Development, evaluation and clinical studies of Acitretin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical treatment of psoriasis

Intranasal delivery of sulpiride nanostructured lipid carrier to central nervous system; in vitro characterization and in vivo study

The low and erratic oral absorption of sulpiride (SUL) a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, and its P-glycoprotein efflux in the gastrointestinal tract restricted its oral route for central nervous system disorders. An intranasal formulation was formulated based on nanostructured lipid carrier to tackle these obstacles and deliver SUL directly to the brain. Sulipride-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (SUL-NLC) was prepared using compritol®888 ATO and different types of liquid lipids and emulsifiers. SUL-NLCs were characterized for their particle size, charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Morphology and compatibility with other NLC excipients were also studied. Moreover, SUL in vitro release, nanodispersion stability, in vivo performance and SUL pharmacokinetics were investigated. Results delineates that SUL-NLC have a particle size ranging from 366.2 ± 62.1 to 640.4 ± 50.2 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 75.5 ± 1.5%. SUL showed a sustained release pattern over 24 h and maintained its physical stability for three months. Intranasal SUL-NLC showed a significantly (p < 0.01) higher SUL brain concentration than that found in plasma after oral administration of commercial SUL product with 4.47-fold increase in the relative bioavailability. SUL-NLCs as a nose to brain approach is a promising formulation for enhancing the SUL bioavailability and efficient management of neurological disorders.

Quality-by-Design-Driven Nanostructured Lipid Scaffold of Apixaban: Optimization, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation

Apixaban, an anticoagulant, is limited in its efficacy due to poor solubility, low bioavailability, and extensive metabolism. This study investigates the application of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to enhance the bioavailability of Apixaban. NLCs were prepared using the high-pressure homogenization method. The influence of independent variables, viz., the amount of Tween 80, HPH pressure, and the number of HPH cycles, were studied using a 23 factorial design. The average particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of the optimized NLCs were found to be 232 ± 23 nm, with 0.514 ± 0.13 PDI and zeta potential of about -21.9 ± 2.1 mV, respectively. Additionally, concerning the thermal and crystallographic properties of the drug, the NLCs showed drug entrapment without altering its potency. The in-vitro drug release studies revealed an immediate release pattern, followed by sustained release for up to 48 h. In-vivo pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated that Apixaban-loaded NLCs exhibited higher values of t1/2 (27.76 ± 1.18 h), AUC0-∞ (19,568.7 ± 1067.6 ng·h/mL), and Cmax (585.3 ± 87.6 ng/mL) compared to free drugs, indicating improved bioavailability. Moreover, a decrease in the elimination rate constant (Kel) reflected the sustained effect of Apixaban with NLCs. NLCs offer improved oral absorption rates and enhanced therapeutic impact compared to free drugs, potentially reducing dose frequency and improving patient outcomes.

Intranasal delivery of doxepin: enhancing brain targeting efficiency utilizing nanostructured lipid carriers for a biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system class-I drug

Doxepin, a Class-I Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) drug, exhibits poor bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. This research focuses on enhancing the delivery of doxepin by formulating nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) through the utilization of the Box-Behnken Design methodology. These optimized NLCs are intended for intranasal administration, with the ultimate goal of improving nose-to-brain drug delivery. NLCs were formulated using a high-speed homogenization technique. The optimized batch had a small particle size (75.80 ± 5.48 nm, PDI = 0.286), high entrapment efficiency (94.10 ± 0.16%), and sustained ex vivo release (82.25 ± 4.61% at 24 h). Characterization studies confirmed the conversion of doxepin from a crystalline to an amorphous state with uniform distribution in the lipid matrix. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed significantly higher doxepin concentration in the brain tissue (Cmax = 16.77 µg/g, tmax = 30 min) after intranasal administration compared to intravenous administration (Cmax = 2.53 µg/g, tmax = 6 h). High-drug targeting efficiency (DTE = 284.3%) and direct transport percentage (DTP = 64.8%) suggested direct penetration of NLCs in the brain via olfactory and trigeminal pathways. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of NLCs to improve the bioavailability of doxepin through nose-to-brain delivery and thereby potentially enable the treatment of neurological disorders.

Combining the potential of 3D printed buccal films and nanostructured lipid carriers for personalised cannabidiol delivery

Cannabidiol (CBD) has been recognized for its numerous therapeutic benefits, such as neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and cardioprotection. However, CBD has some limitations, including unpredictable pharmacokinetics and low oral bioavailability. To overcome the challenges associated with CBD delivery, we employed Design of Experiments (DoE), lipid carriers, and 3D printing techniques to optimize and develop buccal film loaded with CBD-NLCs. Three-factor Box-Behnken Design was carried out to optimise the NLCs and analyse the effect of independent factors on dependent factors. The emulsification-ultrasonication technique was used to prepare the NLCs. A pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing technique was used to produce the films. The produced films were studied for physicochemical, and mechanical properties, release profiles, and predicted in vivo performance. The observed particle size of the NLCs ranged from 12.17 to 84.91 nm whereas the PDI varied from 0.099 to 0.298. Lipid and sonication time positively affected the particle size whereas the surfactant concentration was inversely related. CBD was incorporated into the optimal formulation and the observed particle size, PDI, and zeta potential for the CBD-NLCs were 94.2 ± 0.47 nm, 0.11 ± 0.01 and - 11.8 ± 0.52 mV. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)-based gel containing the CBD-NLCs was prepared and used as a feed for 3D printing. The CBD-NLCs film demonstrated a slow and sustained in vitro release profile (84. 11 ± 7.02% in 6 h). The predicted AUC0-10 h, Cmax, and Tmax were 201.5 µg·h/L, 0.74 µg/L, and 1.28 h for a film with 0.4 mg of CBD, respectively. The finding demonstrates that a buccal film of CBD-NLCs can be fabricated using 3D printing.

GC-MS analysis and the effect of topical application of essential oils of Pinus canariensis C.Sm., Cupressus lusitanica Mill. and Cupressus arizonica Greene aerial parts in Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis in Mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditionally, Coniferous plants, in particular Pinus and Cupressus species, have been used in the treatment of burns, skin infections, and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

A comparative study between essential oils (EOs) extracted from aerial parts of three coniferous plants: Pinus canariensis C.Sm. (PC), Cupressus lusitanica Mill. (CL) and Cupressus arizonica Greene (CA), cultivated in Egypt, was designed to investigate their composition and their anti-psoriasis mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The phytochemical profiles were confirmed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. In-vivo Imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis model was performed and EOs were applied topically and compared to mometasone cream as a standard subsequently histopathological analysis and inflammatory biomarkers were measured.

