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Preparation and Characterization of Silymarin Gel: A Novel Topical Mucoadhesive Formulation for Potential Applicability in Oral Pathologies. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020139. [PMID: 36826309 PMCID: PMC9956077 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum has been used for centuries by herbalists and physicians to treat different forms of liver diseases. It contains flavonoid, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and anticancer properties. The objective of this research was to develop a silymarin-based mucoadhesive gel for prolonged release in oral mucosa and to evaluate the same by using in vitro drug release kinetic models and ex vivo methods for drug permeation using chicken buccal mucosa. The mucoadhesive gel was formulated in different trials by varying the concentration of silymarin and polymer. Out of 10 formulation trials, the F10 optimized trial was characterized for in vitro physicochemical parameters such as pH, homogeneity, viscosity, stability, drug content, in vitro drug release, in vitro antioxidant assay and ex vivo permeation study. Trial 10 was chosen as the best trial formulation among the other trials and was marked as an optimal trial. The physicochemical properties observed were pH to be 6.4 ± 0.01, the gel free of lumps, spreadability of 23.75 ± 0.03 and drug content of 32.77 ± 0.20 mg/g. It had no physiological changes such as color shift or fluid exudate segregation after 6 months of storage at room temperature. In vitro drug release established the presence of a non-fickian mechanism and demonstrated dose-dependent antioxidant activity. Ex vivo findings indicated 21.97 ± 0.18% release, proving that the gel can permeate through the oral mucosal membrane. Our future research will concentrate on expanding the therapeutic scope by developing the formulation trial F10 to a nanoformulation and conducting clinical trials for its potential use in various oral diseases.
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Bitter taste in silico: A review on virtual ligand screening and characterization methods for TAS2R-bitterant interactions. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120486. [PMID: 33744445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing pharmaceutical interest in the human bitter taste receptors (hTAS2Rs) has two dimensions; i) evaluation of the bitterness of active pharmaceutical compounds, in order to develop strategies for improving patients' adherence to medication, and ii) application of ligands for extra-cellular hTAS2Rs for potential preventive therapeutic achievements. The result is an increasing demand on robust tools for bitterness assessment and screening the receptor-ligand affinity. In silico tools are useful for aiding experimental-screening, as well as to elucide ligand-receptor interactions. In this review, the ligand-based and structure-based approaches are described as the two main in silico tools for bitter taste analysis. The strengths and weaknesses of each approach are discussed. Both approaches provide key tools for understanding and exploiting bitter taste for human health applications.
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Khan SR. Meet Our Co-Editor. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/157018081803210224102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Afrooz H, Mohamed EM, Barakh Ali SF, Dharani S, Nutan MTH, Khan MA, Rahman Z. Salt Engineering of Aripiprazole with Polycarboxylic Acids to Improve Physicochemical Properties. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:31. [PMID: 33405012 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aripiprazole (APZ) has poor physicochemical properties and bitter taste. The current study aimed to prepare salts of APZ with polycarboxylic acids (citric, malic, and tartaric acids) to improve physicochemical properties and impart sour taste to the drug. The salts were prepared by solubilization-crystallization method, and characterized by electron microscopic, spectroscopic, diffractometry, and thermal methods. The salts were assessed for pH solubility, pH-stability, dissolution, and solid-state stability. Fourier transformed infrared, X-ray powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry data indicated formation of new solid phases. APZ and the salts exhibited pH-dependent solubility. The pH solubility curve shape was inverted "V," inverted "W," and inverted "U" for APZ, APZ-Citrate, and APZ-Malate and APZ-Tartrate, respectively. Compared to APZ, the solubility of salts at pH 4, 5, and 6 was 3.6-7.1, 23.9-31.5, and 143.4-373.3 folds of APZ. Increase in solubility in water by citrate, malate, and tartrate salts was 5562.8, 21,284.7, and 22,846.7 folds of APZ. The salt formation also leads to an increase in rate and extent of dissolution. The dissolution extent was 3.5 ± 0.5, 71.3 ± 1.2, 80.1 ± 6.2, and 86.1 ± 1.1% for APZ, APZ-Citrate, APZ-Malate, and APZ-Tartrate, respectively. Liquid and solid-state stabilities of the salts were comparable to APZ. In conclusion, salts of APZ with polycarboxylic acids improved solubility, and dissolution, and impart sour taste, which may improve palatability of the drug.
