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Bobillot M, Delannoy V, Trouillard A, Kinowski JM, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Soulairol I. Potentially Harmful Excipients: State of the Art for Oral Liquid Forms Used in Neonatology and Pediatrics Units. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:119. [PMID: 38258129 PMCID: PMC10820197 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The pediatric population exhibits an important age-dependent heterogeneity in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics parameters, resulting in differences in drug efficacy and toxicity compared to the adult population, particularly for neonates. Toxicity and efficacy divergences have been studied for active molecules, but the impact on the pharmacological parameters of excipients remains less well known. To fill this lack of knowledge, several initiatives have been started to gather information on the specific toxicity of excipients, such as the KIDS list or the STEP database. In order to contribute to this much-needed action, in this work, a compilation of the 219 formulations of oral liquid forms prescribed in pediatrics and neonatology units was established based on the summary of product characteristics. Then, for excipients found in more than 10% of the analyzed formulations, a review of their toxicity data was carried out using the STEP database. Finally, for a selection of 10 frequently used liquid forms, the amounts of excipients administered daily were calculated based on the recommended posology in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) and compared with the recommended daily limits proposed by the European Medicine Agency. Pediatrics-adapted formulations are still rare, and it is not always possible to find safe alternatives to drugs containing excipients of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Bobillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nîmes, France; (M.B.); (V.D.); (A.T.); (J.M.K.); (N.M.S.-B.)
| | - Violaine Delannoy
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nîmes, France; (M.B.); (V.D.); (A.T.); (J.M.K.); (N.M.S.-B.)
| | - Alexandre Trouillard
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nîmes, France; (M.B.); (V.D.); (A.T.); (J.M.K.); (N.M.S.-B.)
| | - Jean Marie Kinowski
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nîmes, France; (M.B.); (V.D.); (A.T.); (J.M.K.); (N.M.S.-B.)
| | - Noelia Maria Sanchez-Ballester
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nîmes, France; (M.B.); (V.D.); (A.T.); (J.M.K.); (N.M.S.-B.)
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Ian Soulairol
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nîmes, France; (M.B.); (V.D.); (A.T.); (J.M.K.); (N.M.S.-B.)
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Domingues C, Jarak I, Veiga F, Dourado M, Figueiras A. Pediatric Drug Development: Reviewing Challenges and Opportunities by Tracking Innovative Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2431. [PMID: 37896191 PMCID: PMC10610377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of pediatric drug development has been evolving in a "carrot-and-stick"-based tactic to address population-specific issues. However, the off-label prescription of adult medicines to pediatric patients remains a feature of clinical practice, which may compromise the age-appropriate evaluation of treatments. Therefore, the United States and the European Pediatric Formulation Initiative have recommended applying nanotechnology-based delivery systems to tackle some of these challenges, particularly applying inorganic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles. Connected with these, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) have also been highlighted, with optimistic perspectives for the pediatric population. Despite the results achieved using these innovative therapies, a workforce that congregates pediatric patients and/or caregivers, healthcare stakeholders, drug developers, and physicians continues to be of utmost relevance to promote standardized guidelines for pediatric drug development, enabling a fast lab-to-clinical translation. Therefore, taking into consideration the significance of this topic, this work aims to compile the current landscape of pediatric drug development by (1) outlining the historic regulatory panorama, (2) summarizing the challenges in the development of pediatric drug formulation, and (3) delineating the advantages/disadvantages of using innovative approaches, such as nanomedicines and ATMPs in pediatrics. Moreover, some attention will be given to the role of pharmaceutical technologists and developers in conceiving pediatric medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Domingues
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation (i3s), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marília Dourado
- Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Health Studies and Research of the University of Coimbra (CEISUC), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Studies and Development of Continuous and Palliative Care (CEDCCP), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Figueiras
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Aurich B, Apele‐Freimane D, Banaschewski T, Chouchana L, Day S, Kaguelidou F, Kelly LE, Kindblom JM, Neubert A, Wong ICK. c4c: Paediatric pharmacovigilance: Methodological considerations in research and development of medicines for children - A c4c expert group white paper. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4997-5016. [PMID: 34699077 PMCID: PMC9788092 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Children frequently respond differently to therapies compared to adults. Differences also exist between paediatric age groups for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in both efficacy and safety. Paediatric pharmacovigilance requires an understanding of the unique aspects of children with regard to, for example, drug response, growth and development, clinical presentation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), how they can be detected and population-specific factors (e.g., more frequent use of off-label/unlicensed drugs). In recognition of these challenges, a group of experts has been formed in the context of the conect4children (c4c) project to support paediatric drug development. This expert group collaborated to develop methodological considerations for paediatric drug safety and pharmacovigilance throughout the life-cycle of medicinal products which are described in this article. These considerations include practical points to consider for the development of the paediatric section of the risk management plan (RMP), safety in paediatric protocol development, safety data collection and analysis. Furthermore, they describe the specific details of post-marketing pharmacovigilance in children using, for example, spontaneous reports, electronic health care records, registries and record-linkage, as well as the use of paediatric pharmacoepidemiology studies for risk characterisation. Next the details of the assessment of benefit-risk and challenges related to medicinal product formulation in the context of a Paediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) are presented. Finally, practical issues in paediatric signal detection and evaluation are included. This paper provides practical points to consider for paediatric pharmacovigilance throughout the life-cycle of medicinal products for RMPs, protocol development, safety data collection and analysis and PIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Aurich
