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Antifungal Combination Eye Drops for Fungal Keratitis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010035. [PMID: 36678663 PMCID: PMC9866460 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a corneal mycotic infection that can lead to vision loss. Furthermore, the severity of FK is aggravated by the emergence of resistant fungal species. There is currently only one FDA-approved formulation for FK treatment forcing hospital pharmacy departments to reformulate intravenous drug preparations with unknown ocular bioavailability and toxicity. In the present study, natamycin/voriconazole formulations were developed and characterized to improve natamycin solubility, permanence, and safety. The solubility of natamycin was studied in the presence of two cyclodextrins: HPβCD and HPγCD. The HPβCD was chosen based on the solubility results. Natamycin/cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complexes characterization and a competition study between natamycin and voriconazole were conducted by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Based on these results, several eye drops with different polymer compositions were developed and subsequently characterized. Permeability studies suggested that the formulations improved the passage of natamycin through the cornea compared to the commercial formulation Natacyn®. The ocular safety of the formulations was determined by BCOP and HET-CAM. The antifungal activity assay demonstrated the ability of our formulations to inhibit the in vitro growth of different fungal species. All these results concluded that the formulations developed in the present study could significantly improve the treatment of FK.
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Jansook P, Hnin HM, Praphanwittaya P, Loftsson T, Stefansson E. Effect of salt formation on γ-cyclodextrin solubilization of irbesartan and candesartan and the chemical stability of their ternary complexes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Soe HMSH, Sripetch S, Loftsson T, Stefánsson E, Jansook P. Effect of Soluplus ® on γ-cyclodextrin solubilization of irbesartan and candesartan and their nanoaggregates formation. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 27:9-18. [PMID: 34895036 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.2017968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The poor aqueous solubility of irbesartan (IRB) and candesartan cilexetil (CAC) may hamper their bioavailability when orally or topically administered. Among several attempts, the promising nanoaggregate formation by γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) complexation of drugs in aqueous solution with or without water-soluble polymers was investigated. According to phase solubility studies, Soluplus® showed the highest complexation efficiency (CE) of drug/γCD complexes among the polymers tested. The aqueous solubility of IRB and CAC was markedly increased as a function of Soluplus® concentrations. The binary drug/γCD and ternary drug/γCD/Soluplus® complex formations were supported and confirmed by solid-state characterizations, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The true inclusion mode was also proved by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The nanoaggregate size and morphology of binary and ternary systems were observed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The size of these nanocarriers depends on the concentration of Soluplus®. The use of Soluplus® could significantly enhance drug solubility and stabilize complex nanoaggregates, which could be a prospective platform for drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suppakan Sripetch
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Einar Stefánsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, National University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lorenzo‐Soler L, Olafsdottir OB, Garhöfer G, Jansook P, Kristinsdottir IM, Tan A, Loftsson T, Stefansson E. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in cyclodextrin nanoparticle eye drops: Ocular pharmacokinetics and pharmacologic effect on intraocular pressure. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:376-382. [PMID: 33191620 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Orally administered angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) decrease intraocular pressure (IOP). Topical administration may reduce systemic side effects and result in a useful glaucoma drug. The aim of this study is to test the ocular delivery and pharmacologic effect of nanoparticle eye drops containing ARBs (e.g. irbesartan and candesartan). METHODS 1.5% irbesartan and 0.15% candesartan eye drops were applied to rabbits. The pharmacokinetics in cornea and aqueous humour after single eye drop application were studied in 49 rabbits. The effect of the eye drops on IOP was studied in 10 rabbits using an iCare (® TonoVet Plus, iCare, Finland) tonometer and compared with 0.5% timolol eye drops. RESULTS Candesartan lowered IOP from 24.6 ± 5.1 mmHg at baseline to 19.0 ± 2.9 mmHg (mean ± SD, p = 0.030, n = 10) 4 hr after application. Irbesartan lowered IOP from 24.2 ± 1.7 mmHg to 20.2 ± 0.9 mmHg (p = 0.14, n = 10). Timolol decreased the IOP from 24.9 ± 4.2 mmHg to 20.4 ± 4.8 mmHg (mean ± SD, p = 0.036, n = 10). The pharmacokinetics data show that both formulations deliver effective amounts of drug into the intraocular tissues, with irbesartan and candesartan reaching concentrations of 121 ± 69 and 30.43 ± 13.93 ng/g (mean ± SD), respectively, in the aqueous humour 3 hr after a single-dose administration. