1
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergen immunotherapy is the only recognized causal treatment for allergic disease that modulates the immune system toward a tolerogenic or desensitized state. Allergens or their derivative preparations are formulated with adjuvants of different origin and having diverse immunological functions, such as prolonged tissue release and specific immunomodulatory properties. In the last 2 decades, thanks to developments in the field of nanotechnology, more biosafe nanoscale materials have become available for use as pharmaceutical adjuvants in medical research. RECENT FINDINGS Nanomaterials possess unique and versatile properties which can be employed to develop drug carriers with safer profiles, better stability in physiological conditions and immunomodulatory properties. Nanoparticles can have an adjuvant effect per se or also when they are packed in structures whose physical-chemical properties can be handled in a way that also influences its release dynamics. In particular, it has been suggested that nanoparticle preparations can be put in complexes or loaded with allergens or allergenic extracts, opening the way to innovative paradigms. SUMMARY In this review, we analyze allergen/nanoparticle properties in terms of cytotoxicity, stability and immunogenic reaction in in-vitro and animal systems.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mayorga C, Perez‐Inestrosa E, Rojo J, Ferrer M, Montañez MI. Role of nanostructures in allergy: Diagnostics, treatments and safety. Allergy 2021; 76:3292-3306. [PMID: 33559903 DOI: 10.1111/all.14764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1-100 nm. It has led to the development of nanomaterials, which behave very differently from materials with larger scales and can have a wide range of applications in biomedicine. The physical and chemical properties of materials of such small compounds depend mainly on the size, shape, composition and functionalization of the system. Nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, polymers, dendrimers and nanogels, among others, can be nanoengineeried for controlling all parameters, including their functionalization with ligands, which provide the desired interaction with the immunological system, that is dendritic cell receptors to activate and/or modulate the response, as well as specific IgE, or effector cell receptors. However, undesired issues related to toxicity and hypersensitivity responses can also happen and would need evaluation. There are wide panels of accessible structures, and controlling their physico-chemical properties would permit obtaining safer and more efficient compounds for clinical applications goals, either in diagnosis or treatment. The application of dendrimeric antigens, nanoallergens and nanoparticles in allergy diagnosis is very promising since it can improve sensitivity by increasing specific IgE binding, mimicking carrier proteins or enhancing signal detection. Additionally, in the case of immunotherapy, glycodendrimers, liposomes, polymers and nanoparticles have shown interest, behaving as platforms of allergenic structures, adjuvants or protectors of allergen from degradation or having a depot capacity. Taken together, the application of nanotechnology to allergy shows promising facts facing important goals related to the improvement of diagnosis as well as specific immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONAND Málaga Spain
| | - Ezequiel Perez‐Inestrosa
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONAND Málaga Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, and the Biomimetic Dendrimers and Photonic Laboratory Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAUniversidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)CSIC—Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Marta Ferrer
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Clínica Universidad de NavarraInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Montañez
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONAND Málaga Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pali-Schöll I, DeBoer DJ, Alessandri C, Seida AA, Mueller RS, Jensen-Jarolim E. Formulations for Allergen Immunotherapy in Human and Veterinary Patients: New Candidates on the Horizon. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1697. [PMID: 32849594 PMCID: PMC7417425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is currently the only causal treatment for allergic diseases in human beings and animals. It aims to re-direct the immune system into a tolerogenic or desensitized state. Requirements include clinical efficacy, safety, and schedules optimizing patient or owner compliance. To achieve these goals, specific allergens can be formulated with adjuvants that prolong tissue deposition and support uptake by antigen presenting cells, and/or provide a beneficial immunomodulatory action. Here, we depict adjuvant formulations being investigated for human and veterinary allergen immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Pali-Schöll
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas J DeBoer
- Dermatology/Allergy Section, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ahmed Adel Seida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mitarotonda R, Giorgi E, Desimone MF, De Marzi MC. Nanoparticles and Immune Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3960-3982. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190926161209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have gained ground in several fields. However, it is important to consider their potentially