- Department of PharmacologySaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
| | - Dina Apele‐Freimane
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Women and Child Health ClinicPauls Stradins Clinical University HospitalRigaLatvia
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Laurent Chouchana
- Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance, Department of PharmacologyCochin Hospital, APHP, Centre, Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Simon Day
- Clinical Trials Consulting and Training LimitedNorth MarstonUK
| | - Florentia Kaguelidou
- Department of Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital; Center of Clinical Investigations, INSERM CIC1426Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Lauren E. Kelly
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Jenny M. Kindblom
- Paediatric Clinical Research Center, Queen Silvia Children's HospitalSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Antje Neubert
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Ian C. K. Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongChina,Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of PharmacyUCLLondonUK
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Saito J, Agrawal A, Patravale V, Pandya A, Orubu S, Zhao M, Andrews GP, Petit-Turcotte C, Landry H, Croker A, Nakamura H, Yamatani A, Salunke S. The Current States, Challenges, Ongoing Efforts, and Future Perspectives of Pharmaceutical Excipients in Pediatric Patients in Each Country and Region. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9040453. [PMID: 35455497 PMCID: PMC9026161 DOI: 10.3390/children9040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A major hurdle in pediatric formulation development is the lack of safety and toxicity data on some of the commonly used excipients. While the maximum oral safe dose for several kinds of excipients is known in the adult population, the doses in pediatric patients, including preterm neonates, are not established yet due to the lack of evidence-based data. This paper consists of four parts: (1) country-specific perspectives in different parts of the world (current state, challenges in excipients, and ongoing efforts) for ensuring the use of safe excipients, (2) comparing and contrasting the country-specific perspectives, (3) past and ongoing collaborative efforts, and (4) future perspectives on excipients for pediatric formulation. The regulatory process for pharmaceutical excipients has been developed. However, there are gaps between each region where a lack of information and an insufficient regulation process was found. Ongoing efforts include raising issues on excipient exposure, building a region-specific database, and improving excipient regulation; however, there is a lack of evidence-based information on safety for the pediatric population. More progress on clear safety limits, quantitative information on excipients of concern in the pediatric population, and international harmonization of excipients’ regulatory processes for the pediatric population are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura 2-10-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3416-0181
| | - Anjali Agrawal
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 181 Passaic Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, USA;
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India; (V.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anjali Pandya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India; (V.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Samuel Orubu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Niger Delta University, Amassama 560103, Nigeria
| | - Min Zhao
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University-Queen’s University Belfast Joint College (CQC), Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.Z.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University-Queen’s University Belfast Joint College (CQC), Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.Z.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Caroline Petit-Turcotte
- Therapeutic Products Directorate, Health Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
| | - Hannah Landry
- Office of Pediatrics and Patient Involvement, Health Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (H.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Alysha Croker
- Office of Pediatrics and Patient Involvement, Health Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (H.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Hidefumi Nakamura
- Department of Research and Development Supervision, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Akimasa Yamatani
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura 2-10-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Smita Salunke
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
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Trouillard A, Sabri A, Prot-Labarthe S, Storme T, Bourrat E, Soulairol I. [Pediatric exposure to endocrine disruptors and carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic substances by pharmaceutical forms intended for the cutaneous route: Regulatory provisions in France, in Europe, and state of the art of scientific knowledge]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 80:426-439. [PMID: 34481784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective is to conduct a review of pediatric exposure to substances whose endocrine disrupting (ED), carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic (CMR) character has been confirmed or remains controversial, through their use in pharmaceutical forms intended for the cutaneous route, as well as regulatory measures diligent at the national and European levels. METHODS A bibliographical search was carried out on the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, supplemented by a search for recommendations from French and European authorities. References were selected following an assessment of their relevance to our topic. RESULTS Seventy-one references were selected. Pediatric exposure to endocrine disruptors and CMR substances remains through products formulated for their use, but also through indirect exposure to products commonly used by adults. Exposure arises both from the choice of excipients (parabens, phenoxyethanol), packaging materials (bisphenols, phthalates) and the qualitative or quantitative nature of the active ingredients (iodine, boron, pyrethroids, organic sunscreens). CONCLUSION The health professional must be able to develop a critical mind on such substances in order to inform and promote therapeutic adherence, guaranteeing the safety of the child's care.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trouillard
- Pôle ALPHA, pharmacie à usage intérieur, centre hospitalier de Béziers, 2, rue Valentin Haüy, 34500 Béziers cedex, France.