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of irbesartan and candesartan eye drops delivers effective drug concentrations to the anterior segment of the eye in rabbits, achieving drug concentrations 100 times above the IC50 for angiotensin II receptor and showing an IOP-lowering effect. Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) eye drops have potential as a new class of glaucoma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olof Birna Olafsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavík Iceland
- Oculis ehf. Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Einar Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavík Iceland
- Oculis ehf. Reykjavík Iceland
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Zhou X, Li X, Xu J, Cheng Y, Cao F. Latanoprost-loaded cyclodextrin microaggregate suspension eye drops for enhanced bioavailability and stability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 160:105758. [PMID: 33588044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The bioavailability of conventional eye drops is very low due to different physiological barriers. Commercial latanoprost (LAT) eye drops (Xalatan®) need to be refrigerated and protected from light. The purpose of this study was to develop novel LAT eye drops to improve ocular bioavailability and stability. METHODS Ophthalmic suspension containing LAT/γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) aggregates was designed and the preparation process was sufficiently studied. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, osmolality, particle size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release study. In vitro permeability study using Human Corneal Epithelial Cells and in vivo studies on rabbits were also performed. RESULTS LAT/γCD aggregates were formed and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. LAT/γCD eye drops showed obvious sustained release profiles and were more stable than Xalatan®. In vitro corneal permeation study indicated LAT/γCD eye drops had no significant cytotoxicity and had higher cell permeability. In vivo precorneal retention study showed AUC0-6 h, Cmax, and mean residence time (MRT) of LAT/γCD eye drops were 3.98, 2.12, and 2.07 times higher than those of Xalatan®, respectively. In vivo ocular distribution study revealed that AUC0-24 h, Cmax, and MRT for latanoprost acid in aqueous humor exhibited 2.60-fold, 1.36-fold, and 1.99-fold increase in LAT/γCD eye drops group than those of Xalatan® group, respectively. CONCLUSION Cyclodextrin microaggregate suspension eye drops represent a potential strategy for enhanced bioavailability and stability of LAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiangmin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanju Cheng
- Department of Biologics R&D Center, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., No. 1099 Fuying Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211122, China.
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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6
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Leonis G, Christodoulou E, Ntountaniotis D, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Mavromoustakos T, Naziris N, Chountoulesi M, Demetzos C, Valsami G, Damalas DE, Tzakos AG, Thomaidis NS, Karageorgos V, Liapakis G. Antihypertensive activity and molecular interactions of irbesartan in complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:668-683. [PMID: 32691965 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Irbesartan (IRB) exerts beneficial effects either alone or in combination with other drugs on numerous diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. However, due to its high lipophilicity, IRB does not possess the optimum pharmacological efficiency. To circumvent this problem, a drug delivery system with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD) was explored. The 1:1 complex between IRB and 2-HP-β-CD was identified through ESI QTF HRMS. Dissolution studies showed a higher dissolution rate of the lyophilized IRB-2-HP-β-CD complex than the tablet containing IRB at pH = 1.2. DSC results revealed the differences of the thermal properties between the complex and various mixtures consisting of the two components, namely IRB and 2-HP-β-CD. Interestingly, depending on the way the mixture preparation was conducted, different association between the two components was observed. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations predicted the favorable formation of the above complex and identified the dominant interactions between IRB and 2-HP-β-CD. In vitro pharmacological results verified that the inclusion complex not only preserves the binding affinity of IRB for AT1R receptor, but also it slightly increases it. As the complex formulation lacks the problems of the tablet, our approach is a promising new way to improve the efficiency of IRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Leonis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Eirini Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Ntountaniotis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria V Chatziathanasiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Naziris