RESULTS

In GC-MS analysis, Monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes were the major detected classes in the three plants, except in Pinus canariensis essential oil, oxygenated monoterpenes were absent. A significant attenuation of imiquimod-induced psoriasis symptoms after topical application of P. canariensis C.Sm., and C. lusitanica Mill. essential oils were observed by reducing the psoriasis area severity index (PASI) score, alleviating histopathological alteration, restoring the spleen index, and decreasing serum levels of interleukins 23 and 17A. Indeed, the results of Pinus canariensis essential oil is comparable to mometasone and showed no significant difference from standard treatment. On the other hand, the topical application of C. arizonica essential oil failed to alleviate imiquimod-induced psoriasis symptoms as observed in the PSAI score, the histopathological investigation, and the spleen index.

CONCLUSION

The essential oils of P. canariensis C.Sm., and C. lusitanica Mill aerial parts could be promising candidates for psoriasis treatment and for further studies on inflammation-related skin diseases.

Progress in the application of nanoparticles for the treatment of fungal infections: A review

The burden of fungal infections on human health is increasing worldwide. Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus are the top three human pathogenic fungi that are responsible for over 90% of infection-related deaths. Moreover, effective antifungal therapeutics are lacking, primarily due to host toxicity, pathogen resistance, and immunodeficiency. In recent years, nanomaterials have proved not only to be more efficient antifungal therapeutic agents but also to overcome resistance against fungal medication. This review will examine the limitations of standard antifungal therapy as well as focus on the development of nanomaterials.

Novel anti-psoriatic nanostructured lipid carriers for the cutaneous delivery of luteolin: A comprehensive in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation

Psoriasis is a prevalent laborious inflammation in skin with alternate phases of remission and relapses. The current study sought to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) having enhanced skin deposition as well as augmented anti-inflammatory potential, to repurpose the use of luteolin (Lut), a flavonoid, in the treatment of psoriasis. NLCs were prepared using different oils having reported anti-inflammatory activity and evaluated in terms of size, surface charge, entrapment efficiency, stability upon storage, in-vitro anti-inflammatory potential, surface morphology, in-vitro release profile and release kinetics, and ex-vivo skin deposition. In-vivo animal studies were conducted on the optimized formula using imiquimod-induced psoriasis rat model. The prepared NLCs were nanosized ranging from 202 to 538 nm, negatively charged with values having the range of -13.10 to -19.26 mV with high entrapment efficiency values ranging from 84.21 to 96.53% and high in-vitro anti-inflammatory potential compared to the blank and control formulations. Furthermore, NLCs demonstrated adequate storage stability demonstrated by slightly significant change in their colloidal properties. The prepared nanoparticles exhibited sustained drug release up to 24 h and succeeded in enhancing the skin deposition of Lut by 3.4-fold higher in stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis compared to Lut suspension with minimum transdermal delivery. In-vivo assessment of psoriasis was carried out morphologically, histopathologically and biochemically and results revealed significant augmentation of the anti-psoriatic efficacy of Lut upon its encapsulation in NLCs compared to free Lut suspension. The developed system proved to be an influential drug delivery system providing potent anti-psoriatic therapy, paving the way for futuristic clinical investigations.

Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Drug/Gene Delivery: An Overview of the Production Techniques and Difficulties Encountered in Their Industrial Development

Over the past decade, the therapeutic potential of nanomaterials as novel drug delivery systems complementing conventional pharmacology has been widely acknowledged. Among these nanomaterials, lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) have shown remarkable pharmacological performance and promising therapeutic outcomes, thus gaining substantial interest in preclinical and clinical research. In this review, we introduce the main types of LNPs used in drug formulations such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles, focusing on their main physicochemical properties and therapeutic potential. We discuss computational studies and modeling techniques to enhance the understanding of how LNPs interact with therapeutic cargo and to predict the potential effectiveness of such interactions in therapeutic applications. We also analyze the benefits and drawbacks of various LNP production techniques such as nanoprecipitation, emulsification, evaporation, thin film hydration, microfluidic-based methods, and an impingement jet mixer. Additionally, we discuss the major challenges associated with industrial development, including stability and sterilization, storage, regulatory compliance, reproducibility, and quality control. Overcoming these challenges and facilitating regulatory compliance represent the key steps toward LNP's successful commercialization and translation into clinical settings.

Tioconazole-Loaded Transethosomal Gel Using Box-Behnken Design for Topical Applications: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Molecular Docking Approaches

Tioconazole (TCZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicidal BCS class II drug with reported activity against Candida albicans, dermatophytes, and certain Staphylococci bacteria. We report the use of TCZ-loaded transethosomes (TEs) to overcome the skin's barrier function. TCZ-loaded TEs were fabricated by using a cold method with slight modification. Box-Behnken composite design was utilized to investigate the effect of independent variables. The fabricated TEs were assessed with various physicochemical characterizations. The optimized formulation of TCZ-loaded TEs was incorporated into gel and evaluated for pH, conductivity, drug content, spreadability, rheology, in vitro permeation, ex vivo permeation, and in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity. The fabricated TCZ-loaded TEs had a % EE of 60.56 to 86.13, with particle sizes ranging from 219.1 to 757.1 nm. The SEM images showed spherically shaped vesicles. The % drug permeation was between 77.01 and 92.03. The kinetic analysis of all release profiles followed Higuchi's diffusion model. The FTIR, DSC, and XRD analysis showed no significant chemical interactions between the drug and excipients. A significantly higher antifungal activity was observed for TCZ-loaded transethosomal gel in comparison to the control. The in vivo antifungal study on albino rats indicated that TCZ-loaded transethosomal gel showed a comparable therapeutic effect in comparison to the market brand Canesten®. Molecular docking demonstrated that the TCZ in the TE composition was surrounded by hydrophobic excipients with increased overall hydrophobicity and better permeation. Therefore, TCZ in the form of transethosomal gel can serve as an effective drug delivery system, having the ability to penetrate the skin and overcome the stratum corneum barrier with improved efficacy.

Statistically Optimized Tacrolimus and Thymoquinone Co-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Gel for Improved Topical Treatment of Psoriasis

The aim of this investigation was to develop and analyze a tacrolimus and thymoquinone co-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (TAC-THQ-NLCs)-based nanogel as a new combinatorial approach for the treatment of psoriasis. The NLCs were formulated by an emulsification-solvent-evaporation technique using glyceryl monostearate, Capryol 90 (oil), and a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 20 as a solid lipid, liquid lipid, and surfactant, respectively. Their combination was optimized using a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken design (3³-BBD). The optimized TAC-THQ-NLCs were observed to be smooth and spherical with a particle size of 144.95 ± 2.80 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.160 ± 0.021, a zeta potential of -29.47 ± 1.9 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of >70% for both drugs. DSC and PXRD studies demonstrated the amorphous state of TAC and THQ in the lipid matrix of the NLCs. An FTIR analysis demonstrated the excellent compatibility of the drugs with the excipients without interactions. The TAC-THQ-NLC-based nanogel (abbreviated as TAC-THQ-NG) exhibited a good texture profile and good spreadability. The in vitro release study demonstrated a sustained drug release for 24 h from the TAC-THQ-NG that followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model with a Fickian diffusion mechanism. Moreover, the TAC-THQ-NG revealed significantly higher dose-dependent toxicity against an HaCaT cell line compared to a TAC-THQ suspension gel (abbreviated as TAC-THQ-SG). Furthermore, the developed formulations demonstrated antioxidant activity comparable to free THQ. Confocal microscopy revealed improved permeation depth of the dye-loaded nanogel in the skin compared to the suspension gel. Based on these findings, it was concluded that TAC-THQ-NG is a promising combinatorial treatment approach for psoriasis.

