1
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Chastagnier L, Marquette C, Petiot E. In situ transient transfection of 3D cell cultures and tissues, a promising tool for tissue engineering and gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108211. [PMID: 37463610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Various research fields use the transfection of mammalian cells with genetic material to induce the expression of a target transgene or gene silencing. It is a tool widely used in biological research, bioproduction, and therapy. Current transfection protocols are usually performed on 2D adherent cells or suspension cultures. The important rise of new gene therapies and regenerative medicine in the last decade raises the need for new tools to empower the in situ transfection of tissues and 3D cell cultures. This review will present novel in situ transfection methods based on a chemical or physical non-viral transfection of cells in tissues and 3D cultures, discuss the advantages and remaining gaps, and propose future developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chastagnier
- 3D Innovation Lab - 3d.FAB - ICBMS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, UMR 5246, bat. Lederer, 5 rue Gaston Berger, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Marquette
- 3D Innovation Lab - 3d.FAB - ICBMS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, UMR 5246, bat. Lederer, 5 rue Gaston Berger, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emma Petiot
- 3D Innovation Lab - 3d.FAB - ICBMS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, UMR 5246, bat. Lederer, 5 rue Gaston Berger, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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2
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de Caro A, Bellard E, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Golzio M, Rols MP. Gene Electrotransfer Efficiency in 2D and 3D Cancer Cell Models Using Different Electroporation Protocols: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031004. [PMID: 36986866 PMCID: PMC10053976 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation, a method relying on a pulsed electric field to induce transient cell membrane permeabilization, can be used as a non-viral method to transfer genes in vitro and in vivo. Such transfer holds great promise for cancer treatment, as it can induce or replace missing or non-functioning genes. Yet, while efficient in vitro, gene-electrotherapy remains challenging in tumors. To assess the differences of gene electrotransfer in respect to applied pulses in multi-dimensional (2D, 3D) cellular organizations, we herein compared pulsed electric field protocols applicable to electrochemotherapy and gene electrotherapy and different "High Voltage-Low Voltage" pulses. Our results show that all protocols can result in efficient permeabilization of 2D- and 3D-grown cells. However, their efficiency for gene delivery varies. The gene-electrotherapy protocol is the most efficient in cell suspensions, with a transfection rate of about 50%. Conversely, despite homogenous permeabilization of the entire 3D structure, none of the tested protocols allowed gene delivery beyond the rims of multicellular spheroids. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of electric field intensity and the occurrence of cell permeabilization, and underline the significance of pulses' duration, impacting plasmids' electrophoretic drag. The latter is sterically hindered in 3D structures and prevents the delivery of genes into spheroids' core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia de Caro
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Elisabeth Bellard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
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3
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Potočnik T, Maček Lebar A, Kos Š, Reberšek M, Pirc E, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Effect of Experimental Electrical and Biological Parameters on Gene Transfer by Electroporation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122700. [PMID: 36559197 PMCID: PMC9786189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms of nucleic acid (NA) delivery with gene electrotransfer (GET) are still unknown, which represents a limitation for its broader use. Further, not knowing the effects that different experimental electrical and biological parameters have on GET additionally hinders GET optimization, resulting in the majority of research being performed using a trial-and-error approach. To explore the current state of knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review of GET papers in in vitro conditions and performed meta-analyses of the reported GET efficiency. For now, there is no universal GET strategy that would be appropriate for all experimental aims. Apart from the availability of the required electroporation device and electrodes, the choice of an optimal GET approach depends on parameters such as the electroporation medium; type and origin of cells; and the size, concentration, promoter, and type of the NA to be transfected. Equally important are appropriate controls and the measurement or evaluation of the output pulses to allow a fair and unbiased evaluation of the experimental results. Since many experimental electrical and biological parameters can affect GET, it is important that all used parameters are adequately reported to enable the comparison of results, as well as potentially faster and more efficient experiment planning and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Potočnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Maček Lebar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Kos
