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Strich S, Azehaf H, Neut C, Lellouche-Jacob Y, Medkour N, Penning M, Karrout Y. Film Coatings Based on Aqueous Shellac Ammonium Salt "Swanlac ® ASL 10" and Inulin for Colon Targeting. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:205. [PMID: 37789211 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, increasing interests took place in the realm of drug delivery systems. Beyond treating intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon targeting can provide possible applications for oral administration of proteins as well as vaccines due to the lower enzymatic activity in the distal part of GIT. To date, many strategies are employed to reach the colon. This article encompasses different biomaterials tested as film coatings and highlights appropriate formulations for colonic drug delivery. A comparison of different films was made to display the most interesting drug release profiles. These films contained ethylcellulose, as a thermoplastic polymer, blended with an aqueous shellac ammonium salt solution. Different blend ratios were selected as well for thin films as for coated mini-tablets, mainly varying as follows: (80:20); (75:25); (60:40). The impact of blend ratio and coating level was examined as well as the addition of natural polysaccharide "inulin" to target the colon. In vitro drug release was measured in 0.1 M HCl for 2 h followed by phosphate buffer saline pH 6.8 to simulate gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. Coated mini-tablets were exposed to fresh fecal samples of humans in order to simulate roughly colonic content. Several formulations were able to fully protect theophylline as a model drug up to 8 h in the upper GIT, but allowing for prolonged release kinetics in the colon. These very interesting colonic release profiles were related to the amount of the natural polysaccharide added into the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Strich
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - H Azehaf
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - C Neut
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286_INFINITE, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - N Medkour
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - M Penning
- PennConsult, Wormser Straße 28, 55276, Oppenheim, Germany
| | - Y Karrout
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Gengji J, Gong T, Zhang Z, Deng L, Fu Y. Imaging techniques for studying solid dosage formulation: Principles and applications. J Control Release 2023; 361:659-670. [PMID: 37567508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Classic methods for evaluating the disintegration and dissolution kinetics of solid dosage forms are no longer sufficient to meet the growing demands in the pharmaceutical field. Hence, scientists have turned to imaging techniques and computer technology to develop innovative visualization methods. These methods allow for a visual understanding of the disintegration or dissolution process and offer valuable insights into the drug release kinetics. This article aims to provide an overview of the commonly used imaging techniques and their applications in studying the disintegration or dissolution of solid dosage forms. Therefore, imaging presents a novel and alternative approach to understanding the mechanisms of disintegration and dissolution in the formulation study of solid dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Gengji
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Deng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China..
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China..
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3
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Qiu F, You G, Tan Z, Wan W, Wang C, Liu X, Chen X, Liu R, Tao H, Fu Z, Li H, Cao J. A terahertz near-field nanoscopy revealing edge fringes with a fast and highly sensitive quantum-well photodetector. iScience 2022; 25:104637. [PMID: 35800762 PMCID: PMC9254002 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the successful implementation of a terahertz (THz) quantum-well photodetector (QWP) for effective signal collection in a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) system. The light source is an electrically pumped THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 4.2 THz, which spectrally matches with the peak photoresponse of THz QWP. The sensitive THz QWP has a low noise equivalent power (NEP) of about 1.1 pW/Hz0.5 and a spectral response range from 2 to 7 THz. The fast-responding capability of the THz QWP is vital for detecting the rapidly tip-modulated THz light which can effectively suppress the background noise. The THz images of the nanostructure demonstrate a spatial resolution of about 95 nm, corresponding to ∼λ/752 at 4.2 THz. We experimentally investigate and theoretically interpret the formation of the fringes which appear at the edge position of a gold stripe in the THz near-field image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Qiu
- Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Guanjun You
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical Systems, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, and Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhiyong Tan
- Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjian Wan
- Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical Systems, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, and Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Ithatron Instruments, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Hu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhanglong Fu
- Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Li
- Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juncheng Cao
- Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Application of Focus Variation Microscopy and Dissolution Imaging in Understanding the Behaviour of Hydrophilic Matrices. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121162. [PMID: 33260657 PMCID: PMC7759878 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic matrix systems can be found in a wide range of extended release pharmaceutical formulations. The main principle of these systems is that upon contact with water, the hydrophilic component swells to form a hydrated gel layer which controls drug release. The following work demonstrates an explorative study into the use of dissolution imaging and focus variation microscopy with hydrophilic polymers. This study investigated the surface properties of xanthan gum (XG), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC) compacts with each of these three hydrophilic polymers from one of each classification of natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic polymer using a focus variation instrument. The auto correlation length (Sal) showed all surface profiles from the compacts displayed a value below 0.1 mm, indicating that only high frequency components (i.e., roughness) were considered and that the analysis had been successful. The developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) displayed values below 5% in line with ISO guidelines for all the polymers studied with their texture aspect ratio values (Str) > 0.5, indicating uniformity of the surfaces of the produced compacts. Of the various parameters studied, areal material ratio (Smr2) predicted XG to wet and hydrate quicker than PEO, with PEO also wetting and hydrating quicker than the HPMC. The dissolution imaging and initial swelling studies proved to concur with the findings from the areal material ratio (Smr2) parameter, suggesting porosity was not an indicator for the ease with which water ingress occurs. This study suggests the Smr2 surface parameter to potentially predict wetting and initial hydration of hydrophilic polymers, however care should be taken as this study consists of a selected number of hydrophilic polymers.
