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Frigaard J, Jensen JL, Galtung HK, Hiorth M. The Potential of Chitosan in Nanomedicine: An Overview of the Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Based Nanoparticles. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:880377. [PMID: 35600854 PMCID: PMC9115560 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.880377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique properties and applications of nanotechnology in targeting drug delivery, cosmetics, fabrics, water treatment and food packaging have received increased focus the last two decades. The application of nanoparticles in medicine is rapidly evolving, requiring careful investigation of toxicity before clinical use. Chitosan, a derivative of the natural polysaccharide chitin, has become increasingly relevant in modern medicine because of its unique properties as a nanoparticle. Chitosan is already widely used as a food additive and in food packaging, bandages and wound dressings. Thus, with an increasing application worldwide, cytotoxicity assessment of nanoparticles prepared from chitosan is of great interest. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated status of cytotoxicity studies scrutinizing the safety of chitosan nanoparticles used in biomedical research. A search in Ovid Medline from 23 March 1998 to 4 January 2022, with the combination of the search words Chitosan or chitosan, nanoparticle or nano particle or nanosphere or nanocapsule or nano capsule, toxicology or toxic or cytotoxic and mucosa or mucous membrane resulted in a total of 88 articles. After reviewing all the articles, those involving non-organic nanoparticles and cytotoxicity assays conducted exclusively on nanoparticles with anti-tumor effect (i.e., having cytotoxic effect) were excluded, resulting in 70 articles. Overall, the chitosan nanoparticles included in this review seem to express low cytotoxicity regardless of particle composition or cytotoxicity assay and cell line used for testing. Nonetheless, all new chitosan derivatives and compositions are recommended to undergo careful characterization and cytotoxicity assessment before being implemented on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Frigaard
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Julie Frigaard,
| | - Janicke Liaaen Jensen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marianne Hiorth
- Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Loiseau PM, Pomel S, Croft SL. Chitosan Contribution to Therapeutic and Vaccinal Approaches for the Control of Leishmaniasis. Molecules 2020; 25:E4123. [PMID: 32916994 PMCID: PMC7571104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of leishmaniases, a complex parasitic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, requires continuous innovation at the therapeutic and vaccination levels. Chitosan is a biocompatible polymer administrable via different routes and possessing numerous qualities to be used in the antileishmanial strategies. This review presents recent progress in chitosan research for antileishmanial applications. First data on the mechanism of action of chitosan revealed an optimal in vitro intrinsic activity at acidic pH, high-molecular-weight chitosan being the most efficient form, with an uptake by pinocytosis and an accumulation in the parasitophorous vacuole of Leishmania-infected macrophages. In addition, the immunomodulatory effect of chitosan is an added value both for the treatment of leishmaniasis and the development of innovative vaccines. The advances in chitosan chemistry allows pharmacomodulation on amine groups opening various opportunities for new polymers of different size, and physico-chemical properties adapted to the chosen routes of administration. Different formulations have been studied in experimental leishmaniasis models to cure visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, and chitosan can act as a booster through drug combinations with classical drugs, such as amphotericin B. The various architectural possibilities given by chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical technology pave the way for promising further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M. Loiseau
- Antiparasite Chemotherapy, CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Antiparasite Chemotherapy, CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
| | - Simon L. Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
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Federer C, Kurpiers M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:24-56. [PMID: 32567846 PMCID: PMC7805012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Various properties of chitosan can be customized by thiolation for very specific needs in a wide range of application areas. Since the discovery of thiolated chitosans, many studies have proven their advantageous characteristics, such as adhesion to biological surfaces, adjustable cross-linking and swelling behavior, controllable drug release, permeation as well as cellular uptake enhancement, inhibition of efflux pumps and enzymes, complexation of metal ions, antioxidative properties, and radical scavenging activity. Simultaneously, these polymers remain biodegradable without increased toxicity. Within this Review, an overview about the different possibilities to covalently attach sulfhydryl ligands to the polymeric backbone of chitosan is given, and the resulting versatile physiochemical properties are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the broad spectrum of applications for thiolated chitosans in science and industry, ranging from their most advanced use in pharmaceutical and medical science over wastewater treatment to the impregnation of textiles, is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Federer
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Kurpiers
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Physicochemical and in vitro cytotoxic properties of chitosan from mushroom species (Boletus bovinus and Laccaria laccata). Carbohydr Polym 2019; 221:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Malli S, Pomel S, Ayadi Y, Deloménie C, Da Costa A, Loiseau PM, Bouchemal K. Topically Applied Chitosan-Coated Poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles Are Active Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by Accelerating Lesion Healing and Reducing the Parasitic Load. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2573-2586. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Malli
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
- BioCIS Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement, Synthèse, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR CNRS 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sebastien Pomel
- BioCIS Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement, Synthèse, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR CNRS 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Yasmine Ayadi
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
- BioCIS Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement, Synthèse, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR CNRS 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Claudine Deloménie
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Paris Saclay d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMS Inserm CNRS UPSud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Antonio Da Costa
- Université d’Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS), Faculté Jean-Perrin, Rue Jean Souvras − SP 18, 62307 Lens, France
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- BioCIS Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement, Synthèse, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR CNRS 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Kawthar Bouchemal