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Pirc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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4
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Lipp C, Koebel L, Bertsch A, Gauthier M, Bolopion A, Renaud P. Dielectrophoretic Traps for Efficient Bead and Cell Trapping and Formation of Aggregates of Controlled Size and Composition. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:910578. [PMID: 35910025 PMCID: PMC9333130 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.910578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a microfluidic dielectrophoretic-actuated system designed to trap chosen single-cell and form controlled cell aggregates. A novel method is proposed to characterize the efficiency of the dielectrophoretic trapping, considering the flow speed but also the heat generated by the traps as limiting criteria in cell-safe manipulation. Two original designs with different manufacturing processes are experimentally compared. The most efficient design is selected and the cell membrane integrity is monitored by fluorescence imaging to guarantee a safe-cell trapping. Design rules are suggested to adapt the traps to multiple-cells trapping and are experimentally validated as we formed aggregates of controlled size and composition with two different types of cells. We provide hereby a simple manufactured tool allowing the controlled manipulation of particles for the composition of multicellular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Lipp
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Koebel
- AS2M Department, CNRS, FEMTO-ST Institute, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michaël Gauthier
- AS2M Department, CNRS, FEMTO-ST Institute, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Aude Bolopion
- AS2M Department, CNRS, FEMTO-ST Institute, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Philippe Renaud,
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5
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Sachdev S, Potočnik T, Rems L, Miklavčič D. Revisiting the role of pulsed electric fields in overcoming the barriers to in vivo gene electrotransfer. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 144:107994. [PMID: 34930678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapies are revolutionizing medicine by providing a way to cure hitherto incurable diseases. The scientific and technological advances have enabled the first gene therapies to become clinically approved. In addition, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing record speeds in the development and distribution of gene-based vaccines. For gene therapy to take effect, the therapeutic nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) need to overcome several barriers before they can execute their function of producing a protein or silencing a defective or overexpressing gene. This includes the barriers of the interstitium, the cell membrane, the cytoplasmic barriers and (in case of DNA) the nuclear envelope. Gene electrotransfer (GET), i.e., transfection by means of pulsed electric fields, is a non-viral technique that can overcome these barriers in a safe and effective manner. GET has reached the clinical stage of investigations where it is currently being evaluated for its therapeutic benefits across a wide variety of indications. In this review, we formalize our current understanding of GET from a biophysical perspective and critically discuss the mechanisms by which electric field can aid in overcoming the barriers. We also identify the gaps in knowledge that are hindering optimization of GET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Sachdev
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Potočnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Rems
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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6
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Transfer of small interfering RNA by electropermeabilization in tumor spheroids. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107848. [PMID: 34118554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modulate deregulated genes by RNAi provides treatment perspectives in certain diseases including cancers. Electrotransfer of oligonucleotides was studied in vitro, showing a direct transfer of negatively charged siRNA across the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm. In vivo, the feasibility of siRNA electrotransfer was demonstrated in different studies and tissues. While effective, electrotransfer of siRNA into 3D tissues still needs to be understood. Here, we evaluated the efficiency of siRNA electrotransfer and assessed its effect in 3D spheroids made of HCT116-GFP cells by confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Our results indicate that siRNA uptake was not uniform across 3D multicellular spheroids. The electrophoretic migration of nucleic acids upon delivery of unipolar electric field pulses could explain the asymmetry of siRNA uptake. Moreover, a gradient was observed from external layers toward the center, leading to siRNA silencing of GFP positive cells located in the outer rim. While siRNA delivery experiments on spheroids may differ from intratumoral injections, the levels of transfection in spheroids are comparable to levels observed in published studies in vivo. Taken together, our results provide fundamental information about siRNA 3D distribution during electrotransfer, indicating that multicellular spheroids remain a relevant alternative to animal experimentation.