Recent Advancements in Topical Anti-Psoriatic Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Based Drug Delivery

Psoriasis is linked with unusual differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes that significantly impair the quality of life (QoL) of patients. The present treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and are surrounded by various adverse effects. Recently, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have emerged as next-generation nanocarriers with better physicochemical characteristics. The current manuscript provides background information on psoriasis, its pathophysiology, existing treatment options, and its limitations. It highlights the advantages, rationale, and mechanism of the permeation of NLCs for the treatment of psoriasis. It further gives a detailed account of various NLC nanoformulations for the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, tabular information is provided on the most relevant patents on NLCs for treating psoriasis. Lastly, light is shed on regulatory considerations related to NLC-like nanoformulations. In the treatment of psoriasis, NLCs display a sustained release drug profile, an ability to incorporate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, an enhancement in skin hydration, penetrability, retention, and bioavailability of the drug, along with reduced staining potential as compared to conventional ointments, and decreased side effects of drug molecules. This affirms the bright future of NLC nanoformulations in the treatment of psoriasis. However, academic industry collaboration and more sound regulatory controls are required to commercialize the NLC nanoformulations for psoriasis treatment.

Nanoscale Topical Pharmacotherapy in Management of Psoriasis: Contemporary Research and Scope

Psoriasis is a typical dermal condition that has been anticipated since prehistoric times when it was mistakenly implicit in being a variant of leprosy. It is an atypical organ-specific autoimmune disorder, which is triggered by the activation of T-cells and/or B-cells. Until now, the pathophysiology of this disease is not completely explicated and still, many research investigations are ongoing. Different approaches have been investigated to treat this dreadful skin disease using various anti-psoriatic drugs of different modes of action through smart drug-delivery systems. Nevertheless, there is no ideal therapy for a complete cure of psoriasis owing to the dearth of an ideal drug-delivery system for anti-psoriatic drugs. The conventional pharmacotherapy approaches for the treatment of psoriasis demand various classes of anti-psoriatic drugs with optimum benefit/risk ratio and insignificant untoward effects. The advancement in nanoscale drug delivery had a great impact on the establishment of a nanomedicine-based therapy for better management of psoriasis in recent times. Nanodrug carriers are exploited to design and develop nanomedicine-based therapy for psoriasis. It has a promising future in the improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of conventional anti-psoriatic drugs. The present manuscript aims to discuss the pathophysiology, conventional pharmacotherapy, and contemporary research in the area of nanoscale topical drug delivery systems for better management of psoriasis including the significance of targeted pharmacotherapy in psoriasis.

Exploration of and insights into advanced topical nanocarrier systems for the treatment of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with an underlying autoimmune pathogenesis that has brought great distress to patients. Current treatment options include topical therapy, systemic therapy, and phototherapy. By disrupting the stratum corneum, nanocarriers have unique advantages in allowing drug carriers to be tailored to achieve targeted drug delivery, improve efficacy, and minimize adverse effects. Furthermore, despite their limited success in market translatability, nanocarriers have been extensively studied for psoriasis, owing to their excellent preclinical results. As topical formulations are the first line of treatment, utilize the safest route, and facilitate a targeted approach, this study, we specifically describes the management of psoriasis using topical agents in conjunction with novel drug delivery systems. The characteristics, advantages, weaknesses, and mechanisms of individual nanocarriers, when applied as topical anti-psoriatic agents, were reviewed to distinguish each nanocarrier.

Transdermal delivery of allopurinol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier in the treatment of gout

BACKGROUND

Allopurinol (ALP), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is a first line drug for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. Being the member of BCS class II drugs, ALP has solubility problem, which affects its bioavailability. Also, ALP has shorter half-life and showed GI related problems. In present study, ALP was encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to ensure enhanced bioavailability, improved efficacy and safety in vivo.

METHODOLOGY

ALP-loaded NLCs were fabricated by micro-emulsion technique. The prepared NLCs were optimized via design expert in term of particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. FTIR, PXRD and TEM analysis were carried out to check chemical interaction, polymorphic form and surface morphology of the optimized formulation. ALP-loaded NLCs were then loaded into HPMC based poloxamer-407 gel and were characterized. In vitro and ex vivo analysis were carried out via dialysis membrane method and franz diffusion cell, respectively. Uric acid was used for induction of gout and the anti-gout activity of ALP-loaded NLCs gel was performed and compared with ALP suspension.

RESULTS

The optimized formulation had particles in nano-range (238.13 nm) with suitable zeta potential (-31.5 mV), poly-dispersity index (0.115) and entrapment of 87.24%. FTIR results confirmed absence of chemical interaction among formulation ingredients. XRD indicated amorphous nature of ALP-loaded NLCs, whereas TEM analysis confirmed spherical morphology of nanoparticles. The optimized formulation was successfully loaded in to gel and characterized accordingly. The in vitro release and drug release kinetics models showed sustained release of the drug from ALP-loaded NLCs gel. Furthermore, about 28 fold enhanced permeation was observed from ALP-loaded NLCs gel as compared to conventional gel. Skin irritation study disclosed safety of ALP-loaded NLCs gel for transdermal application. Furthermore, ALP-loaded NLCs gel showed significantly enhanced anti-gout activity in Sprague-Dawley rats after transdermal administration as compared to oral ALP suspension.

CONCLUSION

ALP-loaded NLCs gel after transdermal administration sustained the drug release, avoid gastrointestinal side effects and enhance the anti-gout performance of ALP. It can be concluded, that NLCs have the potential to deliver drugs via transdermal route as indicated in case of allopurinol.

