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Inhibition of KCTD10 Affects Diabetic Retinopathy Progression by Reducing VEGF and Affecting Angiogenesis. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:4112307. [PMID: 36381427 PMCID: PMC9629933 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We purposed to evaluate the KCTD10 effects of angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods We induced a DR cell model using high glucose (HG) treatment of HRECs and ARPE-19 cells. A DR rat was established by injecting streptozotocin. Small interference RNA targeted KCTD10 (si-KCTD10) was used to mediate KCTD10 inhibition in cell and animal models. The roles of KCTD10 on cell viability, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and related proteins (VEGF and HIF-1α) were observed by RT-qPCR, Western blot, CCK-8 assay, TUNEL staining, tube formation assay, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry assay. Results KCTD10 expression was upregulated in DR cells and retinal tissue of DR rats. Treatment of the cells with si-KCTD10 increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis and angiogenesis in DR cells. Inhibition of KCTD10 could reduce the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α in DR cells. Furthermore, KCTD10 inhibition reduced VEGF levels in the retinal tissue of DR rats. Conclusion This work showed that inhibition of KCTD10 relieved angiogenesis in DR.
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Guerra MH, Yumnamcha T, Ebrahim AS, Berger EA, Singh LP, Ibrahim AS. Real-Time Monitoring the Effect of Cytopathic Hypoxia on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Barrier Functionality Using Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) Biosensor Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094568. [PMID: 33925448 PMCID: PMC8123793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE barrier integrity is a hallmark feature of various retinal blinding diseases, including diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration, but the underlying causes and pathophysiology are not completely well-defined. One of the most conserved phenomena in biology is the progressive decline in mitochondrial function with aging leading to cytopathic hypoxia, where cells are unable to use oxygen for energy production. Therefore, this study aimed to thoroughly investigate the role of cytopathic hypoxia in compromising the barrier functionality of RPE cells. We used Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) system to monitor precisely in real time the barrier integrity of RPE cell line (ARPE-19) after treatment with various concentrations of cytopathic hypoxia-inducing agent, Cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2). We further investigated how the resistance across ARPE-19 cells changes across three separate parameters: Rb (the electrical resistance between ARPE-19 cells), α (the resistance between the ARPE-19 and its substrate), and Cm (the capacitance of the ARPE-19 cell membrane). The viability of the ARPE-19 cells and mitochondrial bioenergetics were quantified with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and seahorse technology, respectively. ECIS measurement showed that CoCl2 reduced the total impedance of ARPE-19 cells in a dose dependent manner across all tested frequencies. Specifically, the ECIS program’s modelling demonstrated that CoCl2 affected Rb as it begins to drastically decrease earlier than α or Cm, although ARPE-19 cells’ viability was not compromised. Using seahorse technology, all three concentrations of CoCl2 significantly impaired basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respirations of ARPE-19 cells but did not affect proton leak and non-mitochondrial bioenergetic. Concordantly, the expression of a major paracellular tight junction protein (ZO-1) was reduced significantly with CoCl2-treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Our data demonstrate that the ARPE-19 cells have distinct dielectric properties in response to cytopathic hypoxia in which disruption of barrier integrity between ARPE-19 cells precedes any changes in cells’ viability, cell-substrate contacts, and cell membrane permeability. Such differences can be used in screening of selective agents that improve the assembly of RPE tight junction without compromising other RPE barrier parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Guerra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Gordon Scott Hall (room 7133), Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (A.-S.E.); (E.A.B.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Thangal Yumnamcha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Gordon Scott Hall (room 7133), Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (A.-S.E.); (E.A.B.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Abdul-Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Gordon Scott Hall (room 7133), Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (A.-S.E.); (E.A.B.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Gordon Scott Hall (room 7133), Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (A.-S.E.); (E.A.B.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Lalit Pukhrambam Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Gordon Scott Hall (room 7133), Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (A.-S.E.); (E.A.B.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Ahmed S. Ibrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Gordon Scott Hall (room 7133), Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (A.-S.E.); (E.A.B.); (L.P.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Gordon Scott Hall (room 7133), Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-313-577-7854 (Office) or +1-313-577-7864 (Lab)
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Hydrogen Sulfide: Novel Endogenous and Exogenous Modulator of Oxidative Stress in Retinal Degeneration Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092411. [PMID: 33919146 PMCID: PMC8122398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) damage can cause significant injury to cells, which is related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. This pathological process is considered to be the first step to trigger the death of outer retinal neurons, which is related to the pathology of retinal degenerative diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently received widespread attention as a physiological signal molecule and gas neuromodulator and plays an important role in regulating OS in eyes. In this article, we reviewed the OS responses and regulatory mechanisms of H2S and its donors as endogenous and exogenous regulators in retinal degenerative diseases. Understanding the relevant mechanisms will help to identify the therapeutic potential of H2S in retinal degenerative diseases.