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Junior Member of the Institut Universitaire de France, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Sulheim E, Iversen TG, To Nakstad V, Klinkenberg G, Sletta H, Schmid R, Hatletveit AR, Wågbø AM, Sundan A, Skotland T, Sandvig K, Mørch Ý. Cytotoxicity of Poly(Alkyl Cyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112454. [PMID: 29156588 PMCID: PMC5713421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nanotoxicology has become a large research field, assessment of cytotoxicity is often reduced to analysis of one cell line only. Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles is complex and should, preferentially, be evaluated in several cell lines with different methods and on multiple nanoparticle batches. Here we report the toxicity of poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles in 12 different cell lines after synthesizing and analyzing 19 different nanoparticle batches and report that large variations were obtained when using different cell lines or various toxicity assays. Surprisingly, we found that nanoparticles with intermediate degradation rates were less toxic than particles that were degraded faster or more slowly in a cell-free system. The toxicity did not vary significantly with either the three different combinations of polyethylene glycol surfactants or with particle size (range 100–200 nm). No acute pro- or anti-inflammatory activity on cells in whole blood was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Sulheim
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Tore-Geir Iversen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vu To Nakstad
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Geir Klinkenberg
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Håvard Sletta
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ruth Schmid
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Ane Marit Wågbø
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anders Sundan
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 8905 MH, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ýrr Mørch
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
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Huang F, Zhao F, Liang LP, Zhou M, Qu ZL, Cao YZ, Lin C. Optomizing Transfection Efficiency of Cervical Cancer Cells Transfected by Cationic Liposomes LipofectamineTM2000. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:7749-54. [PMID: 26625792 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, cationic liposome has become the commonly used vehicles for gene transfection. Furthermore, one of the most significant steps in microRNAs expression studies is transferring microRNAs into cell cultures successfully. In this study we aim to approach the feasibility of transfection of cervical cancer cell lines mediated by liposome and to obtain the optimized transfection condition for cervical cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipofectamine(TM)2000 as the carrier, miR-101 mimic was transfected into Hela cells and Siha cells. Using green fluorescent protein as reporter gene, to set different groups according to cell seeding density, the amount of miRNA , miRNA and the proportion of Liposomes, Whether to add serum into medium to study their impact on the liposomal transfection efficiency. Finally, MTT assay was used to analyze the relative minimal cell toxicity of liposome reagents. RESULTS The seeding density of Hela cell line and Siha are 1.5 x 10(4) (per well of 24 well plates), miRNA amount is 1ul of both, the ratio of miRNA and liposome is 1:0.5 of Hela cell line; 1:0.7 of Siha cell line respectively, after 24 hours we can get the highest transfection efficiency. Compared with serum medium, only Siha cells cultured with serum-free medium obtained higher transfection efficiency before transfection (P<0.01).MTT assay showed that according to the above conditions which has the lowest cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS The method of Liposome to transfected is a suitable way and it can be an efficient reagent for miRNA delivery for Hela cells and Siha cells in vitro. It may serve as a reference for the further research or application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital Of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China E-mail :
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Methylated 4-N,N dimethyl aminobenzyl N,O carboxymethyl chitosan as a new chitosan derivative: Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mogoşanu GD, Grumezescu AM, Bejenaru C, Bejenaru LE. Polymeric protective agents for nanoparticles in drug delivery and targeting. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:419-29. [PMID: 26972379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification/functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs) using polymeric protective agents is an issue of great importance and actuality for drug delivery and targeting. Improving the blood circulation half-life of surface-protected nanocarriers is closely related to the elimination of main biological barriers and limiting factors (protein absorption and opsonization), due to the phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system. For passive or active targeted delivery, in biomedical area, surface-functionalized NPs with tissue-recognition ligands were designed and optimized as a result of modern research techniques. Also, multi-functionalized nanostructures are characterized by enhanced bioavailability, efficacy, targeted localization, active cellular uptake, and low side effects. Surface-protected NPs are obtained from biocompatible, biodegradable and less toxic natural polymers (dextran, β-cyclodextrin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, heparin, gelatin) or synthetic polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid, poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(alkyl cyanoacrylates). PEGylation is one of the most important functionalization methods providing steric stabilization, long circulating and 'stealth' properties for both polymeric and inorganic-based nanosystems. In addition, for their antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor effects, cutting-edge researches in the field of pharmaceutical nanobiotechnology highlighted the importance of noble metal (platinum, gold, silver) NPs decorated with biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Dan Mogoşanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Bejenaru
- Department of Vegetal & Animal Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ludovic Everard Bejenaru
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Adamczak MI, Hagesaether E, Smistad G, Hiorth M. An in vitro study of mucoadhesion and biocompatibility of polymer coated liposomes on HT29-MTX mucus-producing cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 498:225-33. [PMID: 26706437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the oral cavity poses a significant challenge due to the short residence time of the formulations at the site of action. From this point of view, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems with ability to adhere to the oral mucosa are advantageous as they could increase the effectiveness of the therapy. Positively, negatively and neutrally charged liposomes were coated with four different types of polymers: alginate, low-ester pectin, chitosan and hydrophobically modified ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose. The mucoadhesion was studied using a novel in vitro method allowing the liposomes to interact with a mucus-producing confluent HT29-MTX cell-line without applying any external force. MTT viability and paracellular permeability tests were conducted on the same cell-line. The alginate-coated liposomes achieved a high specific (genuine) mucin interaction, with a low potential of cell-irritation. The positively charged uncoated liposomes achieved the highest initial mucoadhesion, but also displayed a higher probability of cell-irritation. The chitosan-coated liposomes displayed the highest potential for long lasting mucoadhesion, but with the drawback of a higher general adhesion (tack) and a higher potential for irritating the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata I Adamczak
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ellen Hagesaether
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Pilestredet 50, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Smistad
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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