| | - A Sabri
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - S Prot-Labarthe
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, UF Pharmacie clinique, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France
| | - T Storme
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - E Bourrat
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; Service de pédiatrie générale, hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - I Soulairol
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, hôpital universitaire Carémeau, CHU de Nîmes, 30000 Nîmes, France; ICGM, CNRS, ENSCM, université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Barry E, Walsh JA, Weinrich SL, Beaupre D, Blasi E, Arenson DR, Jacobs IA. Navigating the Regulatory Landscape to Develop Pediatric Oncology Drugs: Expert Opinion Recommendations. Paediatr Drugs 2021; 23:381-394. [PMID: 34173206 PMCID: PMC8275539 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-021-00455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory changes have been enacted in the United States (US) and European Union (EU) to encourage the development of new treatments for pediatric cancer. Here, we review some of the factors that have hampered the development of pediatric cancer treatments and provide a comparison of the US and EU regulations implemented to address this clinical need. We then provide some recommendations for each stage of the oncology drug development pathway to help researchers maximize their chance of successful drug development while complying with regulations. A key recommendation is the engagement of key stakeholders such as regulatory authorities, pediatric oncologists, academic researchers, patient advocacy groups, and a Pediatric Expert Group early in the drug development process. During drug target selection, sponsors are encouraged to consult the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the FDA target list, in addition to relevant US and European consortia that have been established to characterize and prioritize oncology drug targets. Sponsors also need to carefully consider the resourcing requirements for preclinical testing, which include ensuring appropriate access to the most relevant databases, clinical samples, and preclinical models (cell lines and animal models). During clinical development, sponsors can account for the pharmacodynamic (PD)/pharmacokinetic (PK) considerations specific to a pediatric population by developing pediatric formulations, selecting suitable PD endpoints, and employing sparse PK sampling or modeling/simulation of drug exposures where appropriate. Additional clinical considerations include the specific design of the clinical trial, the potential inclusion of children in adult trials, and the value of cooperative group trials.
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Pediatric formulation development - Challenges of today and strategies for tomorrow: Summary report from M-CERSI workshop 2019. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 164:54-65. [PMID: 33878432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A workshop on "Pediatric Formulation Development: Challenges of Today and Strategies for Tomorrow" was organized jointly by the University of Maryland's Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (M-CERSI), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ) Drug Product Pediatric Working Group (PWG). This multi-disciplinary, pediatric focused workshop was held over a two-day period (18-19 Jun 2019) and consisted of participants from industry, regulatory agencies, academia and other organizations from both US and Europe. The workshop consisted of sequential sessions on formulation, analytical, clinical, and regulatory and industry lessons learned and future landscape. Each session began with a series of short framing presentations, followed by facilitated breakout sessions and panel discussion. The formulation session was dedicated to three main topics pertaining to drug product acceptability, excipients in pediatrics and oral administration device considerations. The analytical session discussed key considerations for dosing vehicle selection and analytical strategies for testing of different dosage forms, specifically mini-tablets (multiparticulates). The clinical session highlighted the influence of pediatric pharmacokinetics prediction on formulation design, pediatric drug development strategies and clinical considerations to support pediatric formulation design. The regulatory and industry lessons learned and future landscape session explored the regional differences that exist in regulatory expectations, requirements for pediatric formulation development, and key patient-centric factors to consider when developing novel pediatric formulations. This session also discussed potential collaboration opportunities and tools for pediatric formulation development. This manuscript summarizes the key discussions and outcomes of all the sessions in the workshop with a broadened review and discussion of the topics that were covered.
