In-vivo evaluation of clindamycin release from glyceryl monooleate-alginate microspheres by NIR spectroscopy

Targeted Clindamycin Delivery Systems: Promising Options for Preventing and Treating Bacterial Infections Using Biomaterials

Targeted therapy represents a real opportunity to improve the health and lives of patients. Developments in this field are confirmed by the fact that the global market for drug carriers was worth nearly $40 million in 2022. For this reason, materials engineering and the development of new drug carrier compositions for targeted therapy has become a key area of research in pharmaceutical drug delivery in recent years. Ceramics, polymers, and metals, as well as composites, are of great interest, as when they are appropriately processed or combined with each other, it is possible to obtain biomaterials for hard tissues, soft tissues, and skin applications. After appropriate modification, these materials can release the drug directly at the site requiring a therapeutic effect. This brief literature review characterizes routes of drug delivery into the body and discusses biomaterials from different groups, options for their modification with clindamycin, an antibiotic used for infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, and different methods for the final processing of carriers. Examples of coating materials for skin wound healing, acne therapy, and bone tissue fillers are given. Furthermore, the reasons why the use of antibiotic therapy is crucial for a smooth and successful recovery and the risks of bacterial infections are explained. It was demonstrated that there is no single proven delivery scheme, and that the drug can be successfully released from different carriers depending on the destination.

Drug-Loaded Chitosan Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

Chitosan is a natural anionic polysaccharide with a changeable architecture and an abundance of functional groups; in addition, it can be converted into various shapes and sizes, making it appropriate for a variety of applications. This article examined and summarized current developments in chitosan-based materials, with a focus on the modification of chitosan, and presented an abundance of information about the fabrication and use of chitosan-derived products in periodontal regeneration. Numerous preparation and modification techniques for enhancing chitosan performance, as well as the uses of chitosan and its metabolites, were reviewed critically and discussed in depth in this study. Chitosan-based products may be formed into different shapes and sizes, considering fibers, nanostructures, gels, membranes, and hydrogels. Various drug-loaded chitosan devices were discussed regarding periodontal regeneration.

Identification of Aspergillus species in human blood plasma by infrared spectroscopy and machine learning

Invasive Aspergillosis is a challenging infection that requires convenient, efficient, and cost-effective diagnostics. This study addresses the potential of infrared spectroscopy to satisfy this clinical need with the aid of machine learning. Two models, based on Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), have been trained by a set of infrared spectral data of 9 Aspergillus-spiked and 7 Aspergillus-free plasma samples, and a set of 200 spectral data simulated by oversampling these 16 samples. Two further models have also been trained by the same sets but with auto-scaling performed prior to PLS-DA. These models were assessed using 45 mock samples, simulating the challenging samples of patients at risk of Invasive Aspergillosis, including the presence of drugs (9 tested) and other common pathogens (5 tested) as potential confounders. The simple model shows good prediction performance, yielding a total accuracy of 84.4%, while oversampling and autoscaling improved this accuracy to 93.3%. The results of this study have shown that infrared spectroscopy can identify Aspergillus species in blood plasma even in presence of potential confounders commonly present in blood of patients at risk of Invasive Aspergillosis.

Calcium alginate nanoparticle crosslinked phosphorylated polyallylamine to the controlled release of clindamycin for osteomyelitis treatment

Osteomyelitis is one of the infections of the bone, and the treatment needs to the infection problems. Here, a local therapeutic approach for efficient drug delivery systems was designed to enhance the antibiotic drug's therapeutic activity. Calcium-Alginate nanoparticle (Ca-Alg) crosslinked phosphorylated polyallylamine (PPAA) was prepared through the salting-out technique, and it achieved 82.55% encapsulation of Clindamycin drug. The physicochemical characterizations of FTIR, SEM/EDX, TEM, and XRD were investigated to confirm the materials nature and formation. Clindamycin loaded Ca-Alg/PPAA system showed sustained Clindamycin release from the carrier. Cell viability was assessed in bone-related cells by Trypan blue assay and MTT assay analysis method. Both assay results exhibited better cell viability of synthesized materials against MG63 cells. MIC value of Ca-Alg/PPAA/Clindamycin in the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogen was 275 µg/mL, and it was 120 µg/mL for Enterobacter cloacae pathogen. The materials promising material for Osteomyelitis affected bone regeneration without any destructive effect and speedy recovery of infected parts from these investigations.