hazardous effects on humans, flora, and fauna. Human exposure to nanomaterials can occur unintentionally
in daily life or in industrial settings, and the continuous exposure of the biological components (cells, receptors,
proteins, etc.) of the immune system to these particles can trigger an unwanted immune response (activation or
suppression). Here, we present different studies that have been carried out to evaluate the response of immune
cells in the presence of nanoparticles and their possible applications in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mitarotonda
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Instituto de Ecologia y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) UNLu-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Exequiel Giorgi
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Instituto de Ecologia y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) UNLu-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín F. Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Quimica y Metabolismo del Farmaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio C. De Marzi
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Instituto de Ecologia y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) UNLu-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ciprandi G, Puccinelli P, Incorvaia C, Masieri S. Parietaria Allergy: An Intriguing Challenge for the Allergist. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2018; 54:E106. [PMID: 30544607 PMCID: PMC6306946 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parietaria pollen is the most important cause of pollen allergies in the Mediterranean area, as Parietaria is widespread in this region. Many issues are associated with Parietaria allergy, including the duration of the pollen season (many doctors in fact believe that it lasts throughout the year), pollen load (which seems to be increasing over time), the impact of age (on IgE production and symptom severity), inflammatory changes (after pollen exposure), and the choice of allergen immunotherapy (AIT). In addition, molecular diagnostics allows for the defining of a correct diagnosis, differentiating between mere sensitization and true allergy. This review considers these topics and will hopefully help the allergist in clinical practice. Parietaria allergy is an intriguing challenge for the allergist in clinical practice, but it may be adequately managed by knowing the peculiarities of respective territories and the clinical characteristics of each patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Puccinelli
- Scientific, Pharmacovigilance and Regulatory Department Stallergenes-Greer, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Simonetta Masieri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pohlit H, Bellinghausen I, Frey H, Saloga J. Recent advances in the use of nanoparticles for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergy 2017; 72:1461-1474. [PMID: 28474379 DOI: 10.1111/all.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients suffering from allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis has increased dramatically within the last decades. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only available cause-oriented therapy so far. AIT reduces symptoms, but has also a disease-modifying effect. Disadvantages are a long-lasting procedure, and in a few cases potential systemic adverse reactions. Encapsulation of allergens or DNA vaccines into nanostructures may provide advantages compared to the conventional AIT with noncapsulated allergen extracts: The protein/DNA molecule can be protected from degradation, higher local concentrations and targeted delivery to the site of action appear possible, and most importantly, recognition of encapsulated allergen by the immune system, especially by IgE antibodies, is prevented. AIT with nanoparticles (NPs) may offer a safer and potentially more efficient way of treatment for allergic diseases. In this review, we summarize the use of biodegradable NPs consisting of synthetic or natural polymers, liposomes, and virus-like particles as well as nonbiodegradable NPs like dendrimers, and carbon- or metal-based NPs for AIT. More or less successful applications of these NPs in prophylactic as well as therapeutic vaccination approaches in rodents or other animals as well as first human clinical trials are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Pohlit
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - I. Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - H. Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Saloga
