1
|
Naziris N, Demetzos C. The Regulatory Landscape of New Health Technologies and Nanotechnologies: The Role of Complexity of Nanosystems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1425:575-589. [PMID: 37581831 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31986-0_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present the modern issue of new health technologies that emerge in Medicine and Therapeutics, with regard to their development, regulatory framework, approval, and post-approval monitoring. The European law and legislation distinguish the various subcategories of health technologies in medicinal products, medical devices, biotechnological products, advanced therapy medicinal products, and nanomedicinal products. Each of these categories presents its own distinctive characteristics, based on principles that regard the development technology and intended therapeutic use, and, as a result, is defined by a unique regulatory framework inside the European legislation environment. New health technologies are a key of twenty-first-century knowledge, science, and economy and a part of society growth and economic development, while at the same time they present significant challenges, mainly through matters that regard their safety, efficacy, and value for the public. In this environment, the concept of complexity of living and artificial systems arises, as part of their nature, but also as a perspective that will give answers regarding their dynamic behavior, evolution, and overall quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Naziris
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alexiou A, Tsagkaris C, Chatzichronis S, Koulouris A, Haranas I, Gkigkitzis I, Zouganelis G, Mukerjee N, Maitra S, Jha NK, Batiha GES, Kamal MA, Nikolaou M, Ashraf GM. The Fractal Viewpoint of Tumors and Nanoparticles. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:356-370. [PMID: 35927901 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220801152347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the promising therapies against cancer are rapidly improved, the oncology patients population has seen exponential growth, placing cancer in 5th place among the ten deadliest diseases. Efficient drug delivery systems must overcome multiple barriers and maximize drug delivery to the target tumors, simultaneously limiting side effects. Since the first observation of the quantum tunneling phenomenon, many multidisciplinary studies have offered quantum-inspired solutions to optimized tumor mapping and efficient nanodrug design. The property of a wave function to propagate through a potential barrier offer the capability of obtaining 3D surface profiles using imaging of individual atoms on the surface of a material. The application of quantum tunneling on a scanning tunneling microscope offers an exact surface roughness mapping of tumors and pharmaceutical particles. Critical elements to cancer nanotherapeutics apply the fractal theory and calculate the fractal dimension for efficient tumor surface imaging at the atomic level. This review study presents the latest biological approaches to cancer management based on fractal geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,AFNP Med, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Christos Tsagkaris
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,European Student Think Tank, Public Health and Policy Working Group, 1058, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stylianos Chatzichronis
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Andreas Koulouris
- Thoracic Oncology Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Haranas
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L-3C5, Canada
| | - Ioannis Gkigkitzis
- NOVA Department of Mathematics, 8333 Little River Turnpike, Annandale, VA 22003 USA
| | - Georgios Zouganelis
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, East Midlands, DE22 1GB England, UK
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Department of Microbiology; Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Akhil Mukherjee Rd, Chowdhary Para, Rahara, Khardaha, West Bengal, Kolkata- 700118, India
| | - Swastika Maitra
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India.,Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Michail Nikolaou
- 1st Oncology Department, "Saint Savas" Anticancer, Oncology Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Demetzos C, Kavatzikidou P, Pippa N, Stratakis E. Nanomedicines and Nanosimilars: Looking for a New and Dynamic Regulatory "Astrolabe" Inspired System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:65. [PMID: 31933006 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of the nanotechnology in medicine and pharmaceutics opens new horizons in therapeutics. Several nanomedicines are in the market and an increasing number is in clinical trials. But which is the advantage of the medicines in nanoscale? The scientists and the regulatory authorities agree that the size and consequently the physiochemical/biological properties of nanomaterials play a key role in their safety and effectiveness. Additionally, all of them agree that a new scientific-based regulatory landscape is required for the establishment of nanomedicines in the market. The aim of this review is to investigate the parameters that the scientists and the regulatory authorities should take into account in order to build up a dynamic regulatory landscape for nanomedicines. For this reason, we propose an "astrolabe-like system" as the guide for establishing the regulatory approval process. Its function is based on the different physicochemical/biological properties in comparison to low molecular weight drugs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Benefits of Fractal Approaches in Solid Dosage Form Development. Pharm Res 2019; 36:156. [PMID: 31493266 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical formulations are complex systems consisting of active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) and a number of excipients selected to provide the intended performance of the product. The understanding of materials' properties and technological processes is a requirement for building quality into pharmaceutical products. Such understanding is gained mostly from empirical correlations of material and process factors with quality attributes of the final product. However, it seems also important to gain knowledge based on mechanistic considerations. Promising is here to study morphological and/or topological characteristics of particles and their aggregates. These geometric aspects must be taken into account to better understand how product attributes emerge from raw materials, which includes, for example, mechanical tablet properties, disintegration or dissolution behavior. Regulatory agencies worldwide are promoting the use of physical models in pharmaceutics to design quality into a final product. This review deals with pharmaceutical applications of theoretical models, focusing on percolation theory, fractal, and multifractal geometry. The use of these so-called fractal approaches improves the understanding of different aspects in the development of solid dosage forms, for example by identifying critical drug and excipient concentrations, as well as to study effects of heterogeneity on dosage form performance. The aim is to link micro- and macrostructure to the emerging quality attributes of the pharmaceutical solid dosage forms as a strategy to enhance mechanistic understanding and to advance pharmaceutical development and manufacturing processes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kazemi Korayem A, Ghamami S, Bahrami Z. Fractal properties and morphological investigation of Nano hydrochlorothiazide is used to treat hypertension. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:70. [PMID: 30413182 PMCID: PMC6230244 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High blood pressure (hypertension) is a relatively common condition that increases blood pressure in the arteries abnormally, causing problems such as heart disease and stroke. Blood pressure is a force that is felt through the walls of the blood vessels and has a direct relationship to the power of pumping the heart and vascular resistance to the blood flow. One of the lowing of blood pressure medications is hydrochlorothiazide (Hctz) which is used to treat high blood pressure and swelling from heart failure, liver damage, and other minor actions. PROCEDURES This study explains the effectiveness of Hctz with the help of "fractal dimension". To perfect investigate the fractal dimension, we used the Hctz drug nanoparticle form then using MATLAB software, homogeneity levels or heterogeneity of Nano Hctz using SEM images were computed. RESULTS We calculated histogram plot with SEM image by MATLAB software which that its standard deviation was eclose to zero and it can explain that the scattering of data is low and their amount is in one suffering. Fractal dimensions obtained from Matlab and SPSS software for normal distribution, correlation, standard deviation, mean, cumulative frequency and variance analysis were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS In this research, the association between Hctz treatment effects with the point of view of the fractal dimension of the drug was demonstrated to prove the properties of the drug in the body. in the near future, drug fractal studies can improve the development of new drugs and treatments with minimal cost than clinical approaches by linking chemistry, mathematical sciences and pharmaceutical sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kazemi Korayem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 34148-96818 Iran
| | - Shahriar Ghamami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 34148-96818 Iran
| | - Zahra Bahrami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 34148-96818 Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
At nanoscale, man-made materials may show unique properties that differ from bulk and dissolved counterparts. The unique properties of engineered nanomaterials not only impart critical advantages but also confer toxicity because of their unwanted interactions with different biological compartments and cellular processes. In this review, we discuss various entry routes of nanomaterials in the human body, their applications in daily life, and the mechanisms underlying their toxicity. We further explore the passage of nanomaterials into air, water, and soil ecosystems, resulting in diverse environmental impacts. Briefly, we probe the available strategies for risk assessment and risk management to assist in reducing the occupational risks of potentially hazardous engineered nanomaterials including the control banding (CB) approach. Moreover, we substantiate the need for uniform guidelines for systematic analysis of nanomaterial toxicity, in silico toxicological investigations, and obligation to ensure the safe disposal of nanowaste to reduce or eliminate untoward environmental and health impacts. At the end, we scrutinize global regulatory trends, hurdles, and efforts to develop better regulatory sciences in the field of nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huan Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chountoulesi M, Naziris N, Pippa N, Demetzos C. The significance of drug-to-lipid ratio to the development of optimized liposomal formulation. J Liposome Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2017.1343836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chountoulesi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Naziris
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carraher CE, Roner MR, Ayoub M, Crichton R, Black K. Group IVB metallocene poly(ether ester) polymers containing alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid that act as self-matrix materials in MALDI MS. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2016.1165992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Nanoparticle delivery and particle diffusion in confined and complex environments. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
10
|
Sainz V, Conniot J, Matos AI, Peres C, Zupancic E, Moura L, Silva LC, Florindo HF, Gaspar RS. Regulatory aspects on nanomedicines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:504-10. [PMID: 26260323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines have been in the forefront of pharmaceutical research in the last decades, creating new challenges for research community, industry, and regulators. There is a strong demand for the fast development of scientific and technological tools to address unmet medical needs, thus improving human health care and life quality. Tremendous advances in the biomaterials and nanotechnology fields have prompted their use as promising tools to overcome important drawbacks, mostly associated to the non-specific effects of conventional therapeutic approaches. However, the wide range of application of nanomedicines demands a profound knowledge and characterization of these complex products. Their properties need to be extensively understood to avoid unpredicted effects on patients, such as potential immune reactivity. Research policy and alliances have been bringing together scientists, regulators, industry, and, more frequently in recent years, patient representatives and patient advocacy institutions. In order to successfully enhance the development of new technologies, improved strategies for research-based corporate organizations, more integrated research tools dealing with appropriate translational requirements aiming at clinical development, and proactive regulatory policies are essential in the near future. This review focuses on the most important aspects currently recognized as key factors for the regulation of nanomedicines, discussing the efforts under development by industry and regulatory agencies to promote their translation into the market. Regulatory Science aspects driving a faster and safer development of nanomedicines will be a central issue for the next years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sainz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Conniot
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana I Matos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Zupancic
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liane Moura
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liana C Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rogério S Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|