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Chountoulesi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios E Damalas
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Vlasios Karageorgos
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Liapakis
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Praphanwittaya P, Jansook P, Loftsson T. Aqueous solubility of kinase inhibitors: III the effect of acidic counter ion on the dovitinib/γ-cyclodextrin complexation. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-020-01009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Prajapati M, Eiriksson FF, Loftsson T. Stability characterization, kinetics and mechanism of tacrolimus degradation in cyclodextrin solutions. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119579. [PMID: 32599134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus is a macrolide lactone and potent immunosuppressant. It is highly lipophilic and has very limited aqueous solubility. Tacrolimus is highly susceptible to hydrolysis which results in very limited stability in aqueous solutions. Besides this, tacrolimus also undergoes dehydration and epimerization. Cyclodextrin (CD) complexation can increase the solubility and stability of hydrophobic drugs in aqueous solutions through the formation of drug/CD complexes. The aim of this study was to investigate degradation kinetics, mechanism and stability of tacrolimus in aqueous CD solutions, with the ultimate goal of developing an aqueous vehicle for ophthalmic delivery. For this, phase-solubility and kinetic studies in aqueous solutions containing different CDs at different pH values were performed. Mass spectrometry studies were also performed to elucidate the degradation mechanism of the drug in aqueous CD solution. The study showed that the drug has maximum stability between pH 4 and 6 and hydrolysis was the main cause of tacrolimus degradation in aqueous 2-hydroxypropyl-βCD (HPβCD) solutions. βCD and its derivatives were the better CD solubilizers for tacrolimus. The solubility and stability studies were further conducted with CD and surfactants, which is tyloxapol, tween 80 and poloxamer 407, where the combination provided better results compared to individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Prajapati
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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9
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Solubility enhancement and application of cyclodextrins in local drug delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-019-00434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Popielec A, Agnes M, Yannakopoulou K, Fenyvesi É, Loftsson T. Self-assembled cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles for meropenem stabilization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Effects of inclusion of cetirizine hydrochloride in β-cyclodextrin. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018; 91:149-159. [PMID: 30100814 PMCID: PMC6061035 DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Following the preparation of inclusion complex of cetirizine (CTZ) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), the compound was investigated to assess the possibility of modifying the physicochemical properties (solubility, release, stability, permeability) of CTZ after complexation that are vital for subsequent formulation studies involving the said complex. Changes in FT-IR/Raman spectra, DSC thermograms and XRD diffractograms confirmed the formation of a CTZ-β-CD system. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography with a DAD detector was employed to determine alterations of the CTZ concentration during studies following complexation. An analysis of a phase-solubility diagram of cCTZ = fcβ-CD indicated a linear rise in the solubility of CTZ as the concentration of β-CD increased. The inclusion of CTZ in a system with β-CD significantly reduced the instability of CTZ in the presence of oxidizing factors. It was also found that regardless of the pH of the acceptor fluids used in the release studies an increase was observed in the concentration of CTZ in CD system compared to its free form. The ability to permeate artificial biological membranes manifested by CTZ after complexation was enhanced as well. In summary, CD has significant potential to mask the bitter taste of CTZ and to counter the instability induced by oxidizing factors.