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy was introduced in clinical settings more than 100 years ago. It remains the only curative approach to treating allergic disorders that ameliorates symptoms, reduces medication costs, and blocks the onset of new sensitizations. Despite this clinical evidence and knowledge of some immunological mechanisms, there remain some open questions regarding the safety and efficacy of this treatment. This suggests the need for novel therapeutic approaches that attempt to reduce the dose and frequency of treatment administration, improving patient compliance, and reducing costs. In this context, the use of novel adjuvants has been proposed and, in recent years, biomedical applications using nanoparticles have been exploited in the attempt to find formulations with improved stability, bioavailability, favorable biodistribution profiles, and the capability of targeting specific cell populations. In this article, we review some of the most relevant regulatory aspects and challenges concerning nanoparticle-based formulations with immunomodulatory potential, their related immunosafety issues, and the nature of the nanoparticles most widely employed in the allergy field. Furthermore, we report in vitro and in vivo data published using allergen/nanoparticle systems, discuss their impact on the immune system in terms of immunomodulatory activity and the reduction of side effects, and show that this strategy is a novel and promising tool for the development of allergy vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Di Felice
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barletta B, Butteroni C, Bonura A, Bondi ML, Colombo P, Di Felice G. Dimerisation increases the immunogenicity of recombinant Parj1/Parj2 allergens. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 28:142-5. [PMID: 25816419 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015573920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified recombinant Parj1 and Parj2 allergens bind an IgE repertoire common to the Parietaria species, allowing their use as marker molecules for diagnosis and therapy of allergic disease induced by the Urticaceae family. Preclinical studies on the in vivo immunogenicity of recombinant Parj1, Parj2 and their isoforms indicated differential capacity to induce IgG1 antibody responses, as indication of potential clinical use. A recombinant hetero-dimeric hybrid derivative (PjED), encompassing the shorter Parj1 isoform (Parj1.0201) and Parj2 allergen, was characterised. In vivo immunisation with PjED induces IgG1 antibodies capable of binding all the isoforms of Parietaria major allergens, overcoming the poor immunogenicity of single monomeric allergens. This feature makes PjED a promising candidate molecule to be further characterised for clinical applications in the treatment of Parietaria allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Barletta
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Butteroni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Bonura
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - M L Bondi
- Institute for Studies of Nanostructured Materials-U.O.S. Palermo, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - P Colombo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Di Felice
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Klimek L, Schmidt-Weber CB, Kramer MF, Skinner MA, Heath MD. Clinical use of adjuvants in allergen-immunotherapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:599-610. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1292133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
One key approach to increase the efficacy and the safety of immunotherapy is the use of adjuvants. However, many of the adjuvants currently in use can cause adverse events, raising concerns regarding their clinical use, and are geared toward productive immune responses but not necessarily tolerogenic responses. Thus, novel adjuvants for immunotherapy are needed and are being developed. Essential is their potential to boost appropriate tolerogenic adaptive immune responses to allergens while limiting side effects. This review provides an overview of adjuvants currently in clinical use or under development and discusses their therapeutic effect in enhancing allergen-induced tolerance.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sardo C, Craparo EF, Porsio B, Giammona G, Cavallaro G. Improvements in Rational Design Strategies of Inulin Derivative Polycation for siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2352-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sardo
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Emanuela Fabiola Craparo
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Barbara Porsio
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Radauer-Preiml I, Andosch A, Hawranek T, Luetz-Meindl U, Wiederstein M, Horejs-Hoeck J, Himly M, Boyles M, Duschl A. Nanoparticle-allergen interactions mediate human allergic responses: protein corona characterization and cellular responses. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:3. [PMID: 26772182 PMCID: PMC4715273 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) interact with different biomolecules as soon as they are in contact, resulting in the formation of a biomolecule ‘corona’. Hence, the ‘corona’ defines the biological identity of the ENMs and could affect the response of the immune system to ENM exposure. With up to 40 % of the world population suffering from type I allergy, a possible modulation of allergen effects by binding to ENMs is highly relevant with respect to work place and consumer safety. Therefore, the aim of this present study was to gain an insight into the interactions of gold nanoparticles with different seasonally and perennially occurring outdoor and indoor allergens. Methods Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were conjugated with the major allergens of birch pollen (Bet v 1), timothy grass