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7
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Potočnik T, Miklavčič D, Maček Lebar A. Effect of electroporation and recovery medium pH on cell membrane permeabilization, cell survival and gene transfer efficiency in vitro. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Cottet J, Kehren A, Lasli S, van Lintel H, Buret F, Frénéa-Robin M, Renaud P. Dielectrophoresis-assisted creation of cell aggregates under flow conditions using planar electrodes. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1498-1509. [PMID: 30706961 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic platform allowing dielectrophoresis-assisted formation of cell aggregates of controlled size and composition under flow conditions. When specific experimental conditions are met, negative dielectrophoresis allows efficient concentration of cells towards electric field minima and subsequent aggregation. This bottom-up assembly strategy offers several advantages with respect to the targeted application: first, dielectrophoresis offers precise control of spatial cell organization, which can be adjusted by optimizing electrode design. Then, it could contribute to accelerate the establishment of cell-cell interactions by favoring close contact between neighboring cells. The trapping geometry of our chip is composed of eight electrodes arranged in a circle. Several parameters have been tested in simulations to find the best configurations for trapping in flow. Those configurations have been tested experimentally with both polystyrene beads and human embryonic kidney cells. The final design and experimental setup have been optimized to trap cells and release the created aggregates on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cottet
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CNRS, Ampère, Ecully, France.,École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Kehren
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Soufian Lasli
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harald van Lintel
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Buret
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CNRS, Ampère, Ecully, France
| | - Marie Frénéa-Robin
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CNRS, Ampère, Ecully, France
| | - Philippe Renaud
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Znidar K, Bosnjak M, Jesenko T, Heller LC, Cemazar M. Upregulation of DNA Sensors in B16.F10 Melanoma Spheroid Cells After Electrotransfer of pDNA. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018; 17:1533033818780088. [PMID: 29879868 PMCID: PMC6009088 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818780088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of cytosolic DNA sensors, a category of pattern recognition receptor, after control plasmid DNA electrotransfer was observed in our previous studies on B16.F10 murine melanoma cells. This expression was correlated with the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and was associated with cell death. Here, we expanded our research to include the influence of features of cells in a 3-dimensional environment, which better represents the tumors' organization in vivo. Our results show that lower number of cells were transfected in spheroids compared to 2-dimensional cultures, that growth was delayed after electroporation alone or after electrotransfer of plasmid DNA, and that DNA sensors DDX60, DAI/ZBP1, and p204 were upregulated 4 hours and 24 hours after electrotransfer of plasmid DNA. Moreover, the cytokines interferon β and tumor necrosis factor α were also upregulated but only 4 hours after electrotransfer of plasmid DNA. Thus, our results confirm the results obtained in 2-dimensional cell cultures demonstrating that electrotransfer of plasmid DNA to tumor cells in spheroids also upregulated cytosolic DNA sensors and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Znidar
- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Masa Bosnjak
- 2 Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Jesenko
- 2 Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Loree C Heller
- 3 Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,4 School of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion, University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Maja Cemazar
- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia.,2 Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Figarol A, Gibot L, Golzio M, Lonetti B, Mingotaud AF, Rols MP. A journey from the endothelium to the tumor tissue: distinct behavior between PEO-PCL micelles and polymersomes nanocarriers. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1766-1778. [PMID: 30311803 PMCID: PMC6197035 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1510064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanocarriers must overcome several biological barriers to reach the vicinity of solid tumors and deliver their encapsulated drug. This study assessed the in vitro and in vivo passage through the blood vessel wall to tumors of two well-characterized polymeric nanocarriers: poly(ethyleneglycol-b-ε-caprolactone) micelles and polymersomes charged with a fluorescent membrane dye (DiO: 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbo-cyanine perchlorate). The internalization and translocation from endothelial (human primary endothelial cells HUVEC) to cancer cells (human tumor cell line HCT-116) was studied in conventional 2D monolayers, 3D tumor spheroids, or in an endothelium model based on transwell assay. Micelles induced a faster DiO internalization compared to polymersomes but the latter crossed the endothelial monolayer more easily. Both translocation rates were enhanced by the addition of a pro-inflammatory factor or in the presence of tumor cells. These results were confirmed by early in vivo experiments. Overall, this study pointed out the room for the improvement of polymeric nanocarriers design to avoid drug losses when crossing the blood vessel walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Figarol
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse CNRS UMR, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Gibot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse CNRS UMR, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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11
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Bulysheva AA, Burcus N, Lundberg C, Edelblute CM, Francis MP, Heller R. Recellularized human dermis for testing gene electrotransfer ex vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:035002. [PMID: 27121769 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/3/035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene electrotransfer (GET) is a proven and valuable tool for in vivo gene delivery to a variety of tissues such as skin, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and tumors, with controllable gene delivery and expression levels. Optimizing gene expression is a challenging hurdle in preclinical studies, particularly for skin indications, due to differences in electrical conductivity of animal compared to human dermis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop an ex vivo model for GET using recellularized human dermis to more closely mimic human skin. Decellularized human dermis (DermACELL(®)) was cultured with human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes for 4 weeks. After one week of fibroblast culture, fibroblasts infiltrated and dispersed throughout the dermis. Air-liquid interface culture led to epithelial cell proliferation, stratification and terminal differentiation with distinct basal, spinous, granular and cornified strata. Firefly luciferase expression kinetics were evaluated after GET of recellularized constructs for testing gene delivery parameters to skin in vitro. Elevated luciferase expression persisted up to a week following GET compared to controls without electrotransfer. In summary, recellularized dermis structurally and functionally resembled native human skin in tissue histological organization and homeostasis, proving an effective 3D human skin model for preclinical gene delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Bulysheva