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Feng H, Mohan S. Application of Process Analytical Technology for Pharmaceutical Coating: Challenges, Pitfalls, and Trends. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:179. [PMID: 32596747 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coating process is a critical unit operation for manufacturing solid oral dosage forms. For a long time, the coating weight gain has been discerned as the most important, if not only, characteristic describing the coating quality. As the introduction of quality by design (QbD) and advancement of process analytical technology (PAT), nowadays more techniques are available to analyze other quality attributes which have been overlooked but have substantial impacts on the performance of coated products. The techniques that permit rapid and non-destructive measurements are of particular importance to improve process operation and product quality. This article reviews the analytical techniques that have been and potentially could be used as PAT tools for characterizing the quality of pharmaceutical coating product. By identifying the challenges and pitfalls encountered during PAT application, the review aims at fostering the adoption of PAT for paving the way to enhanced quality and efficiency of the coating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhou Feng
- Process analytical technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Shikhar Mohan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Luo M, Zhong S, Yao L, Tu W, Nsengiyumva W, Chen W. Thin thermally grown oxide thickness detection in thermal barrier coatings based on SWT-BP neural network algorithm and terahertz technology. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:4097-4104. [PMID: 32400686 DOI: 10.1364/ao.392748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is a contactless and nondestructive testing technique that is often used to measure the thickness of layered materials. However, the technique presents limited thickness detection resolution, especially in the thin thermally grown oxide (TGO) of thermal barrier coatings whose thickness is below 30 µm. In this study, an SWT-BP algorithm combining a stationary wavelet transform (SWT) and a backpropagation (BP) neural network was proposed, and the regression coefficient of SWT-detailed results was 0.92. The prediction results were in good agreement with the real-time results; it demonstrated that the proposed algorithm was able to achieve a thickness prediction of up to 1-29 µm of the TGO. The proposed algorithm is suitable for thin thickness detection of the TGO.
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O'Mahoney N, Keating JJ, McSweeney S, Hill S, Lawrence S, Fitzpatrick D. The sound of tablets during coating erosion, disintegration, deaggregation and dissolution. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119216. [PMID: 32165222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to address a gap in our understanding of the mechanisms by which pharmaceutical tablets achieve highly reproducible and predictable drug release. The present industrial and regulatory practice is centred around tablet dissolution, i.e. what follows disintegration, yet the vast majority of problems that are found in formulation dissolution testing can be traced back to the erratic disintegration behaviour of the medicinal product. It is only due to the distinct lack of quantitative measurement techniques for disintegration analysis that this situation arises. Current methods involve costly, and time-consuming test equipment, resulting in a need for more simple, green and efficient methods which have the potential to enable rapid development and to accelerate routine solid drug formulation dissolution and disintegration testing. In this study, we present a novel approach to track several sequential tablet dissolution processes, including coating erosion, disintegration, deaggregation and dissolution using Broadband Acoustic Resonance Dissolution Spectroscopy (BARDS). BARDS, in combination with minimal usage of UV spectroscopy, can effectively track these processes. The data also show that a solid oral dose formulation has an intrinsic acoustic signature which is specific to the method of manufacture and excipient composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh O'Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John J Keating
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Seán McSweeney
- BARDS Acoustic Science Labs, Bio-Innovation Centre, UCC, Ireland
| | - Sam Hill
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Ware, UK
| | - Simon Lawrence
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Ware, UK
| | - Dara Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland; BARDS Acoustic Science Labs, Bio-Innovation Centre, UCC, Ireland.