pollen (Phl p 5) and house dust mite (Der p 1). The AuNP-allergen conjugates were characterized by means of TEM negative staining, dynamic light scattering (DLS), z-potential measurements and hyperspectral imaging. Furthermore, 3D models were constructed, based on the characterization data, to visualize the interaction between the allergens and the AuNPs surface. Differences in the activation of human basophil cells derived from birch/grass pollen- and house dust mite-allergic patients in response to free allergen and AuNP-allergen conjugates were determined using the basophil activation assay (BAT). Potential allergen corona replacement during BAT was controlled for using Western blotting. The protease activity of AuNP-Der p 1 conjugates compared to free Der p 1 was assessed, by an enzymatic activity assay and a cellular assay pertaining to lung type II alveolar epithelial cell tight junction integrity. Results The formation of a stable corona was found for all three allergens used. Our data suggest, that depending on the allergen, different effects are observed after binding to ENMs, including enhanced allergic responses against Der p 1 and also, for some patients, against Bet v 1. Moreover elevated protease activity of AuNP-Der p 1 conjugates compared to free Der p 1 was found. Conclusion In summary, this study presents that conjugation of allergens to ENMs can modulate the human allergic response, and that protease activity can be increased. Cross-linking of IgE receptors and degranulation of human basophils due to epitope alignment of nanoparticle-coated allergens. ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0113-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Radauer-Preiml
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ancuela Andosch
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Thomas Hawranek
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ursula Luetz-Meindl
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Wiederstein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cappelli A, Paolino M, Grisci G, Razzano V, Giuliani G, Donati A, Bonechi C, Mendichi R, Battiato S, Samperi F, Scialabba C, Giammona G, Makovec F, Licciardi M. Hyaluronan-coated polybenzofulvene brushes as biomimetic materials. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01644h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A polybenzofulvene brush was enveloped by means of nona(ethylene glycol) arms into hyaluronan shells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pohlit H, Bellinghausen I, Schömer M, Heydenreich B, Saloga J, Frey H. Biodegradable pH-Sensitive Poly(ethylene glycol) Nanocarriers for Allergen Encapsulation and Controlled Release. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3103-11. [PMID: 26324124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of allergic patients has increased dramatically. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only available cause-oriented therapy so far. SIT reduces the allergic symptoms, but also exhibits some disadvantages; that is, it is a long-lasting procedure and severe side effects like anaphylactic shock can occur. In this work, we introduce a method to encapsulate allergens into nanoparticles to avoid severe side effects during SIT. Degradable nanocarriers combine the advantage of providing a physical barrier between the encapsulated cargo and the biological environment as well as responding to certain local stimuli (like pH) to release their cargo. This work introduces a facile strategy for the synthesis of acid-labile poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-macromonomers that degrade at pH 5 (physiological pH inside the endolysosome) and can be used for nanocarrier synthesis. The difunctional, water-soluble PEG dimethacrylate (PEG-acetal-DMA) macromonomers with cleavable acetal units were analyzed with 1H NMR, SEC, and MALDI-ToF-MS. Both the allergen and the macromonomers were entrapped inside liposomes as templates, which were produced by dual centrifugation (DAC). Radical polymerization of the methacrylate units inside the liposomes generated allergen-loaded PEG nanocarriers. In vitro studies demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) internalize the protein-loaded, nontoxic PEG-nanocarriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate by cellular antigen stimulation tests that the nanocarriers effectively shield the allergen cargo from detection by immunoglobulins on the surface of basophilic leucocytes. Uptake of nanocarriers into DCs does not lead to cell maturation; however, the internalized allergen was capable to induce T cell immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pohlit
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Schömer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bärbel Heydenreich
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cappelli A, Grisci G, Paolino M, Razzano V, Giuliani G, Donati A, Bonechi C, Mendichi R, Boccia AC, Licciardi M, Scialabba C, Giammona G, Vomero S. Polybenzofulvene derivatives bearing dynamic binding sites as potential anticancer drug delivery systems. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:361-374. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01268b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A polybenzofulvene brush is functionalized with a synthetic receptor capable of interacting with doxorubicin.
Collapse
|