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Zhou Y, Chen J, Li LH, Chen L. β-elemene down-regulates HIF-lα, VEGF and iNOS in human retinal pigment epithelial cells under high glucose conditions. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1887-1894. [PMID: 33344186 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.12.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects and mechanism of β-elemene on the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-lα), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under high glucose conditions. METHODS ARPE-19 cell line was cultured under eight conditions: 1) low glucose (LG; 5.5 mmol/L); 2) high glucose (HG; 33 mmol/L); 3) high glucose with 20 µg/mL β-elemene (HG+20E); 4) high glucose with 40 µg/mL β-elemene (HG+40E); 5) high glucose with SB203590 [HG+SB203590, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) pathway inhibitor]; 6) high glucose with LY294002 [HG+LY294002, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway inhibitor]; 7) high glucose with 40 µg/mL β-elemene and SB203590 (HG+40E+SB203590); and 8) high glucose with 40 µg/mL β-elemene and LY294002 (HG+40E+LY294002). Cells were treated in conditions 1-4 for 24 and 48h, while for 48h in conditions 5-8. Then mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1α, VEGF and iNOS in cells were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunofluorescence and Western blotting, respectively. Furthermore, protein levels of total p38-MAPK, phosphorylated p38-MAPK (p38-MAPK-P), total Akt and phosphorylated Akt (Akt-P) in cells of conditions 2 and 4 which treated for 48h were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS The mRNA levels and protein levels of HIF-1α, VEGF and iNOS in cells were significantly reduced in conditions 3-8 when compared with those in condition 2 (P<0.05). These reductions were more obvious in conditions treated for 48h than in conditions treated for 24h. The protein levels of p38-MAPK-P and Akt-P in cells of condition 4 were significantly lower than in condition 2 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION β-elemene down-regulates HIF-1α, VEGF and iNOS in ARPE-19 cells under a high glucose condition. The inhibitory effect of β-elemene is more significant when its concentration and treatment time are increased, as well as it is combined with SB203590 or LY294002 treatment. P38-MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways may play a role in this inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Hua Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Liu X, Pan G. Roles of Drug Transporters in Blood-Retinal Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:467-504. [PMID: 31571172 PMCID: PMC7120327 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) includes inner BRB (iBRB) and outer BRB (oBRB), which are formed by retinal capillary endothelial (RCEC) cells and by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in collaboration with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris, respectively. Functions of the BRB are to regulate fluids and molecular movement between the ocular vascular beds and retinal tissues and to prevent leakage of macromolecules and other potentially harmful agents into the retina, keeping the microenvironment of the retina and retinal neurons. These functions are mainly attributed to absent fenestrations of RCECs, tight junctions, expression of a great diversity of transporters, and coverage of pericytes and glial cells. BRB existence also becomes a reason that systemic administration for some drugs is not suitable for the treatment of retinal diseases. Some diseases (such as diabetes and ischemia-reperfusion) impair BRB function via altering tight junctions, RCEC death, and transporter expression. This chapter will illustrate function of BRB, expressions and functions of these transporters, and their clinical significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, Shanghai China
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6
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Up-regulation of P-gp via NF-κB activation confers protection against oxidative damage in the retinal pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 181:367-373. [PMID: 30496729 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells has been associated with the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration in relation to increased oxidative stress, subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1), is an active efflux pump involved in cell homeostasis and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) shows potential involvement in P-gp regulation due to its binding to the promoter domains of MDR1 gene. This study sought to determine the role of P-gp expression regulated by NF-κB in RPE cells during oxidative stress. The human RPE D407 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 h. The small-interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was used to down-regulate P-gp and NF-κB, and the expressions of P-gp and NF-κB p65 were determined by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. The activity of NF-κB was detected by luciferase reporter assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death rate were detected by flow cytometry. We found that H2O2 exposure caused increasing rate of cell death and induced an elevated expression of P-gp as well as NF-κB activation and nucleus translocation in D407 cells. Inhibiting or silencing NF-κB led to a decrease in the oxidative-induced expression of P-gp. Down-regulation of P-gp by siRNA transfection further impaired the mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death rate in oxidative cells. Moreover, inhibition/knockdown of NF-κB decreased the high rate of cell death caused by H2O2. In conclusion, P-gp can provide moderate cytoprotection for the human RPE cells by ameliorating the mitochondrial dysfunction and NF-κB activation may be a potential regulator of P-gp expression response to oxidative stress.