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8
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Alfarsi A, O'Mahoney N, Arndt M, Kuntz T, McSweeney S, Krüse J, Skalsky B, Fitzpatrick D. A rapid in-process control (IPC) test to monitor the functionality of taste masking polymer coatings using Broadband Acoustic Resonance Dissolution Spectroscopy (BARDS). Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Understanding the release performance of pellets with hydrophobic inclusions in sustained-release coating. Int J Pharm 2019; 557:229-237. [PMID: 30597266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate how the addition of hydrophobic inclusions to sustained-release pellet film coat can affect drug release. Sustained-release formulations, in particular multiparticulate systems are gaining popularity because they are able to reduce the dosing frequency of drugs that require multiple dosing. In addition, the risk of dose dumping is low and local gastrointestinal irritation is minimised. Metformin-loaded pellets, prepared via extrusion-spheronisation, were coated with ethyl cellulose (EC)-based film coat, with and without hydrophobic inclusions to a series of coat thickness. Stearic acid 50 (SA) and hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) were the hydrophobic inclusions used. Drug release was investigated using the USP dissolution apparatus 2 and an ultraviolet imager. Release kinetics were analysed using the zero-order model. The physical properties of the pellets were characterised before and after dissolution. The addition of hydrophobic inclusions to EC-based film coat slowed down drug release, with SA slowing down drug release more than HCO. The influence of hydrophobic inclusions on drug release was clearly observable when the pellets were coated to 10% weight gain. It was postulated that the hydrophobic inclusions acted as physical barriers to increase the tortuosity of the diffusional path through the pellet film coat. The use of hydrophobic inclusions to control the rate of drug dissolution was shown to be promising. This could translate into potential cost and time savings with less materials and time used.
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Alfarsi A, Dillon A, McSweeney S, Krüse J, Griffin B, Devine K, Sherry P, Henken S, Fitzpatrick S, Fitzpatrick D. Broadband Acoustic Resonance Dissolution Spectroscopy (BARDS): A rapid test for enteric coating thickness and integrity of controlled release pellet formulations. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Felton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Karrout Y, Siepmann F, Benzine Y, Paccou L, Guinet Y, Hedoux A, Siepmann J. When drugs plasticize film coatings: Unusual formulation effects observed with metoprolol and Eudragit RS. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:39-49. [PMID: 29337184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metoprolol tartrate and metoprolol free base loaded pellet starter cores were coated with Eudragit RS, plasticized with 25% triethyl citrate (TEC). The initial drug loading and coating level were varied from 10 to 40 and 0 to 20%, respectively. Drug release was measured in 0.1 N HCl and phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The water uptake and swelling kinetics, mechanical properties and TEC leaching of/from coated pellets and/or thin, free films of identical composition as the film coatings were monitored. The following unusual tendencies were observed: (i) the relative drug release rate from coated pellets increased with increasing initial drug content, and (ii) drug release from pellets was much faster for metoprolol free base compared to metoprolol tartrate, despite its much lower solubility (factor >70). These phenomena could be explained by plasticizing effects of the drug for the polymeric film coatings. In particular: 1) Metoprolol free base is a much more potent plasticizer for Eudragit RS than the tartrate, leading to higher film permeability and overcompensating the pronounced differences in drug solubility. Also, Raman imaging revealed that substantial amounts of the free base migrated into the film coatings, whereas this was not the case for the tartrate. 2) The plasticizing effects of the drug for the film coating overcompensated potential increasing limited solubility effects when increasing the initial drug loading from 10 to 40%. In summary, this study clearly demonstrates how important the plasticization of polymeric controlled release film coatings by drugs can be, leading to unexpected formulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Karrout
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Youcef Benzine
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Paccou
- Univ. Lille, USTL UMET UMR CNRS 8207, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Yannick Guinet
- Univ. Lille, USTL UMET UMR CNRS 8207, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Alain Hedoux
- Univ. Lille, USTL UMET UMR CNRS 8207, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Korasa K, Vrečer F. Overview of PAT process analysers applicable in monitoring of film coating unit operations for manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:278-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li M, Sander S, Duan J, Rosencrance S, Miksinski SP, Yu L, Seo P, Rege B. Scientific and Regulatory Considerations in Solid Oral Modified Release Drug Product Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1406-1417. [PMID: 27650190 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review presents scientific and regulatory considerations for the development of solid oral modified release (MR) drug products. It includes a rationale for patient-focused development based on Quality-by-Design (QbD) principles. Product and process understanding of MR products includes identification and risk-based evaluation of critical material attributes (CMAs), critical process parameters (CPPs), and their impact on critical quality attributes (CQAs) that affect the clinical performance. The use of various biopharmaceutics tools that link the CQAs to a predictable and reproducible clinical performance for patient benefit is emphasized. Product and process understanding lead to a more comprehensive control strategy that can maintain product quality through the shelf life and the lifecycle of the drug product. The overall goal is to develop MR products that consistently meet the clinical objectives while mitigating the risks to patients by reducing the probability and increasing the detectability of CQA failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sanna Sander