Compatibility Determination of Drug-Polymer, Drug-Excipient & Drug-Intravenous Admixtures Using Chemometric-assisted UVspectrophotometry

Purpose:

A new multivariate chemometric approach was developed for fast and economic compatibility determinations of ranitidine hydrochloride (as model drug) with certain pharmaceutical; polymers (Alginate & Chitosan), excipient (Lactose) and intravenous fluids (Dextrose, Ringer & Dextrose/ Ringer). Binary mixtures of the drug and each item were prepared and investigated by chemometric- assisted UV- spectrophotometry as well as by HPLC reference method.

Methods:

Five drug concentration levels (0.004-0.025mg/ml) of test-mixtures were used and the average drug recovery percent after two and seven days of storage from initial concentration was determined. Physico-chemical techniques including DSC, XRD, & FTIR were also performed to investigate the nature of the observed drug-additive interactions.

Results:

UV-chemometric and HPLC results showed that ranitidine stability in mixture aqueous solutions appears to be concentration dependent. The ranitidine content remained greater than 90% in alginate & chitosan test mixtures at all used drug concentrations (0.004-0.025mg/ml), while in lactose, dextrose, ringer & dextrose/ringer test mixtures fell below 90% at low drug concentrations (0.004- 0.009mg/ml), which suggests more ranitidine compatibility with alginate & chitosan rather than the other additives.

Conclusion:

The developed chemometric method, employing UV absorbance data successfully used as simple, rapid, and economic alternative tool in drug-additive compatibility determinations.

Finasteride-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles: Near-infrared quantification of plasma and prostate levels

Finasteride is an orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia as a surgical alternative. The aim of this work was to improve finasteride levels in plasma and prostate through the formulation of biodegradable finasteride nanoparticles and to quantify finasteride levels using near-infrared application. Finasteride nanoparticles were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method utilizing the biodegradable polymers poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) and poly-ϵ-caprolactone. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. The selected finasteride-biodegradable formula was examined in vivo, and both plasma and prostate levels of finasteride were quantified utilizing near-infrared technique. Results revealed that the prepared finasteride nanoparticles size range was from 231 ± 78 to 956 ± 224 nm with finasteride–poly-ϵ-caprolactone nanoparticles showing larger particle sizes compared with finasteride–poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. The encapsulation efficiency ranged from 68.89% ± 2.99% to 99.15% ± 4.32%. The selected formula of finasteride nanoparticles showed improved levels of finasteride in both plasma and prostate of the investigated rats. The realization of sustained release of biodegradable finasteride nanoparticles for possible oral or parenteral application could improve the activity of the drug for sustaining release time with lower dosing recurrence that improves patient compliance.

Investigation of Drug-Polymer Compatibility Using Chemometric-Assisted UV-Spectrophotometry