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Guedes MDV, Marques MS, Guedes PC, Contri RV, Kulkamp Guerreiro IC. The use of electronic tongue and sensory panel on taste evaluation of pediatric medicines: a systematic review. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 26:119-137. [PMID: 33274664 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1860088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The palatability of medications is an essential factor for children's adherence to drug treatment. Several methods for drug taste assessment have been developed. The aim of this review is to explore the literature reports of the main methods for the evaluation of medicines taste, named electronic tongue (e-tongue, in vitro) and human sensory panel. A systematic search was performed up to March 2020 and a total of 88 articles were selected. The e-tongue (57.5%) has been more frequently described than the sensory panel (10.3%), while some articles (32.2%) used both techniques. 74.7% of the articles mentioned 'pediatric', 'paediatric' or 'children' in the text, but only 19.5% developed formulations targeting pediatric audience and sensory testing in children is rarely seen. The e-tongue has predominance of use in the taste evaluation of pediatric medicines probably since it is fast, easy to perform and risk free, besides presenting less imprecise data and no fatigue. The human panel is more realistic, despite its intrinsic variability. In this sense, it is proposed the use of e-tongue as a fast way to select the most promising sample(s) and, after that, the sensory panel should be applied in order to confirm the taste masking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgana Souza Marques
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Pablo Cristini Guedes
- Escola de Administração, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Renata Vidor Contri
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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Barakh Ali SF, Dharani S, Afrooz H, Khan MA, Mohamed EM, Kohli K, Rahman Z. Application of salt engineering to reduce/mask bitter taste of clindamycin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1871-1878. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1672715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sogra F. Barakh Ali
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sathish Dharani
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Hamideh Afrooz
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mansoor A. Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eman M. Mohamed
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Abdelhakim HE, Coupe A, Tuleu C, Edirisinghe M, Craig DQM. Electrospinning Optimization of Eudragit E PO with and without Chlorpheniramine Maleate Using a Design of Experiment Approach. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2557-2568. [PMID: 31021642 PMCID: PMC6549214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is increasingly becoming a viable means of producing drug delivery vehicles for oral delivery, particularly as issues of manufacturing scalability are being addressed. In this study, electrospinning is explored as a taste-masking manufacturing technology for bitter drugs. The taste-masking polymer Eudragit E PO (E-EPO) was electrospun, guided by a quality by design approach. Using a design of experiment, factors influencing the production of smooth fibers were investigated. Polymer concentration, solvent composition, applied voltage, flow rate, and gap distance were the parameters examined. Of these, polymer concentration was shown to be the only statistically significant factor within the ranges studied ( p-value = 0.0042). As the concentration increased, smoother fibers were formed, coupled with an increase in fiber diameter. E-EPO (35% w/v) was identified as the optimum concentration for smooth fiber production. The optimized processing conditions identified were a gap distance of 175 mm, an applied voltage of between 15 and 20 kV, and a flow rate of 1 mL/h. Using this knowledge, the production optimization of electrospun E-EPO with chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), a bitter antihistamine drug, was explored. The addition of CPM in drug loads of 1:6 up to 1:10 CPM/E-EPO yielded smooth fibers that were electrospun under conditions similar to placebo fibers. Solid-state characterization showed CPM to be molecularly dispersed in E-EPO. An electronic tasting system, or E-tongue, indicated good taste-masking performance as compared to the equivalent physical mixtures. This study therefore describes a means of producing, optimizing, and assessing the performance of electrospun taste-masked fibers as a novel approach to the formulation of CPM and potentially other bitter drug substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend E. Abdelhakim
- School
of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Alastair Coupe
- Pfizer
Limited, Global R&D, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K.
| | - Catherine Tuleu
- School
of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, UCL, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Duncan Q. M. Craig
- School
of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
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Critical review of electronic nose and tongue instruments prospects in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1077:14-29. [PMID: 31307702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nose (enose, EN) and electronic tongue (etongue, ET) have been designed to simulate human senses of smell and taste in the best possible way. The signals acquired from a sensor array, combined with suitable data analysis system, are the basis for holistic analysis of samples. The efficiency of these instruments, regarding classification, discrimination, detection, monitoring and analytics of samples in different types of matrices, is utilized in many fields of science and industry, offering numerous practical applications. Popularity of both types of devices significantly increased during the last decade, mainly due to improvement of their sensitivity and selectivity. The electronic senses have been employed in pharmaceutical sciences for, among others, formulation development and quality assurance. This paper contains a review of some particular applications of EN and ET based instruments in pharmaceutical industry. In addition, development prospects and a critical summary of the state of art in the field were also surveyed.
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Al-Kasmi B, Al Rahal O, El-Zein H, Nattouf AH. Structural and in vitro in vivo evaluation for taste masking. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:1105-1116. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1535590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Al-Kasmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Okba Al Rahal
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hind El-Zein
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Abdul-Hakim Nattouf
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
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Usman BJ, Umoren SA, Gasem ZM. Inhibition of API 5L X60 steel corrosion in CO 2 -saturated 3.5% NaCl solution by tannic acid and synergistic effect of KI additive. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Guo Z, Yin X, Liu C, Wu L, Zhu W, Shao Q, York P, Patterson L, Zhang J. Microstructural investigation using synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography reveals taste-masking mechanism of acetaminophen microspheres. Int J Pharm 2016; 499:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Kharb V, Saharan VA, Kharb V, Jadhav H, Purohit S. Formulation and characterization of taste masked ondansetron–magnesium aluminum silicate adsorption systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1291-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1128439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Kharb
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jodhpur National Unviersity, Boranada, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sachdeva College of Pharmacy, Gharuan, District Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Anand Saharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh PG Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Deharadun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vivek Kharb
- Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Jadhav
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suresh Purohit
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kasashima Y, Yoshihara K, Yasuji T, Sako K, Uchida S, Namiki N. Oral Sustained Release of a Hydrophilic Drug Using the Lauryl Sulfate Salt/Complex. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1304-9. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Kasashima
- Pharmaceutical and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka
| | | | | | - Kazuhiro Sako
- Pharmaceutical and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Shinya Uchida
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka
| | - Noriyuki Namiki
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka
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14
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Dissolution methodology for taste masked oral dosage forms. J Control Release 2014; 173:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Rahman Z, Siddiqui A, Khan MA. Orally disintegrating tablet of novel salt of antiepileptic drug: Formulation strategy and evaluation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:1300-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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