- Division of Modified Release Products, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - John Duan
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Susan Rosencrance
- Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Pope Miksinski
- Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Yu
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Paul Seo
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bhagwant Rege
- Division of Modified Release Products, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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15
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Importance of air bubbles in the core of coated pellets: Synchrotron X-ray microtomography allows for new insights. J Control Release 2016; 237:125-37. [PMID: 27374626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution X-ray microtomography was used to get deeper insight into the underlying mass transport mechanisms controlling drug release from coated pellets. Sugar starter cores were layered with propranolol HCl and subsequently coated with Kollicoat SR, plasticized with 10% TEC. Importantly, synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (SR-μCT) allowed direct, non-invasive monitoring of crack formation in the film coatings upon exposure to the release medium. Propranolol HCl, as well as very small sugar particles from the pellets' core, were expulsed through these cracks into the surrounding bulk fluid. Interestingly, SR-μCT also revealed the existence of numerous tiny, air-filled pores (varying in size and shape) in the pellet cores before exposure to the release medium. Upon water penetration into the system, the contents of the pellet cores became semi-solid/liquid. Consequently, the air-pockets became mobile and fused together. They steadily increased in size (and decreased in number). Importantly, "big" air bubbles were often located in close vicinity of a crack within the film coating. Thus, they play a potentially crucial role for the control of drug release from coated pellets.
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16
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Akhgari A, Tavakol A. Prediction of Optimum Combination of Eudragit RS/Eudragit RL/Ethyl Cellulose Polymeric Free Films Based on Experimental Design for Using as a Coating System for Sustained Release Theophylline Pellets. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:219-25. [PMID: 27478784 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The physicochemical properties of free films made from different mixtures of sustained release polymers were investigated, and an optimum formulation coating on drug containing pellets, based on the study of free film was evaluated. METHODS In order to determine the effect of different variables on the permeability and swelling of films and procedure optimization, the experimental design was fulfilled based on the statistical method of a 3(3) full factorial design, and according to this method 27 formulations were prepared. The films were prepared using casting-solvent evaporation method. Water vapor permeability, the swelling and permeability of free films in both acidic and buffer media, were carried out. Then, the pellets containing theophylline were coated with the optimum formulation. RESULTS The results of this study demonstrated that an increase in the free film thickness and Eurdragit RS ratio in films lowered the water vapor transmission (WVT), the swelling and the permeability of all formulations, while an increase in the quantity of ethylcellulose, up to a specific ratio (approximately 40%), decreased the permeability and swelling. The most optimum free film formulation was made up of 60% Eudragit RS and 40% ethylcellulose. CONCLUSION Pellets coated with a 10% coating level of ethylcellulose and Eudragit RS (4:6) showed suitable release properties and could serve as a favorable sustained release system for theophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Akhgari
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Tavakol
- Nanotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Early detection of germinated wheat grains using terahertz image and chemometrics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21299. [PMID: 26892180 PMCID: PMC4759576 DOI: 10.1038/srep21299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a feasible tool that uses a terahertz (THz) imaging system for identifying wheat grains at different stages of germination. The THz spectra of the main changed components of wheat grains, maltose and starch, which were obtained by THz time spectroscopy, were distinctly different. Used for original data compression and feature extraction, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the changes that occurred in the inner chemical structure during germination. Two thresholds, one indicating the start of the release of α-amylase and the second when it reaches the steady state, were obtained through the first five score images. Thus, the first five PCs were input for the partial least-squares regression (PLSR), least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), and back-propagation neural network (BPNN) models, which were used to classify seven different germination times between 0 and 48 h, with a prediction accuracy of 92.85%, 93.57%, and 90.71%, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the combination of THz imaging technology and chemometrics could be a new effective way to discriminate wheat grains at the early germination stage of approximately 6 h.