In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Fluocinolone Acetonide-Acitretin-Coloaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is chronic autoimmune disease that affects 2-5% of the global population. Fluocinolone acetonide (FLU) and acitretin (ACT) are widely used antipsoriatic drugs that belong to BCS classes II and IV, respectively. FLU exhibits side effects, such as skin irritation and a burning sensation. ACT also shows adverse effects, such as gingivitis, teratogenic effects and xerophthalmia. In the present study, topical nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were fabricated to reduce the side effects and enhance the therapeutic efficacy. FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs were prepared by the modified microemulsion method and optimized by the Box-Behnken model of Design Expert® version 12. The optimization was based on the particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP) and percentage of encapsulation efficiency (%EE). The physicochemical analyses were performed by TEM, FTIR, XRD and DSC to assess the morphology, chemical interactions between excipients, crystallinity and thermal behavior of the optimized FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs. The FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs were successfully loaded into gel and characterized appropriately. The dialysis bag method and Franz diffusion cells were used for the in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies, respectively. The optimized FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs had the desired particle size of 288.2 ± 2.3 nm, ZP of -34.2 ± 1.0 mV and %EE values of 81.6 ± 1.1% for ACT and 75 ± 1.3% for FLU. The TEM results confirmed the spherical morphology, while the FTIR results showed the absence of chemical interactions of any type among the ingredients of the FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs. The XRD and DSC analyses confirmed the amorphous nature and thermal behavior. The in vitro study showed the sustained release of the FLU and ACT from the optimized FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs and FLU-ACT-coloaded NLC gel compared with the FLU-ACT suspension and conventional gel. The ex vivo study confirmed the minimal permeation of both drugs from the FLU-ACT-coloaded NLC gel.

Improved biopharmaceutical performance of antipsychotic drug using lipid nanoparticles via intraperitoneal route

This study aims to develop, characterize, and examine olanzapine-loaded solid lipid nanocarriers (OLAN-SLNs) for effective brain delivery. OLAN has poor water solubility and low penetration through blood-brain barrier (BBB). Herein, OLAN-SLNs were fabricated using high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method followed by their investigation for particle properties. Moreover, in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetics profiles of OLAN-SLNs were compared with pure drug. Anti-psychotic activity was performed in LPS-induced psychosis mice model. Furthermore, expressions of the COX-2 and NF-κB were measured trailed by histopathological examination. The optimized formulation demonstrated nanoparticle size (149.1 nm) with rounded morphology, negative zeta potential (-28.9 mV), lower PDI (0.334), and excellent entrapment efficiency (95%). OLAN-SLNs significantly retarded the drug release and showed sustained release pattern as compared to OLAN suspension. Significantly enhanced bioavailability (ninefold) was demonstrated in OLAN-SLNs when compared with OLAN suspension. Behavioral tests showed significantly less immobility and more struggling time in OLAN-SLNs treated mice group. Additionally, reduced expression of COX-2 and -NF κB in brain was found. Altogether, it can be concluded that SLNs have the potential to deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients to brain, most importantly to enhance their bioavailability and antipsychotic effect, as indicated for OLAN in this study.

Verapamil hydrochloride loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Preparation, optimization, characterisation, and assessment of cardioprotective effect in experimental model of myocardial infarcted rats

Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker has poor bioavailability (20-30%) owing to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. Hence, the major objective of this research was to improve the oral bioavailability of Verapamil by Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (V-SLNs) using high shear homogenization and ultrasonication technology. A 3² factorial design was employed to statistically optimize the formulation to get minimum particle size with maximum entrapment efficiency. The average particle size was 218 nm and the entrapment efficiency was 80.32%. The V-SLN formulation exhibited biphasic behavior with a rapid release at first, then a steady release (75-80%) up to 24 h following the Korsmeyer Peppas release model. In the Isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis model, oral administration of V-SLNs positively modulated almost all the studied hemodynamic parameters such as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac injury markers, and tissue architecture. The cardioprotective effect was also confirmed with histopathological studies. When compared with free drugs, in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated a rise in t_1/2, AUC_0-∞, and Cmax, indicating that bioavailability has improved. These encouraging results demonstrate the promising potential of developed V-SLNs for oral delivery and thereby improve the therapeutic outcome.

The Nanostructured lipid carrier gel of Oroxylin A reduced UV-induced skin oxidative stress damage

Oxidative stress damage caused by sun exposure damages the appearance and function of the skin, which is one of the essential inducements of skin aging and even leads to skin cancer. Oroxylin A (OA) is a flavonoid with excellent antioxidant activity and has protective effects against photoaging induced by UV irradiation. However, the strong barrier function of the skin stratum corneum prevents transdermal absorption of the drug, which limits the application of OA in dermal drug delivery. Studies have shown that nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) can promote not only transdermal absorption of drugs but also increase drug stability and control drug release efficiency, which has broad prospects for clinical applications. In this paper, NLC loaded with OA (OA-NLC) was prepared in order to improve the skin permeability and stability of OA. In vitro studies revealed that OA-NLC had better therapeutic effects than OA solution (OA-Sol) in the cellular model of UVB radiation. OA-Sol and OA-NLC were immobilized in a hydrogel matrix to facilitate application to the dorsal skin of mice. It was found that OA-NLC-gel showed significant antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activity compared to OA-Sol-gel, which was able to protect against skin damage in mice after UV radiation. These results suggest that OA-NLC can improve the deficiencies of OA in skin delivery and show better resistance to UV-induced oxidative damage. The application of OA-NLC to skin delivery systems has good prospects and deserves further development and investigation.

Dual Nanostructured Lipid Carriers/Hydrogel System for Delivery of Curcumin for Topical Skin Applications

This work focuses on the development and evaluation of a dual nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)/Carbopol®-based hydrogel system as a potential transporter for the topical delivery of curcumin to the skin. Two populations of different sized negatively charged NLCs (P1, 70–90 nm and P2, 300–350 nm) were prepared and characterized by means of dynamic light scattering. NLCs presented an ovoid platelet shape confirmed by transmission electron microscopy techniques. Curcumin NLC entrapment efficiency and release profiles were assessed by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography) and spectrophotometric methods. Preservation and enhancement of curcumin (CUR) antioxidant activity in NLCs (up to 7-fold) was established and cell viability assays on fibroblasts and keratinocytes indicated that CUR-NLCs are non-cytotoxic for concentrations up to 10 μM and exhibited a moderate anti-migration/proliferation effect (20% gap reduction). CUR-NLCs were then embedded in a Carbopol®-based hydrogel without disturbing the mechanical properties of the gel. Penetration studies on Franz diffusion cells over 24 h in CUR-NLCs and CUR-NLCs/gels demonstrated an accumulation of CUR in Strat-M® membranes of 22% and 5%, respectively. All presented data support the use of this new dual CUR-NLC/hydrogel system as a promising candidate for adjuvant treatment in topical dermal applications.