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Excipients in the Paediatric Population: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030387. [PMID: 33805830 PMCID: PMC8000418 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This theoretical study seeks to critically review the use of excipients in the paediatric population. This study is based on the rules and recommendations of European and American drug regulatory agencies. On the one hand, this review describes the most frequent excipients used in paediatric medicine formulations, identifying the compounds that scientific literature has marked as potentially harmful regarding the side effects generated after exposure. On the other hand, this review also highlights the importance of carrying out safety -checks on the excipients, which, in most cases, are linked to toxicity studies. An excipient in the compilation of paediatric population databases is expected to target safety and toxicity, as in the STEP database. Finally, a promising pharmaceutical form for child population, ODT (Orally Disintegrating Tablets), will be studied.
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Pediatric Safety of Polysorbates in Drug Formulations. CHILDREN-BASEL 2019; 7:children7010001. [PMID: 31877624 PMCID: PMC7022221 DOI: 10.3390/children7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbates 20 and 80 are the most frequently used excipients in biotherapeutics, the safety data for which have been well documented in adults. The polysorbate content in therapeutic formulations that are administered to children, however, has been less clearly regulated or defined with regard to safety. In pediatric patients, excessive amounts of polysorbate in biotherapeutics have been linked to hypersensitivity and other toxicity-related effects. To determine safe levels of polysorbates for young patients, we have developed the progressive pediatric safety factor (PPSF), an age- and weight-based tool that estimates the amount of parenterally administered polysorbates 20 and 80 in formulations that will avoid excipient-related adverse events. Compared with existing modalities for calculating maximum acceptable doses of excipients for initial clinical trials in pediatrics, the PPSF is far more conservative, thus constituting an added margin of safety for excipient exposure in the most sensitive subpopulations—i.e., neonates and infants. Further, the PPSF may be applied to any relevant excipient, aiding pharmaceutical developers and regulatory authorities in conservatively estimating the safety assessment of a biotherapeutic’s formulation, based on excipient levels.
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Buckley LA, Salunke S, Thompson K, Baer G, Fegley D, Turner MA. Challenges and strategies to facilitate formulation development of pediatric drug products: Safety qualification of excipients. Int J Pharm 2017; 536:563-569. [PMID: 28729174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A public workshop entitled "Challenges and strategies to facilitate formulation development of pediatric drug products" focused on current status and gaps as well as recommendations for risk-based strategies to support the development of pediatric age-appropriate drug products. Representatives from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies discussed the issues within plenary, panel, and case-study breakout sessions. By enabling practical and meaningful discussion between scientists representing the diversity of involved disciplines (formulators, nonclinical scientists, clinicians, and regulators) and geographies (eg, US, EU), the Excipients Safety workshop session was successful in providing specific and key recommendations for defining paths forward. Leveraging orthogonal sources of data (eg. food industry, agro science), collaborative data sharing, and increased awareness of the existing sources such as the Safety and Toxicity of Excipients for Paediatrics (STEP) database will be important to address the gap in excipients knowledge needed for risk assessment. The importance of defining risk-based approaches to safety assessments for excipients vital to pediatric formulations was emphasized, as was the need for meaningful stakeholder (eg, patient, caregiver) engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrene A Buckley
- Toxicology and Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly & Co., Inc, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Smita Salunke
- European Paediatric Formulations Initiative (EuPFI), Dept of Pharmaceutics and Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Karen Thompson
- Oral Formulation Science & Technology, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Gerri Baer
- US Food and Drug Administration, OC/OSMP/OPT, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darren Fegley
- US Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OND/ODEI/DPP, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mark A Turner
- Institution of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L8 7SS, UK
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Sviestina I, Mozgis D. A retrospective and observational analysis of harmful excipients in medicines for hospitalised neonates in Latvia. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2017; 25:176-182. [PMID: 31157015 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medicines used in neonates contain different excipients, which may not be safe in this age group. Objective To analyse the frequency at which hospitalised neonates are exposed to harmful excipients (HEs) and to identify substitution possibilities for medicines containing HEs. Materials and methods Retrospective, observational study at a university paediatric hospital from 1 September 2015 till 29 February 2016. All hospitalised neonates who received a prescription for medicines containing an HE were included. Neonates were divided into four groups according to gestational age (<28 weeks; 28 to <32 weeks; 32 to <37 weeks and ≥37 weeks). The following excipients were analysed: parabens, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, benzoates, saccharin sodium, sorbitol, ethanol and benzalkonium chloride. Excipients were identified from the Summaries of Product Characteristics. Results 296 (102(34.5%) preterm) neonates included in the study received 1472 prescriptions for 106 medicines. The most often used formulations were intravenous (48/106; 45.3%) and oral solid formulations (20; 18.9%). The total number of different excipients was 169. In total, 29/106 (27.4%) medicines contained at least one HE. In total 82/102 (80.4%) preterm and 118/194 (60.8%) term neonates received medications with at least one HE. Substitution was possible for 9/29 (31.0%) HE-containing medicines. Conclusions Use of HEs can be reduced by using HE-free products available on the European market. However, medicine substitution was possible in only a small number of cases. Therefore the main focus should be on information and education of the hospital specialists about HEs used in medicines and their adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inese Sviestina