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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12
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The Electrorotation as a Tool to Monitor the Dielectric Properties of Spheroid During the Permeabilization. J Membr Biol 2016; 249:593-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Chopinet L, Rols MP. Nanosecond electric pulses: A mini-review of the present state of the art. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 103:2-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Madi M, Rols MP, Gibot L. Efficient In Vitro Electropermeabilization of Reconstructed Human Dermal Tissue. J Membr Biol 2015; 248:903-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Mazari E, Zhao X, Migeotte I, Collignon J, Gosse C, Perea-Gomez A. A microdevice to locally electroporate embryos with high efficiency and reduced cell damage. Development 2014; 141:2349-59. [PMID: 24821988 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to follow and modify cell behaviour with accurate spatiotemporal resolution is a prerequisite to study morphogenesis in developing organisms. Electroporation, the delivery of exogenous molecules into targeted cell populations through electric permeation of the plasma membrane, has been used with this aim in different model systems. However, current localised electroporation strategies suffer from insufficient reproducibility and mediocre survival when applied to small and delicate organisms such as early post-implantation mouse embryos. We introduce here a microdevice to achieve localised electroporation with high efficiency and reduced cell damage. In silico simulations using a simple electrical model of mouse embryos indicated that a dielectric guide-based design would improve on existing alternatives. Such a device was microfabricated and its capacities tested by targeting the distal visceral endoderm (DVE), a migrating cell population essential for anterior-posterior axis establishment. Transfection was efficiently and reproducibly restricted to fewer than four visceral endoderm cells without compromising cell behaviour and embryo survival. Combining targeted mosaic expression of fluorescent markers with live imaging in transgenic embryos revealed that, like leading DVE cells, non-leading ones send long basal projections and intercalate during their migration. Finally, we show that the use of our microsystem can be extended to a variety of embryological contexts, from preimplantation stages to organ explants. Hence, we have experimentally validated an approach delivering a tailor-made tool for the study of morphogenesis in the mouse embryo. Furthermore, we have delineated a comprehensive strategy for the development of ad hoc electroporation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Mazari
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN-CNRS, route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN-CNRS, route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Collignon
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Charlie Gosse
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN-CNRS, route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Aitana Perea-Gomez
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
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16
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Chopinet L, Batista-Napotnik T, Montigny A, Rebersek M, Teissié J, Rols MP, Miklavčič D. Nanosecond electric pulse effects on gene expression. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:851-9. [PMID: 23831956 PMCID: PMC3825134 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene electrotransfection using micro- or millisecond electric pulses is a well-established method for safe gene transfer. For efficient transfection, plasmid DNA has to reach the nucleus. Shorter, high-intensity nanosecond electric pulses (nsEPs) affect internal cell membranes and may contribute to an increased uptake of plasmid by the nucleus. In our study, nsEPs were applied to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells after classical gene electrotransfer, using micro- or millisecond pulses with a plasmid coding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Time gaps between classical gene electrotransfer and nsEPs were varied (0.5, 2, 6 and 24 h) and three different nsEP parameters were used: 18 ns-10 kV/cm, 10 ns-40 kV/cm and 15 ns-60 kV/cm. Results analyzed by either fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry showed that neither the percentage of electrotransfected cells nor the amount of GFP expressed was increased by nsEP. All nsEP parameters also had no effects on GFP fluorescence intensity of human colorectal tumor cells (HCT-116) with constitutive expression of GFP. We thus conclude that nsEPs have no major contribution to gene electrotransfer in CHO cells and no effect on constitutive GFP expression in HCT-116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Chopinet
- CNRS, IPBS - UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Audrey Montigny
- CNRS, IPBS - UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Matej Rebersek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Justin Teissié
- CNRS, IPBS - UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- CNRS, IPBS - UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3D spheroids' sensitivity to electric field pulses depends on their size. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:745-50. [PMID: 23519620 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dramatic differences of cells behavior exist between cells cultured under classical 2D monolayers and 3D models, the latter being closer to in vivo responses. Thus, many 3D cell culture models have been developed. Among them, multicellular tumor spheroid appears as a nice and easy-to-handle 3D model based on cell adhesion properties. It is composed of one or several cell types and is widely used to address carcinogenesis, or drugs screening. A few and recent publications report the use of spheroids to investigate electropermeabilization process. We studied the response of spheroids to electrical field pulses (EP) in terms of their age, diameter or formation technique. We found that small human HCT-116 colorectal spheroids are more sensitive to electric field pulses than larger ones. Indeed, the growth of spheroids with a diameter of 300 μm decreased by a factor 2 over 4 days when submitted to EP (8 pulses, lasting 100 μs at a 1,300 V/cm field intensity). Under those electrical conditions, 650 μm spheroids were not affected. These data were the same whatever the formation method (i.e. hanging drop and nonadherent techniques). These observations point out the fact that characteristics of 3D cell models have to be taken into account to avoid biased conclusions of experimental data.