Enhanced Antifungal and Wound Healing Efficacy of Statistically Optimized, Physicochemically Evaluated Econazole-Triamcinolone Loaded Silica Nanoparticles

Co-encapsulated econazole nitrate-triamcinolone acetonide loaded biocompatible, physically stable, and non-irritating mesoporous silica nanoparticles (EN-TA–loaded MSNs) were prepared and optimized by using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) for providing better therapeutic efficacy against commonly prevailed resistant fungal infections. These drugs loaded MSNs can significantly overcome the deficiencies and problems like short duration of action, requirement of frequent administration, erythema, and burning sensation and irritation associated with conventional drug delivery systems. The stability of optimized drugs loaded MSNs prepared with 100 gm of oil at pH 5.6 with a stirring time of 2 h was confirmed from a zeta potential value of −25 mV. The remarkable compatibility of formulation ingredients was depicted by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and size analysis represented a very fine size distribution of nanoparticles ranging from 450–600 nm. The CCRD clearly predicted that the optimized parameters of drugs loaded MSNs have better values of percentage yield (85%), EN release (68%), and TA release (70%). Compared to pure drugs, the decreased cytotoxicity of EN-TA–loaded MSNs was quite evident because they showed a cell survival rate of 90%, while in the case of pure drugs, the survival rate was 85%. During in vivo antifungal testing against Candida albicans performed on three different groups, each consisting of six rabbits, the EN-TA–loaded MSNs were relatively superior in eradicating the fungal infection as a single animal exhibited a positive culture test. Rapid recovery of fungal infection and a better therapeutic effect of EN-TA–loaded MSN were quite evident in wound healing and histopathology studies. Likewise, on the 14th day, a larger inhibitory zone was measured for optimized nanoparticles (15.90 mm) compared to the suspension of pure drugs (13.90 mm). In skin irritation studies, MSNs did not show a grade of erythema compared to pure drugs, which showed a four-fold grade of erythema. As a result, MSNs loaded with combination therapy seem to have the potential of improving patient compliance and tolerability by providing enhanced synergistic antifungal effectiveness at a reduced dose with accelerated wound healing and reduced toxicity of therapeutics.

Dual effect of TAT functionalized DHAH lipid nanoparticles with neurotrophic factors in human BBB and microglia cultures

Background

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are an accelerating global health problem. Nevertheless, the stronghold of the brain- the blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents drug penetrance and dwindles effective treatments. Therefore, it is crucial to identify Trojan horse-like drug carriers that can effectively cross the blood–brain barrier and reach the brain tissue. We have previously developed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-based nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), namely DHAH-NLC. These carriers are modulated with BBB-permeating compounds such as chitosan (CS) and trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) from HIV-1 that can entrap neurotrophic factors (NTF) serving as nanocarriers for NDs treatment. Moreover, microglia are suggested as a key causative factor of the undergoing neuroinflammation of NDs. In this work, we used in vitro models to investigate whether DHAH-NLCs can enter the brain via the BBB and investigate the therapeutic effect of NTF-containing DHAH-NLC and DHAH-NLC itself on lipopolysaccharide-challenged microglia.

Methods

We employed human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) to capitalize on the in vivo-like TEER of this BBB model and quantitatively assessed the permeability of DHAH-NLCs. We also used the HMC3 microglia cell line to assess the therapeutic effect of NTF-containing DHAH-NLC upon LPS challenge.

Results

TAT-functionalized DHAH-NLCs successfully crossed the in vitro BBB model, which exhibited high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values (≈3000 Ω*cm²). Specifically, the TAT-functionalized DHAH-NLCs showed a permeability of up to 0.4% of the dose. Furthermore, using human microglia (HMC3), we demonstrate that DHAH-NLCs successfully counteracted the inflammatory response in our cultures after LPS challenge. Moreover, the encapsulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GNDF)-containing DHAH-NLCs (DHAH-NLC-GNDF) activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, suggesting the triggering of the endogenous anti-oxidative system present in microglia.

Conclusions

Overall, this work shows that the TAT-functionalized DHAH-NLCs can cross the BBB, modulate immune responses, and serve as cargo carriers for growth factors; thus, constituting an attractive and promising novel drug delivery approach for the transport of therapeutics through the BBB into the brain.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00315-1.

Nuclear Targeted Peptide Combined With Gambogic Acid for Synergistic Treatment of Breast Cancer

As a natural compound, gambogic acid (GA) emerged a shining multi-target antitumor activity in a variety of tumors. Whereas its poor solubility and non-specific effect to tumor blocked the clinical application of this drug. Herein, we reported a simple and effective strategy to construct liposome modified with nuclear targeted peptide CB5005N (VQRKRQKLMPC) via polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker to decrease the inherent limitations of GA and promote its anti-tumor activity. In this study, liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration method. The characterization of formulations contained particle size, Zeta potential, morphology and encapsulation efficiency. Further, in vitro cytotoxicity and uptake tests were investigated by 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells, and nuclear targeting capability was performed on MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, the in vivo antitumor effect and biological distribution of formulations were tested in BALB/c female mice. The GA-loaded liposome modified by CB5005N showed small size, good uniformity, better targeting, higher anti-tumor efficiency, better tumor inhibition rate and lower toxicity to normal tissues than other groups. In vitro and in vivo research proved that CB5005N-GA-liposome exhibited excellent anti-tumor activity and significantly reduced toxicities. As a result, CB5005N-GA-liposome nano drug delivery system enhanced the tumor targeting and antitumor effects of GA, which provided a basis for its clinical application.

Acitretin-Conjugated Dextran Nanoparticles Ameliorate Psoriasis-like Skin Disease at Low Dosages

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease mainly characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and massive infiltration of inflammatory immune cells. Acitretin (ACT), an FDA-approved first-line systemic drug for psoriasis treatment, could suppress the proliferation of keratinocytes and downregulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines by modulating signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways. However, dose-dependent side effects of ACT limit its long-term administration in the clinic. Therefore, improving the therapeutic efficacy of ACT to reduce clinical dosage will benefit the patients. Here, we develop ACT-conjugated dextran nanoparticles (ACT-Dex NPs) and evaluated the potential for psoriasis treatment. Our results indicate that ACT-Dex NPs ameliorate psoriasis-like skin disease significantly at a low dosage which does not cause side effects, while neat ACT drugs at an equivalent dosage provide much less benefit. Moreover, we demonstrate that ACT-Dex NPs suppress keratinocyte proliferation more efficiently than neat ACT by enhancing the inhibitory effect on STAT3 phosphorylation. Thus, the proposed ACT-Dex NPs provide an effective and safe option for psoriasis treatment.

Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutic Compounds With Nanotechnological Approaches in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disorder involving hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis. As complex as its pathophysiology, the optimal treatment for psoriasis remains unsatisfactorily addressed. Though systemic administration of biological agents has made an impressive stride in moderate-to-severe psoriasis, a considerable portion of psoriatic conditions were left unresolved, mainly due to adverse effects from systemic drug administration or insufficient drug delivery across a highly packed stratum corneum via topical therapies. Along with the advances in nanotechnologies, the incorporation of nanomaterials as topical drug carriers opens an obvious prospect for the development of antipsoriatic topicals. Hence, this review aims to distinguish the benefits and weaknesses of individual nanostructures when applied as topical antipsoriatics in preclinical psoriatic models. In view of specific features of each nanostructure, we propose that a proper combination of distinctive nanomaterials according to the physicochemical properties of loaded drugs and clinical features of psoriatic patients is becoming a promising option that potentially drives the translation of nanomaterials from bench to bedside with improved transdermal drug delivery and consequently therapeutic effects.