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7
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Chi H, Gu Y, Xu T, Cao F. Multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles and nanosheets based on chitosan derivative and layered double hydroxide: cellular uptake mechanism and application for topical ocular drug delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1607-1620. [PMID: 28280329 PMCID: PMC5339005 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s129311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the cellular uptake mechanism of multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles and nanosheets, new chitosan-glutathione-valine-valine-layered double hydroxide (CG-VV-LDH) nanosheets with active targeting to peptide transporter-1 (PepT-1) were prepared, characterized and further compared with CG-VV-LDH nanoparticles. Both organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles and nanosheets showed a sustained release in vitro and prolonged precorneal retention time in vivo, but CG-VV-LDH nanoparticles showed superior permeability in the isolated cornea of rabbits than CG-VV-LDH nanosheets. Furthermore, results of cellular uptake on human corneal epithelial primary cells (HCEpiC) and retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells indicated that both clathrin-mediated endocytosis and active transport of PepT-1 are involved in the internalization of CG-VV-LDH nanoparticles and CG-VV-LDH nanosheets. In summary, the CG-VV-LDH nanoparticle may be a promising carrier as a topical ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of ocular diseases of mid-posterior segments, while the CG-VV-LDH nanosheet may be suitable for the treatment of ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Chi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research Co., Ltd., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing
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8
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Pelkonen L, Sato K, Reinisalo M, Kidron H, Tachikawa M, Watanabe M, Uchida Y, Urtti A, Terasaki T. LC–MS/MS Based Quantitation of ABC and SLC Transporter Proteins in Plasma Membranes of Cultured Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells and Immortalized ARPE19 Cell Line. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:605-613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelkonen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Watanabe
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Arto Urtti
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Centre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Del Amo EM, Rimpelä AK, Heikkinen E, Kari OK, Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Schmitt M, Pelkonen L, Bhattacharya M, Richardson D, Subrizi A, Turunen T, Reinisalo M, Itkonen J, Toropainen E, Casteleijn M, Kidron H, Antopolsky M, Vellonen KS, Ruponen M, Urtti A. Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 57:134-185. [PMID: 28028001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology, because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or blindness. Currently, intravitreal injections are the method of choice to administer drugs to the retina, but this approach is applicable only in selected cases (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble receptors). There are two basic approaches that can be adopted to improve retinal drug delivery: prolonged and/or retina targeted delivery of intravitreal drugs and use of other routes of drug administration, such as periocular, suprachoroidal, sub-retinal, systemic, or topical. Properties of the administration route, drug and delivery system determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors determine the required dosing rates and doses that are needed for drug action. In addition, tolerability factors limit the use of many materials in ocular drug delivery. This review article provides a critical discussion of retinal drug delivery, particularly from the pharmacokinetic point of view. This article does not include an extensive review of drug delivery technologies, because they have already been reviewed several times recently. Instead, we aim to provide a systematic and quantitative view on the pharmacokinetic factors in drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. This review is based on the literature and unpublished data from the authors' laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Otto K Kari
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Ramsay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mechthild Schmitt
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Pelkonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique Richardson
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Turunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Itkonen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marco Casteleijn
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Antopolsky
