid-chitosan intermolecular interactions: effect of pH, polymer concentration and molecular weight. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:870-9. [PMID: 23620261 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-state properties of tolfenamic acid (TA) and its complexes with chitosan (CT) have been studied. Effect of medium pH, molecular weight of polymer and its different concentrations on these TA-CT complexes were studied in detail. Low and medium molecular weight CT have been used in different ratios at pH ranging from 4 to 6 and freeze-drying technique has been employed to modify the appearance of crystalline TA. Physical properties of the formed complexes have been studied by employing X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy; chemical structure has been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that both forms of the polymer exhibited complete conversion in 1:8 ratio at pH 4, 1:4 at pH 5 and 1:1 at pH 6 indicating a marked effect of pH on drug-polymer complexation. The percent crystallinity calculations indicated low molecular weight CT slightly more effective than the other form. No changes in the complexes have been observed during the 12 week storage under controlled conditions. Both forms of CT at different pH values indicated retardation of recrystallization in TA during cooling of the melt from 1:1 ratios exhibiting formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the drug and the polymer.
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Juzeniene A, Nizauskaite Z. Photodegradation of cobalamins in aqueous solutions and in human blood. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 122:7-14. [PMID: 23558034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is required for proper red blood cell formation, neurologic function, and DNA synthesis. Cobalamins in solutions are light sensitive, but no comprehensive study has been performed to compare the photostability of different cobalamins under UVA exposure. Their indirect photodegradation due to their antioxidant properties and their photostability in vivo have also not been studied so far. The photodegradation of four cobalamins (methylcobalamin (MeCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdCbl), hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl) and cyanocobalamin (CNCbl)) under UVA exposure in aqueous solutions (pH=7.4) have been investigated by absorption spectroscopy. The photodegradation of OHCbl in the absence and presence of the endogenous photosensitizer riboflavin was studied. Serum vitamin B12 concentrations before and after summer were measured in four patients with psoriasis. All studied cobalamins are photolabile. The biologically active forms of cobalamin, AdCbl and MeCbl, are converted to OHCbl within seconds during UVA exposure. OHCbl is the most stable cobalamin. However, reactive oxygen species increases the degradation rate of OHCbl. Our pilot study on humans demonstrates that serum vitamin B12 concentrations are not significantly affected during summertime in Norway. Further work is needed to determine vitamin B12 photostability in humans living at lower latitudes or using sunbeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Ahmad I, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Kazi SH, Mirza T, Aminuddin M. Stabilizing effect of citrate buffer on the photolysis of riboflavin in aqueous solution. RESULTS IN PHARMA SCIENCES 2011; 1:11-5. [PMID: 25755977 PMCID: PMC4150622 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation the photolysis of riboflavin (RF) in the presence of citrate species at pH 4.0-7.0 has been studied. A specific multicomponent spectrophotometric method has been used to assay RF in the presence of photoproducts during the reactions. The overall first-order rate constants (k obs ) for the photolysis of RF range from 0.42 to 1.08×10(-2) min(-1) in the region. The values of k obs have been found to decrease with an increase in citrate concentration indicating an inhibitory effect of these species on the rate of reaction. The second-order rate constants for the interaction of RF with total citrate species causing inhibition range from 1.79 to 5.65×10(-3) M(-1) min(-1) at pH 4.0-7.0. The log k-pH profiles for the reactions at 0.2-1.0 M citrate concentration show a gradual decrease in k obs and the value at 1.0 M is more than half compared to that of k 0, i.e., in the absence of buffer, at pH 5.0. Divalent citrate ions cause a decrease in RF fluorescence due to the quenching of the excited singlet state resulting in a decrease in the rate of reaction and consequently leading to the stabilization of RF solutions. The greater quenching of fluorescence at pH 4.0 compared to that of 7.0 is in accordance with the greater concentration of divalent citrate ions (99.6%) at that pH. The trivalent citrate ions exert a greater inhibitory effect on the rate of RF photolysis compared to that of the divalent citrate ions probably as a result of excited triplet state quenching. The values of second-order rate constants for the interaction of divalent and trivalent citrate ions are 0.44×10(-2) and 1.06×10(-3) M(-1) min(-1), respectively, indicating that the trivalent ions exert a greater stabilizing effect, compared to the divalent ions, on RF solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
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