Synthesis and Potential Applications of Lipid Nanoparticles in Medicine

Currently, carriers of active ingredients in the form of particles of a size measured in nanometers are the focus of interest of research centers worldwide. So far, submicrometer emulsions, liposomes, as well as microspheres, and nanospheres made of biodegradable polymers have been used in medicine. Recent studies show particular interest in nanoparticles based on lipids, and at the present time, are even referred to as the "era of lipid carriers". With the passage of time, lipid nanoparticles of the so-called first and second generation, SLN (Solid Lipid Nanoparticles) and nanostructured lipid carriers and NLC (Nanostructured Lipid Carriers), respectively, turned out to be an alternative for all imperfections of earlier carriers. These carriers are characterized by a number of beneficial functional properties, including, among others, structure based on lipids well tolerated by the human body, high stability, and ability to carry hydro- and lipophilic compounds. Additionally, these carriers can enhance the distribution of the drug in the target organ and alter the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug carriers to enhance the medical effect and minimize adverse side effects. This work is focused on the current review of the state-of-the-art related to the synthesis and applications of popular nanoparticles in medicine, with a focus on their use, e.g., in COVID-19 vaccines.

Lipid-based nano-formulation platform for eplerenone oral delivery as a potential treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: in-vitro optimization and ex-vivo assessment

PURPOSE

Eplerenone (EPL) is a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist used for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy which characterized by accumulation of subretinal fluid causing a localized area of retinal detachment. unfortunately, EPL suffers from poor oral bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility in addition to high hepatic first pass metabolism.

METHOD

Aiming to improve its oral bioavailability, EPL-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were prepared by the emulsification solvent evaporation method and in-vitro evaluated for particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency (EE%). A D-optimal design was used for study the effect of liquid lipid to solid lipid ratio, surfactant type and percentage on PS, PDI, EE%, and for data optimization. The optimized EPL-loaded NLCs system was further evaluated using in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation studies through rabbit intestine in comparison to EPL aqueous suspension. The physicochemical properties of the drug in the optimized system were further examined using FT-IR and X-ray diffraction studies.

RESULTS

The resultant NLCs showed small PS (100.85-346.60 nm), homogenous distribution (0.173-0.624), negatively charged particles (ZP -20.20 to -36.75 mV), in addition to EE% (34.31-70.64%). The optimized EPL-loaded NLCs system with a desirability value of 0.905 was suggested through the Design expert® software, containing liquid to solid lipid ratio (2:1) in presence of 0.43%w/v Pluronic® F127 as a surfactant. The optimized EPL-loaded NLCs system showed a PS of 134 nm and PDI of 0.31, in addition to high EE% (76 ± 6.56%w/w), and ZP (-32.37 mV). The ex-vivo permeation study showed two-fold higher drug permeation through rabbit intestine compared to that from the aqueous drug suspension after 24 h, confirming the ability of optimized EPL-loaded NLCs system as successful oral targeting delivery carrier.

CONCLUSION

Our results pave the way for a new oral nanotherapeutic approach toward CSCR treatment. In-vivo study is currently under investigation.

Promising Strategies of Colloidal Drug Delivery-Based Approaches in Psoriasis Management

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that moderately affects social and interpersonal relationships. Conventional treatments for psoriasis have certain problems, such as poor drug penetration through the skin, hyper-pigmentation, and a burning sensation on normal and diseased skin. Colloidal drug delivery systems overcome the pitfalls of conventional approaches for psoriasis therapeutics and have improved patient safety parameters, compliance, and superior effectiveness. They also entail reduced toxicity. This comprehensive review’s topics include the pathogenesis of psoriasis, causes and types of psoriasis, conventional treatment alternatives for psoriasis, the need for colloidal drug delivery systems, and recent studies in colloidal drug delivery systems for the treatment of psoriasis. This review briefly describes colloidal drug delivery approaches, such as emulsion systems—i.e., multiple emulsion, microemulsion, and nano-emulsion; vesicular systems—i.e., liposomes, ethosomes, noisomes, and transferosomes; and particulate systems—i.e., solid lipid nanoparticles, solid lipid microparticles, nano-structured lipid carriers, dendrimers, nanocrystals, polymeric nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles. The review was compiled through an extensive search of the literature through the PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. A survey of literature revealed seven formulations based upon emulsion systems, six vesicular drug delivery systems, and fourteen particulate systems reported for antipsoriatic drugs. Based on the literature studies of colloidal approaches for psoriasis management carried out in recent years, it has been concluded that colloidal pharmaceutical formulations could be investigated broadly and have a broad scope for effective management of many skin disorders in the coming decades.

Lipid Nanocarriers for Hyperproliferative Skin Diseases

Simple Summary

Different drugs, including antiproliferative and corticosteroids in general, are recommended for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases (HSD). The effectiveness of many of these drugs is limited due to their low solubility in water and low penetration in the skin. The loading of these drugs in lipid nanocarriers, such as lipid nanoparticles and liposomes, has been considered as a successful solution to improve the drug bioavailability through the skin, to control their release kinetics and thus reduce the risk of potential side effects. In this work, we discuss the use of lipid nanocarriers loading drugs against HSD.

Abstract

Hyperproliferative skin diseases (HSD) are a group of diseases that include cancers, pre-cancerous lesions and diseases of unknown etiology that present different skin manifestations in terms of the degree and distribution of the injuries. Anti-proliferative agents used to treat these diseases are so diverse, including 5-aminolevulinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, methotrexate, paclitaxel, podophyllotoxin, realgar, and corticosteroids in general. These drugs usually have low aqueous solubility, which consequently decreases skin permeation. Thus, their incorporation in lipid nanocarriers has been proposed with the main objective to increase the effectiveness of topical treatment and reduce side effects. This manuscript aims to describe the advantages of using lipid nanoparticles and liposomes that can be used to load diversity of chemically different drugs for the treatment of HSD.

Insightful exploring of advanced nanocarriers for the topical/transdermal treatment of skin diseases

Dermatological products constitute a big segment of the pharmaceutical market. From conventional products to more advanced ones, a wide variety of dosage forms have been developed till current date. A representative of the advanced delivery means is carrier-based systems, which can load large number of drugs for treatment of dermatological diseases, or simply for cosmeceutical purposes. To make them more favorable for topical delivery, further incorporation of these carriers in a topical vehicle, such as gels or creams is made. Therefore in this review article, an overview is compiled of the most commonly encountered novel carrier based topical delivery systems; namely lipid based (nanoemulsions, microemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles [SLNs] and nanostructured lipid carriers [NLCs]), and vesicular carriers (non-deformable, such as liposomes, niosomes, emulsomes and cerosomes, and deformable, such as transfersomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, and penetration enhancer vesicles), with special emphasis on those loaded in a secondary gel vehicle. A special focus was made on the commonly encountered dermatological diseases, such as bacterial and fungal infections, psoriasis, dermatitis, eczema, vitiligo, oxidative damage, aging, alopecia, and skin cancer.