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18
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Antitumor drug delivery in multicellular spheroids by electropermeabilization. J Control Release 2013; 167:138-47. [PMID: 23385033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a physical technique that allows cytotoxic molecules to be efficiently released in tumor cells by inducing transient cell plasma membrane permeabilization. The main antitumoral drugs used in ECT are nonpermeant bleomycin and low permeant cisplatin. The method is nowadays applied in clinics as a palliative treatment. In order to improve it, we took advantage of a human 3D multicellular tumor spheroid as a model of tumor to visually and molecularly assess the effect of ECT. We used bleomycin and cisplatin to confirm its relevance and doxorubicin to show its potential to screen new antitumor drug candidates for ECT. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the topological distribution of permeabilized cells in 3D spheroids subjected to electric pulses. Our results revealed that all cells were efficiently permeabilized, whatever their localization in the spheroid, even those in the core. The combination of antitumor drugs and electric pulses (ECT) led to changes in spheroid macroscopic morphology and cell cohesion, to tumor spheroid growth arrest and finally to its complete apoptosis-mediated dislocation, mimicking previously observed in vivo situations. Taken together, these results indicate that the spheroid model is relevant for the study and optimization of electromediated drug delivery protocols.
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Ozbolat IT, Yu Y. Bioprinting toward organ fabrication: challenges and future trends. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:691-9. [PMID: 23372076 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2243912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has been a promising field of research, offering hope for bridging the gap between organ shortage and transplantation needs. However, building three-dimensional (3-D) vascularized organs remains the main technological barrier to be overcome. Organ printing, which is defined as computer-aided additive biofabrication of 3-D cellular tissue constructs, has shed light on advancing this field into a new era. Organ printing takes advantage of rapid prototyping (RP) technology to print cells, biomaterials, and cell-laden biomaterials individually or in tandem, layer by layer, directly creating 3-D tissue-like structures. Here, we overview RP-based bioprinting approaches and discuss the current challenges and trends toward fabricating living organs for transplant in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Peck Y, Wang DA. Three-dimensionally engineered biomimetic tissue models forin vitrodrug evaluation: delivery, efficacy and toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:369-83. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.751096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Marrero B, Heller R. The use of an in vitro 3D melanoma model to predict in vivo plasmid transfection using electroporation. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3036-46. [PMID: 22244695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A large-scale in vitro 3D tumor model was generated to evaluate gene delivery procedures in vivo. This 3D tumor model consists of a "tissue-like" spheroid that provides a micro-environment supportive of melanoma proliferation, allowing cells to behave similarly to cells in vivo. This functional spheroid measures approximately 1 cm in diameter and can be used to effectively evaluate plasmid transfection when testing various electroporation (EP) electrode applicators. In this study, we identified EP conditions that efficiently transfect green fluorescent protein (GFP) and interleukin 15 (IL-15) plasmids into tumor cells residing in the 3D construct. We found that plasmids delivered using a 6-plate electrode applying 6 pulses with nominal electric field strength of 500 V/cm and pulse-length of 20 ms produced significant increase of GFP (7.3-fold) and IL-15 (3.0-fold) expression compared to controls. This in vitro 3D model demonstrates the predictability of cellular response toward delivery techniques, limits the numbers of animals employed for transfection studies, and may facilitate future developments of clinical trials for cancer therapies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Marrero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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