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Jiang D, Zeng J, Zhu Y, Zhou G, Deng W, Xu X, Yu J. Sustained-release of Cyclosporin A pellets: preparation, in vitro release, pharmacokinetic studies and in vitro–in vivo correlation in beagle dogs. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:1174-82. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1118492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Agrawal AM, Pandey P. Scale Up of Pan Coating Process Using Quality by Design Principles. J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Qi X, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wu Z. Tablets compressed with gastric floating pellets coated with acrylic resin for gastro retention and sustained release of famotidine: in-vitro and in-vivo study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:493-500. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to prepare a disintegrating gastric floating tablet composed of floating pellets coated with acrylic resin to prolong the gastric residence time and increase the oral bioavailability of famotidine.
Methods
The gastric floating pellets containing famotidine, stearyl alcohol and microcrystalline cellulose (1 : 10 : 1) were prepared by extrusion–spheronization process and coated with acrylic resin, then compressed into tablets with Avicel PH 301 pellets and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone. The coating weight, volume ratio of Eudragit RL30 D and RS30 D and solid content of coating fluid were optimized by Box–Behnken design.
Key findings
In 0.1 M HCl, tablets can immediately disintegrate into pellets which can remain floating and sustained drug releasing over 12 h. The AUC0-∞ of famotidine gastric floating pellets (7776.52 ± 1065.93 h ng/ml) administered into rats was significantly higher than that of marketed rapid release tablets Xingfading® (Xingyi, Shanghai, China) (4166.23 ± 312.43 h ng/ml), while the relative bioavailability was 187.01 ± 22.81%.
Conclusions
The experimental results indicated that the optimized formulation did offer a new gastro retention and sustained release approach to enhance the oral absorption of famotidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Qi
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Formulation Technologies, Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, China
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21
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Xu M, Liew CV, Heng PWS. Evaluation of the coat quality of sustained release pellets by individual pellet dissolution methodology. Int J Pharm 2014; 478:318-327. [PMID: 25435182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the application of 400-DS dissolution apparatus 7 for individual pellet dissolution methodology by a design of experiment approach and compared its capability with that of the USP dissolution apparatus 1 and 2 for differentiating the coat quality of sustained release pellets. Drug loaded pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization from powder blends comprising 50%, w/w metformin, 25%, w/w microcrystalline cellulose and 25%, w/w lactose, and then coated with ethyl cellulose to produce sustained release pellets with 8% and 10%, w/w coat weight gains. Various pellet properties were investigated, including cumulative drug release behaviours of ensemble and individual pellets. When USP dissolution apparatus 1 and 2 were used for drug release study of the sustained release pellets prepared, floating and clumping of pellets were observed and confounded the release profiles of the ensemble pellets. Hence, the release profiles obtained did not characterize the actual drug release from individual pellet and the applicability of USP dissolution apparatus 1 and 2 to evaluate the coat quality of sustained release pellets was limited. The cumulative release profile of individual pellet using the 400-DS dissolution apparatus 7 was found to be more precise at distinguishing differences in the applied coat quality. The dip speed and dip interval of the reciprocating holder were critical operational parameters of 400-DS dissolution apparatus 7 that affected the drug release rate of a sustained release pellet during the individual dissolution study. The individual dissolution methodology using the 400-DS dissolution apparatus 7 is a promising technique to evaluate the individual pellet coat quality without the influence of confounding factors such as pellet floating and clumping observed during drug release test with dissolution apparatus 1 and 2, as well as to facilitate the elucidation of the actual drug release mechanism conferred by the applied sustained release coat onto the pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
| | - Celine Valeria Liew
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore.
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Brahm A, Wilms A, Dietz RJB, Göbel T, Schell M, Notni G, Tünnermann A. Multichannel terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system at 1030 nm excitation wavelength. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:12982-12993. [PMID: 24921495 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.012982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present Terahertz (THz) imaging with a 1D multichannel time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system which operates with a photoconductive array of 15 detection channels excited by a 1030 nm femtosecond fiber laser. The emitter and detector are photoconductive antennas based on InGaAs/InAlAs multi-layer heterostructures (MLHS). We characterized the THz optics and the resolution of the system. The performance is demonstrated by the multichannel imaging of two samples. A simultaneous measurement of 15 THz pulses with a pixel pitch of 1 mm increases the measurement speed of the TDS system by factor 15.
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Huang Y, Yao Q, Zhu C, Zhang X, Qin L, Wang Q, Pan X, Wu C. Comparison of novel granulated pellet-containing tablets and traditional pellet-containing tablets by artificial neural networks. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:670-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.910809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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