Lipid Nanoparticles Based Cosmetics with Potential Application in Alleviating Skin Disorders

The lipids mainly oils, fats, waxes and phospholipids are of substantial importance in the development and functioning of cosmetic products. The lipid nanoparticles-based cosmetic product is highly capable of protecting the skin against harmful radiations and is utilized for anti-aging therapy. Naturally derived antioxidants such as carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols could be employed for their antioxidant properties as therapeutics and skincare active moieties in cosmetic products. Such a lipid nanoparticles-based cosmetic formulation consisting of antioxidants are very effective against irritated and inflamed skin and very promising for treating skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Therefore, the present review provides an insight into lipid nanoparticles based cosmetics and the mechanistic of their percutaneous absorption. The manuscript discussion highlights the role of lipid nanoparticles-based cosmetics/cosmeceuticals employing active ingredients of synthetic and natural origin in alleviating dermatological disorders and enhancing skin health and appeal. Furthermore, the manuscript also updates about contemporary research studies carried on the concept of lipid nanoparticles based formulation design of cosmetic preparation and significant outcome to alleviate skin disorders.

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as drug delivery platform: Advances in formulation and delivery strategies

NLCs have provoked the incessant impulsion for the development of safe and valuable drug delivery systems owing to their exceptional physicochemical and then biocompatible characteristics. Throughout the earlier period, a lot of studies recounting NLCs based formulations have been noticeably increased. They are binary system which contains both solid and liquid lipids aiming to produce less ordered lipidic core. Their constituents particularly influence the physicochemical properties and effectiveness of the final product. NLCs can be fabricated by different techniques which are classified according to consumed energy. More utilization NLCs is essential due to overcome barriers surrounded by the technological procedure of lipid-based nanocarriers' formulation and increased information of the core mechanisms of their transport via various routes of administration. They can be used in different applications and by different routes such as oral, cutaneous, ocular and pulmonary. This review article seeks to present an overview on the existing situation of the art of NLCs for future clinics through exposition of their applications which shall foster their lucid use. The reported records evidently demonstrate the promise of NLCs for innovate therapeutic applications in the future.

Eudragit S-100 Surface Engineered Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Colon Targeting of 5-Fluorouracil: Optimization and In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most preferred chemotherapeutic agent in the management of colon cancer but is associated with poor therapeutic efficacy and lack of site specificity. Hence, it was aimed to employ Eudragit S100 surface engineered 5-FU nanostructured lipid carriers for the spatial and temporal release of the drug for the treatment of colon cancer. Hot high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique was employed in the preparation of 5-FU-NLCs. The optimization of 5-FU-NLCs was performed using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. A 3² factorial design was employed wherein the relationship between independent variables [amount of oleic acid (X₁) and concentration of Tween®80 (X₂)] and dependent variables [particle size (Y₁) and % entrapment efficiency (Y₂)] was studied. Optimized 5-FU-NLCs were surface treated to obtain Eudragit S100-coated 5-FU-NLCs (EU-5-FU-NLCs). The evaluation parameters for 5-FU-NLCs and EU-5-FU-NLCs included surface morphology, particle size, PDI, and zeta potential. In vitro release from EU-5-FU-NLCs revealed a selective and controlled 5-FU release in the colonic region for 24 h. In vitro cytotoxicity (MTT assay) was performed against Caco-2 cancer cells, wherein EU-5-FU-NLCs exhibited a 2-fold greater cytotoxic potential in comparison to a 5-FU solution (5-FU-DS). Oral administration of EU-5-FU-NLCs in Albino Wistar rats depicted a higher C_max (2.54 folds) and AUC (11 folds) as well as prolonged T_max (16 folds) and MRT (4.32 folds) compared to 5-FU-DS confirming higher bioavailability along with the spatial and temporal release in the colonic region. Thus, a multifaceted strategy involving abridgement of nanotechnology along with surface engineering is introduced for effective chemotherapy of colon cancer via oral administration of 5-FU with uncompromised safety and higher efficacy.Graphical abstract.

Development and evaluation studies of Corylin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers gel for topical treatment of UV-induced skin aging

We prepared nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to promote skin permeation of Corylin so that it can increase its effect on photoaging. Corylin-NLCs were prepared and characterized based on morphology, particle size, zeta potentials, FTIR and DSC. In vitro, we assess the cytotoxicity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of HaCaT cells irradiated by UVB. Expression of antioxidant enzymes was evaluated by commercial kits. The effects of Corylin-NLC on apoptosis were confirmed by flow cytometry and western blotting. In vivo, we use UV irradiated mouse as the oxidative stress model to assess the therapeutic effect of Corylin loaded NLC gel. We identified the Corylin-NLCs can significantly suppress the LDH release, decrease MDA content, increase in CAT, SOD, GSH-Px activity, increase the expression of Bcl-2/Bax protein and reduce the expression of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 protein on UVB induced HaCaT cells. The histopathological lesions were significantly improved and observably decreased MDA level, increase in antioxidant enzymes activity in serum of mice by pretreatment of Corylin-NLCs gel. Overall, this study proposes a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of photoaging.

Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Evaluation of the Effect of Nano-Formulated Spironolactone and Progesterone on Inflammation and Hormonal Levels for Managing Hirsutism Experimentally Induced in Rats

Hirsutism is a dermatological condition that refers to the excessive growth of hair in androgen-sensitive areas in women. Recently, the enhancement of the visible signs of a hairy female has taken special concern that affected the quality of life. The present study was developed to compare the follicular targeting effect of topical spironolactone (SP) or progesterone (PG)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) on the management of hirsutism. Four NLC formulations were prepared using cold homogenization techniques and pharmaceutically evaluated. SP-NLC and PG-NLC topical hydrogels were prepared to explore their pharmacological effect on letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in rats. Inflammatory mediators, antioxidant, and hormonal parameters were assayed. Additionally, histopathological examination was carried out to confirm the successful induction of PCOS. Results confirmed that all NLC formulations have a spherical shape with particle size ranged from 225.92 ± 0.41 to 447.80 ± 0.66 nm, entrapment efficiency > 75%, and zeta potential (- 31.4 to - 36.5 mV). F1 and F3 NLCs were considered as selected formulations for SP and PG, respectively. Female Wistar rats treated with F1 formulation for 3 weeks displayed better outcomes as manifested by the measured parameters as compared to the other tested groups. A significant reduction in hair follicle diameter and density was observed after topical application of SP or PG nano-gels. Finally, the outcomes pose a strong argument that the development of topically administered SP-NLC can be explored as a promising carrier over PG-NLC for more effectual improvement in the visible sign of hirsutism.