- University Children's Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Mozgis
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Walsh J. Reflection on the Pharmaceutical Formulation Challenges Associated with a Paediatric Investigation Plan for an Off-Patent Drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:250-256. [PMID: 27097815 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, the development of pediatric medicines for new patent protected products is mandatory and applicants are required to submit a Paediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) to the regulatory authorities. The process is voluntary for off-patent medicines and despite the availability of incentives, there is still a huge unmet need for the development of off-patent pediatric medicines. The aim of the EU grant funded "Labeling of Enalapril from Neonates to Adolescents" (LENA) project is to develop a new pediatric dosage form of the off-patent drug enalapril, for the treatment of heart failure in patients aged from birth to 18 years. This article provides an overview of some of the key formulation challenges that were faced during the product development programme and PIP process, including selection of dosage form and excipients, methodology for administration of the product and evaluation of patient acceptability.
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Van Riet-Nales DA, Kozarewicz P, Aylward B, de Vries R, Egberts TCG, Rademaker CMA, Schobben AFAM. Paediatric Drug Development and Formulation Design-a European Perspective. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:241-249. [PMID: 27270905 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of licensed paediatric drugs is lagging behind those for adults, and there is a lack of safe formulations in suitable doses that children are able and willing to take. As a consequence, children are commonly treated with off-label or unlicensed drugs. As off-label and unlicensed drug use are associated with a greater risk for harm than on-label drug use, a range of global initiatives have been developed to realize "better" medicines for children. This review describes the challenges and achievements of the European Union to realize this goal, with a focus on paediatric drug development and formulation design. In 2007, a European Paediatric Regulation was installed enforcing companies to consider children in the early development of drugs with a new drug substance, for a new indication or with a new route of administration. The Regulation, e.g. requires companies to develop a paediatric investigation plan discussing the proposed clinical trials in children of different ages and the formulations for future marketing. Since 2013, the pharmaceutical design of any newly marketed paediatric drug should comply with the "Guideline on the Pharmaceutical Development of Medicines for Paediatric Use." Companies should, e.g. justify the route of administration, dosage form, formulation characteristics, safety of excipients, dosing frequency, container closure system, administration device, patient acceptability and user information. In this review, the guideline's key aspects are discussed with a focus on novel formulations such as mini-tablets and orodispersible films, excipients with a potential risk for harm such as azo dyes and adequate user instructions.
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Salunke S, Liu F, Batchelor H, Walsh J, Turner R, Ju TR, Tuleu C. European Paediatric Formulation Initiative (EuPFI)-Formulating Ideas for Better Medicines for Children. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:257-262. [PMID: 27422653 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Paediatric Formulation Initiative (EuPFI), founded in 2007, aims to promote and facilitate the preparation of better and safe medicines for children through linking research and information dissemination. It brings together the capabilities of the industry, academics, hospitals, and regulators within a common platform in order to scope the solid understanding of the major issues, which will underpin the progress towards the future of paediatric medicines we want.The EuPFI was formed in parallel to the adoption of regulations within the EU and USA and has served as a community that drives research and dissemination through publications and the organisation of annual conferences. The membership and reach of this group have grown since its inception in 2007 and continue to develop and evolve to meet the continuing needs and ambitions of research into and development of age appropriate medicines. Five diverse workstreams (age-appropriate medicines, Biopharmaceutics, Administration Devices, Excipients and Taste Assessment & Taste Masking (TATM)) direct specific workpackages on behalf of the EuPFI. Furthermore, EuPFI interacts with multiple diverse professional groups across the globe to ensure efficient working in the area of paediatric medicines. Strong commitment and active involvement of all EuPFI stakeholders have proved to be vital to effectively address knowledge gaps related to paediatric medicines, discuss potential areas for further research and identify issues that need more attention and analysis in the future.
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Allegaert K, Spriet I. Substitution as a Strategy to Improve Excipient Exposure in Neonates: One Piece of the Puzzle. Paediatr Drugs 2016; 18:231-3. [PMID: 27146403 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-016-0178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Allegaert
- Intensive Care and Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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