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12
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Palcsó B, Zelkó R. Different types, applications and limits of enabling excipients of pharmaceutical dosage forms. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 27:21-39. [PMID: 30103860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Along with the development of novel drug delivery systems the material science is also advancing. Conventional and novel synthetic or natural excipients provide opportunities to design dosage forms of the required features including their bioavailability. Emerging trends in the design and development of drug products indicate an increasing need for the functionality-related characterization of excipients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of different types of excipients in relation to their application possibilities in various dosage forms with special focus on the enabling excipients. The study also summarizes the applied excipient systems of research formulations and dosage forms available on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabás Palcsó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hogyes E. Street 7-9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hogyes E. Street 7-9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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13
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Muankaew C, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrin-Based Formulations: A Non-Invasive Platform for Targeted Drug Delivery. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:46-55. [PMID: 29024354 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are recognized as promising pharmaceutical excipients due to their unique ability to form water-soluble inclusion complexes with various poorly soluble compounds. The numerous investigations on CDs and their use in nanomedicine have received considerable attention in the last three decades, leading to the rapid development of new CD-containing formulations that significantly facilitate targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release, with consequent improvements in drug bioavailability. This MiniReview highlights the efficacy and recent uses of CDs for non-invasive drug delivery. Using ophthalmic and nasal drug delivery as examples, an overview of chemical properties, mechanisms of CDs on drug solubilization, stabilization and permeation, along with their toxicological profiles relevant to nasal and ocular administration, are provided and discussed. The recent development and application of CD-based nanocarrier systems for targeted drug delivery are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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14
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Loftsson T, Stefánsson E. Cyclodextrins and topical drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:413-423. [PMID: 28391041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that it is virtually impossible to obtain therapeutic drug concentrations in the posterior segment of the eye after topical application of aqueous, low viscosity eye drops. Thus, intravitreal drug injections and drug implants are currently used to treat diseases in the posterior segment such as macular edema. Here it is described how, through proper analysis of the drug permeation barriers and application of well-known pharmaceutical excipients, aqueous eye drops are designed that can deliver lipophilic drugs to the posterior segment as well as how such eye drops can maintain high drug concentrations in the anterior segment. Through stepwise optimization, eye drops containing solid drug/cyclodextrin complex microparticles with a mean diameter of 2-4μm, dissolved drug/cyclodextrin complex nanoparticles and dissolved drug molecules in an aqueous eye drop media of low viscosity were designed. After administration of the eye drops the microparticles slowly dissolved and maintained close to saturated drug concentrations in the aqueous tear fluid for several hours. Studies in rabbits and clinical evaluations in humans, using dorzolamide and dexamethasone as sample drugs, show that the eye drops deliver significant amounts of drugs to both the posterior segment and anterior segment of the eye. Clinical studies indicate that the eye drops can replace intravitreal injections and implants that are currently used to treat ophthalmic diseases and decrease frequency of drug administration, both of which can improve patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Einar Stefánsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, National University Hospital, Eiríksgata 37, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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15
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Valerón Bergh VJ, Tønnesen HH. Interactions and solubilization of 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin with poloxamer 407 and β-cyclodextrin-derivatives in binary and ternary systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Michel D, Mohammed-Saeid W, Getson H, Roy C, Poorghorban M, Chitanda JM, Verrall R, Badea I. Evaluation of β-cyclodextrin-modified gemini surfactant-based delivery systems in melanoma models. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6703-6712. [PMID: 28003746 PMCID: PMC5161338 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s121156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel drug delivery systems are developed to improve the biological behavior of poorly soluble drugs and to improve therapeutic outcomes. In melanoma therapy, the goal is efficient drug delivery and mitigation of drug resistance. Melphalan (Mel), a currently used therapeutic agent for melanoma, requires solvent system for solubilization, leading to poor chemical stability. Moreover, drug resistance often renders the drug inefficient in clinical setting. A novel β-cyclodextrin-modified gemini surfactant (CDgemini) delivery system was developed to incorporate Mel in order to improve its physicochemical and biological behavior. Melphalan nanoparticles (Mel-NP) showed optimal particle size in the 200-250 nm range for endocytosis and induced significantly higher cell death compared with Mel (50% of inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 36 µM for the complexes vs 82 µM for Mel). The CDgemini delivery system did not alter the pathway of the cellular death triggered by Mel and caused no intrinsic toxicity to the cells. The Mel-NP complexes induced significant cell death in melanoma cells that were rendered resistant to Mel. These findings demonstrate in principle the applicability of the CDgemini delivery system as safe and efficient alternative to the current melanoma therapy, especially in chemoresistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Michel