A simple chemometric-assisted UV-spectrophotometric method was used to study the compatibility of clindamycin hydrochloride (HC1) with two commonly used natural controlled-release polymers, alginate (Ag) and chitosan (Ch). Standard mixtures containing 1:1, 1:2, and 1:0.5 w/w drug-polymer ratios were prepared and UV scanned. A calibration model was developed with partial least square (PLS) regression analysis for each polymer separately. Then, test mixtures containing 1:1 w/w drug-polymer ratios with different sets of drug concentrations were prepared. These were UV scanned initially and after three and seven days of storage at 25 °C. Using the calibration model, the drug recovery percent was estimated and a decrease in concentration of 10% or more from initial concentration was considered to indicate instability. PLS models with PC3 (for Ag) and PC2 (for Ch) showed a good correlation between actual and found values with root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) of 0.00284 and 0.01228, and calibration coefficient (R²) values of 0.996 and 0.942, respectively. The average drug recovery percent after three and seven days was 98.1 ± 2.9 and 95.4 ± 4.0 (for Ag), and 97.3 ± 2.1 and 91.4 ± 3.8 (for Ch), which suggests more drug compatibility with an Ag than a Ch polymer. Conventional techniques including DSC, XRD, FTIR, and in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for (1:1) drug-polymer mixtures were also performed to confirm clindamycin compatibility with Ag and Ch polymers.

Quantification of simvastatin in mice plasma by near-infrared and chemometric analysis of spectral data

Time and cost saving is an essential requirement in pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence studies. The aim of this study is to use a simple, fast, and nondestructive near-infrared transmission spectroscopic method to quantify simvastatin (SMV) concentrations in mice plasma and also to improve SMV bioavailability by using alpha-lipoic acid as a carrier. Calibration curve was built at a concentration range of 10-250 ng/mL, and HPLC method was considered as a reference method. A partial least squares regression analysis model was used for method development, which gave less root mean square error cross-validation. Comparison of SMV concentrations obtained from both instruments showed no statistically significant differences between all the data. Near-infrared spectroscopy was utilized as a rapid, simple accurate method to quantify drug-plasma concentrations without need for any extraction protocols, and the significant effect of alpha-lipoic acid as a novel carrier to enhance SMV bioavailability is also addressed.

From near-infrared and Raman to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: progress, limitations and perspectives in bioanalysis

Over recent decades, spreading environmental concern entailed the expansion of green chemistry analytical tools. Vibrational spectroscopy, belonging to this class of analytical tool, is particularly interesting taking into account its numerous advantages such as fast data acquisition and no sample preparation. In this context, near-infrared, Raman and mainly surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have thus gained interest in many fields including bioanalysis. The two former techniques only ensure the analysis of concentrated compounds in simple matrices, whereas the emergence of SERS improved the performances of vibrational spectroscopy to very sensitive and selective analyses. Complex SERS substrates were also developed enabling biomarker measurements, paving the way for SERS immunoassays. Therefore, in this paper, the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques will be highlighted with a focus on recent progress.

Fabrication of novel GMO/Eudragit E100 nanostructures for enhancing oral bioavailability of carvedilol

In the present work, novel nanostructures comprising of glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and Eudragit E100 were prepared using high intensity ultrasonic homogenization. 3(2) Factorial design approach was used for optimization of nanostructures. Results of regression analysis revealed that the amount of GMO and Eudragit E100 had a drastic effect on particle size and percent entrapment efficiency. Optimized carvedilol-loaded nanostructures (Car-NS) were characterized by FTIR, TEM, DSC, in vitro drug release study. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax, Tmax, Ke, Ka, Vd and AUC were estimated for Car-NS upon its oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Particle size of Car-NS was found to be 183 ± 2.43 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 81.4 ± 0.512%. FTIR studies revealed loading and chemical compatibility of carvedilol with the components of nanostructures. DSC thermograms did not show endothermic peak for melting of carvedilol which could be attributed to solubilization of carvedilol in molten GMO during DSC run. The prepared Car-NS released carvedilol in sustained manner over a period of 10 h as suggested by in vitro drug release study. The pharmacokinetic study of Car-NS showed significant improvement in Cmax (two fold, p < 0.001) and AUC (four folds, p < 0.001) of carvedilol when compared to carvedilol suspension. Car-NS were found to be stable for a period of 3 months. Thus, a stable, floating, multiparticulate GMO/Eudragit E100 nanostructures having ability to release the drug in sustained manner with enhanced oral bioavailability can prove to be a promising carrier system for poorly water soluble drugs.