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Dormant cancer cells accumulate high protoporphyrin IX levels and are sensitive to 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36478. [PMID: 27857072 PMCID: PMC5114660 DOI: 10.1038/srep36478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and diagnosis (PDD) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to drive the production of an intracellular photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), are in common clinical use. However, the tendency to accumulate PpIX is not well understood. Patients with cancer can develop recurrent metastatic disease with latency periods. This pause can be explained by cancer dormancy. Here we created uniformly sized PC-3 prostate cancer spheroids using a 3D culture plate (EZSPHERE). We demonstrated that cancer cells exhibited dormancy in a cell density-dependent manner not only in spheroids but also in 2D culture. Dormant cancer cells accumulated high PpIX levels and were sensitive to ALA-PDT. In dormant cancer cells, transporter expressions of PEPT1, ALA importer, and ABCB6, an intermediate porphyrin transporter, were upregulated and that of ABCG2, a PpIX exporter, was downregulated. PpIX accumulation and ALA-PDT cytotoxicity were enhanced by G0/G1-phase arrestors in non-dormant cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that ALA-PDT would be an effective approach for dormant cancer cells and can be enhanced by combining with a cell-growth inhibitor.
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Nanotherapy for posterior eye diseases. J Control Release 2014; 193:100-12. [PMID: 24862316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that more than 50% of the most enfeebling ocular diseases have their origin in the posterior segment. Furthermore, most of these diseases lead to partial or complete blindness, if left untreated. After cancer, blindness is the second most dreaded disease world over. However, treatment of posterior eye diseases is more challenging than the anterior segment ailments due to a series of anatomical barriers and physiological constraints confronted for delivery to this segment. In this regard, nanostructured drug delivery systems are proposed to defy ocular barriers, target retina, and act as permeation enhancers in addition to providing a controlled release. Since an important step towards developing effective treatment strategies is to understand the course or a route a drug molecule needs to follow to reach the target site, the first part of the present review discusses various pathways available for effective delivery to and clearance from the posterior eye. Promise held by nanocarrier systems, viz. liposomes, nanoparticles, and nanoemulsion, for effective delivery and selective targeting is also discussed with illustrative examples, tables, and flowcharts. However, the applicability of these nanocarrier systems as self-administration ocular drops is still an unrealized dream which is in itself a huge technological challenge.
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Ritonavir inhibits HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Eye (Lond) 2013; 28:93-101. [PMID: 24202050 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal hypoxia-mediated activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF pathway) leading to angiogenesis is a major signaling mechanism underlying a number of sight-threatening diseases. Inhibiting this signaling mechanism with an already approved therapeutic molecule may have promising anti-angiogenic role with fewer side effects. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to examine the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in human retinal pigment epithelial cells treated with ritonavir under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. METHODS ARPE-19 and D407 cells were cultured in normoxic or hypoxic conditions, alone or in the presence of ritonavir. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot analysis, sandwich ELISA, endothelial cell proliferation, and cytotoxicity were performed. RESULTS A 12-h hypoxic exposure resulted in elevated mRNA expression levels of both HIF-1α and VEGF in ARPE-19 and D407 cells. Hence, this time point was selected for subsequent experiments. Presence of ritonavir in the culture medium strongly inhibited VEGF expression in a concentration-dependent manner under hypoxic conditions. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated a substantially reduced protein expression of HIF-1α in the presence of ritonavir. Further, hypoxic exposure-induced VEGF secretion was also inhibited by ritonavir, as demonstrated using ELISA. Finally, ritonavir significantly diminished the proliferation of choroid-retinal endothelial (RF/6A) cells demonstrating potential anti-angiogenic activity. Cytotoxicity studies showed that ritonavir is non-toxic to RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that ritonavir can inhibit HIF-1α and VEGF in ARPE-19 and D407 cells. Such inhibition may form a platform for application of ritonavir in the treatment of various ocular diseases.
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