Recent Advancement in Topical Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a life-threatening autoimmune inflammatory skin disease, triggered by T lymphocyte. Recently, the drugs most commonly used for the treatment of psoriasis include methotrexate (MTX), cyclosporine (CsA), acitretin, dexamethasone, and salicylic acid. However, conventional formulations due to poor absorptive capacity, inconsistent drug release characteristics, poor capability of selective targeting, poor retention of drug molecules in target tissue, and unintended skin reactions restrict the clinical efficacy of drugs. Advances in topical nanocarriers allow the development of prominent drug delivery platforms can be employed to address the critical issues associated with conventional formulations. Advances in nanocarriers design, nano-dimensional configuration, and surface functionalization allow formulation scientists to develop formulations for a more effective treatment of psoriasis. Moreover, interventions in the size distribution, shape, agglomeration/aggregation potential, and surface chemistry are the significant aspects need to be critically evaluated for better therapeutic results. This review attempted to explore the opportunities and challenges of current revelations in the nano carrier-based topical drug delivery approach used for the treatment of psoriasis.

Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Effective Dermal and Transdermal Lipid Nanoparticles: A Review

Limited permeability through the stratum corneum (SC) is a major obstacle for numerous skin care products. One promising approach is to use lipid nanoparticles as they not only facilitate penetration across skin but also avoid the drawbacks of conventional skin formulations. This review focuses on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLCs), and nanoemulsions (NEs) developed for topical and transdermal delivery of active compounds. A special emphasis in this review is placed on composition, preparation, modifications, structure and characterization, mechanism of penetration, and recent application of these nanoparticles. The presented data demonstrate the potential of these nanoparticles for dermal and transdermal delivery.

Methods for preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers

Construction of nanocarriers of different structures and properties have shown great promise as delivery systems for a wide range of drugs to improve therapeutic effects and reduce side effects. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been introduced as a new generation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to overcome several of the limitations associated with the SLNs. NLCs consist of a blend of solid and liquid lipids which result in a partially crystallized lipid system that enables higher drug loading efficiency compared to SLNs. Owing to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, ease of preparation and scaling-up, and high stability, NLCs have been exploited in numerous pharmaceutical applications. Different methods for fabrication of NLCs have been described in the literature. In this article, procedures involved in emulsification-solvent evaporation method, one of the commonly utilized methods for preparation of NLCs, are described in detail. Critical aspects that should be considered throughout preparation process are also highlighted to allow for consistent and reproducible construction of NLCs.

Ezetimibe-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Based Formulation Ameliorates Hyperlipidaemia in an Experimental Model of High Fat Diet

Ezetimibe (EZE) possesses low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability and in addition, its extensive hepatic metabolism supports the notion of developing a novel carrier system for EZE. Ezetimibe was encapsulated into nanostructured lipid carriers (EZE-NLCs) via a high pressure homogenization technique (HPH). A three factor, two level (2³) full factorial design was employed to study the effect of amount of poloxamer 188 (X1), pressure of HPH (X2) and number of HPH cycle (X3) on dependent variables. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), % entrapment efficiency (%EE), zeta potential, drug content and in-vitro drug release were evaluated. The optimized formulation displays pragmatic inferences associated with particle size of 134.5 nm; polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.244 ± 0.03; zeta potential of −28.1 ± 0.3 mV; % EE of 91.32 ± 1.8% and % CDR at 24-h of 97.11%. No interaction was observed after X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. EZE-NLCs (6 mg/kg/day p.o.) were evaluated in the high fat diet fed rats induced hyperlipidemia in comparison with EZE (10 mg/kg/day p.o.). Triglyceride, HDL-c, LDL-c and cholesterol were significantly normalized and histopathological evaluation showed normal structure and architecture of the hepatocytes. The results demonstrated the superiority of EZE-NLCs in regard to bioavailability enhancement, dose reduction and dose-dependent side effects.

Analytical tools and evaluation strategies for nanostructured lipid carrier-based topical delivery systems

INTRODUCTION

The inception of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) proved to be a revolutionary step toward the treatment of dermatological disorders. To uncover its true potential, it is imperative that the system be characterized and evaluated comprehensively.

AREAS COVERED

The present review has been written to furnish an in-depth account of analytical tools and evaluation procedures under one roof. Besides discussing the challenges of topical delivery and benefits of NLCs, the paper elaborates on their physicochemical characterization. Further, in vitro evaluation of NLCs for dermatological benefits, followed by their evaluation in a hydrogel/cream base is covered. Lastly, disease-specific evaluation of NLC-based formulations is presented.

EXPERT OPINION

The research endeavors for NLCs have largely focused on the fabrication of NLCs for different bioactives. However, scientific efforts should be aimed toward the lesser explored realm of NLCs, i.e. exploitation of analytical techniques, such as Parelectric spectroscopy, Electron Spin Resonance, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. NLCs have been proven for their potential to foster the therapeutic modalities applicable to cutaneous disorders. More attention needs to be devoted to their evaluation for disease-specific parameters. The futuristic steps must involve clinical studies, to lay the path for their commercialization.

Preparation, Pharmacokinetics, and Antitumor Potential of Miltefosine-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with miltefosine (HePC) as an anticancer drug for the treatment of breast cancer.

METHODS

HePC-NLCs were prepared using a microemulsion technique and then evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), incorporation efficiency, in vitro release of entrapped drug, and hemolytic potential. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and liver toxicity analyses were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats, and antitumor efficacy was evaluated in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and squamous cell carcinoma-7 (SCC-7) cells in vitro and in tumour-bearing BALB/c mice in vivo. Advanced analyses including survival rate, immunohistopathology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assays were performed to evaluate apoptosis in vivo.

RESULTS

The average particle size of the HePC-NLCs was 143 ± 16 nm, with a narrow PDI (0.104 ± 0.002), and the incorporation efficiency was found to be 91 ± 7%. The NLCs released HePC in a sustained manner, and this release was significantly lower than that of free drug. The in vitro hemolytic assay demonstrated a significantly reduced hemolytic potential (~9%) of the NLCs compared to that of the test formulations. The HePC-NLCs demonstrated enhanced pharmacokinetic behaviour over free drug, including extended blood circulation and an abridged clearance rate in rats. Furthermore, the HePC-NLCs exhibited higher cytotoxicity than the free drug in MCF-7 and SCC-7 cells. Moreover, the HePC-NLCs showed significantly enhanced (P < 0.005) antitumor activity compared to that of the control and free drug-treated mouse groups. Tumour cell apoptosis was also confirmed, indicating the antitumor potential of the HePC-NLCs.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate the ability of NLCs as a drug delivery system for enhanced pharmacokinetic, antitumor, and apoptotic effects, most importantly when loaded with HePC.