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition
| | | | - Heather Getson
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition
| | - Caitlin Roy
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition
| | | | - Jackson M Chitanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ronald Verrall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ildiko Badea
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition
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17
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Saokham P, Loftsson T. γ-Cyclodextrin. Int J Pharm 2016; 516:278-292. [PMID: 27989822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
γ-Cyclodextrin (γCD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide formed by bacterial digestion of starch and used as solubilizing agent and stabilizer in a variety of pharmaceutical and food products. γCD is a large (molecular weight 1297Da) hydrophilic molecule that does not readily permeate biological membranes and is rapidly digested by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. In humans γCD is metabolized by α-amylase that is found in, for example, saliva, bile fluid and tears. Thus, bioavailability of γCD is negligible. Also, γCD is readily excreted unchanged in the urine after parenteral administration. Like other cyclodextrins, γCD can form water-soluble inclusion complexes with many poorly-soluble compounds. In comparison with the natural αCD and βCD, γCD has the largest hydrophobic cavity, highest water solubility and the most favorable toxicological profile. The focus of this review is production, physiochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and applications of γCD and its derivatives. Also, the aggregation behavior of γCD in aqueous media is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phennapha Saokham
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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18
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Ryzhakov A, Do Thi T, Stappaerts J, Bertoletti L, Kimpe K, Sá Couto AR, Saokham P, Van den Mooter G, Augustijns P, Somsen GW, Kurkov S, Inghelbrecht S, Arien A, Jimidar MI, Schrijnemakers K, Loftsson T. Self-Assembly of Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes in Aqueous Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2556-2569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Muankaew C, Jansook P, Loftsson T. Evaluation of γ-cyclodextrin effect on permeation of lipophilic drugs: application of cellophane/fused octanol membrane. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:562-570. [PMID: 27146583 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1180394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
According to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, oral bioavailability of drugs is determined by their aqueous solubility and the ability of the dissolved drug molecules to permeate lipophilic biological membranes. Similarly topical bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is determined by their solubility in the aqueous tear fluid and their ability to permeate the lipophilic cornea. Enabling pharmaceutical excipients such as cyclodextrins can have profound effect on the drug bioavailability. However, to fully appreciate such enabling excipients, the relationship between their effects and the physicochemical properties of the permeating drug needs to be known. In this study, the permeation enhancing effect of γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) on saturated drug solutions containing hydrocortisone (HC), irbesartan (IBS), or telmisartan (TEL) was evaluated using cellophane and fused cellulose-octanol membranes in a conventional Franz diffusion cell system. The flux (J), the flux ratio (JR) and the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) demonstrate that γCD increases drug permeability. However, its efficacy depends on the drug properties. Addition of γCD increased Papp of HC (unionized) and IBS (partially ionized) through the dual membrane but decreased the Papp of TEL (fully ionized) that displays low complexation efficacy. The dual cellophane-octanol membrane system was simple to use and gave reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutimon Muankaew
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , Siam University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- c Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland
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Kamble RN, Gaikwad S, Maske A, Patil SS. Fabrication of electrospun nanofibres of BCS II drug for enhanced dissolution and permeation across skin. J Adv Res 2016; 7:483-9. [PMID: 27222753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work reports preparation of irbesartan (IBS) loaded nanofibre mats using electrospinning technique. The prepared nanofibres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, in vitro diffusion and ex vivo skin permeation studies. FTIR studies revealed chemical compatibility of IBS and polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP K-30). SEM images confirmed formation of nanofibres wherein IBS existed in amorphous form as revealed by DSC and XRD analyses. The prepared nanofibre mats of IBS were found to be superior to IBS loaded as cast films when analysed for in vitro IBS release and ex vivo skin permeation studies since the flux of IBS loaded nanofibres was 17 times greater than as cast film. The improvement in drug delivery kinetics of IBS loaded nanofibres could be attributed to amorphization with reduction in particle size of IBS, dispersion of IBS at molecular level in PVP matrix and enormous increase in the surface area for IBS release due to nanonization. Thus transdermal patch of IBS loaded nanofibres can be considered as an alternative dosage form in order to improve its biopharmaceutical properties and enhance therapeutic efficacy in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra N Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune 411 038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sheetal Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune 411 038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akhil Maske
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune 411 038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sharvil S Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune 411 038, Maharashtra, India
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Paczkowska M, Mizera M, Szymanowska-Powałowska D, Lewandowska K, Błaszczak W, Gościańska J, Pietrzak R, Cielecka-Piontek J. β-Cyclodextrin complexation as an effective drug delivery system for meropenem. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 99:24-34. [PMID: 26592156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Following the preparation of an inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin and meropenem, methods based on FT-IR, Raman and DSC were used for its characterization. An analysis of changes in the stability of meropenem after complexation showed that the complex may serve as a valuable delivery system significantly contributing to enhanced meropenem stability in aqueous solutions and in the solid phase. Due to a sustained transfer of meropenem from the cavity of the cyclodextrin it was possible to maintain a constant desired meropenem concentration over a period of 20 h, as confirmed by a release study. An evaluation of microbial activity not only demonstrated that the bactericidal action of meropenem was not stopped as a result of complexation but even pointed to greater growth inhibition in certain clinically important strains. The fact that investigations of meropenem stability and microbial activity proposed the carbonyl groups as those domains of a meropenem molecule that are instrumental in the formation of a complex with β-cyclodextrin supports the findings of theoretical studies based on molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paczkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Mizera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Daria Szymanowska-Powałowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kornelia Lewandowska
- Department of Molecular Crystals, Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wioletta Błaszczak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Gościańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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Experimental investigation and oral bioavailability enhancement of nano-sized curcumin by using supercritical anti-solvent process. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:162-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jóhannsdóttir S, Jansook P, Stefánsson E, Loftsson T. Development of a cyclodextrin-based aqueous cyclosporin A eye drop formulations. Int J Pharm 2015. [PMID: 26220650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CyA) is a lipophilic, cyclic polypeptide drug with anti-inflammatory properties. It is used in topical treatment of dry eyes and is now commercially available in oil based surfactant containing eye drops. Surfactants can irritate the eye surface causing burning, itching and irritation of the conjunctiva, and oil-based drops can result in blurred vision. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop surfactant free aqueous 0.05% (w/v) CyA eye drops where the drug is present in an aqueous vehicle containing CyA/cyclodextrin (CyA/CD) nanoparticles. The effects of the natural α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins (αCD, βCD and γCD), as well as of the water soluble hydroxypropyl derivatives of γCD and αCD (HPγCD, HPαCD) and randomly methylated βCD (RMβCD), were determined in pure water. αCD had the best solubilizing effect increasing the solubility of CyA above 0.05% upon addition of only 5% (w/v) αCD. γCD did not have as good solubilizing effect but was tested further due to its superior ability to form nanoparticles and its favorable toxicological profile. Seven eye drop formulations were prepared and tested. All contained 0.05% (w/v) CyA in addition to polyvinyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, disodium edetate and various amounts of CD (αCD, γCD and mixtures thereof). When the formulation contained only αCD most of the drug was dissolved but some small aggregates were formed with hydrodynamic diameter of about 6 and 155 nm. When the formulation contained only γCD negligible CyA/CD complexation occurred with most of the drug present as solid CyA particles. When the formulation contained a mixture of αCD and γCD, where αCD concentration was at least 3% (w/v), the entire drug content was dissolved in the media under formation of relatively large (100-2000 nm) CyA/CD nanoparticles. αCD solubilized the drug while γCD enhanced nanoparticle formation. The effect of polyvinyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride and disodium edetate on the nanoparticle formation was also investigated and shown to have positive effect on the aggregate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunna Jóhannsdóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Einar Stefánsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, National University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Paczkowska M, Mizera M, Piotrowska H, Szymanowska-Powałowska D, Lewandowska K, Goscianska J, Pietrzak R, Bednarski W, Majka Z, Cielecka-Piontek J. Complex of rutin with β-cyclodextrin as potential delivery system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120858. [PMID: 25822535 PMCID: PMC4379171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain and characterize an RU-β-CD complex in the context of investigating the possibility of changes in the solubility, stability, antioxidative and microbiological activity as well as permeability of complexated rutin as against its free form. The formation of the RU-β-CD complex via a co-grinding technique was confirmed by using DSC, SEM, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, and its geometry was assessed through molecular modeling. It was found that the stability and solubility of the so-obtained complex were greater compared to the free form; however, a slight decrease was observed inits antibacterial potency. An examination of changes in the EPR spectra of thecomplex excluded any reducing effect of complexation on the antioxidative activity of rutin. Considering the prospect of preformulation studies involving RU-β-CD complexes, of significance is also the observed possibility of prolongedly releasing rutin from the complex at a constant level over along period of 20 h, and the fact that twice as much complexated rutin was able topermeate compared to its free form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paczkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikołaj Mizera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Kornelia Lewandowska
- Department of Molecular Crystals, Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Goscianska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Department of Solid State Radiospectroscopy, Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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