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Pande S. Liposomes for drug delivery: review of vesicular composition, factors affecting drug release and drug loading in liposomes. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:428-440. [PMID: 37594208 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2247036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are considered among the most versatile and advanced nanoparticle delivery systems used to target drugs to specific cells and tissues. Structurally, liposomes are sphere-like vesicles of phospholipid molecules that are surrounded by equal number of aqueous compartments. The spherical shell encapsulates an aqueous interior which contains substances such as peptides and proteins, hormones, enzymes, antibiotics, antifungal and anticancer agents. This structural property of liposomes makes it an important nano-carrier for drug delivery. Extrusion is one of the most frequently used technique for preparing monodisperse uni-lamellar liposomes as the technique is used to control vesicle size. The process involves passage of lipid suspension through polycarbonate membrane with a fixed pore size to produce vesicles with a diameter near the pore size of the membrane used in preparing them. An advantage of this technique is that there is no need to remove the organic solvent or detergent from the final preparation. This review focuses on composition of liposome formulation with special emphasis on factors affecting drug release and drug-loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pande
- Drug Product Technical Services, Wave Life Sciences, Lexington, MA, USA
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Jin Y, Wu Z, Wu C, Zi Y, Chu X, Liu J, Zhang W. Size-adaptable and ligand (biotin)-sheddable nanocarriers equipped with avidin scavenging technology for deep tumor penetration and reduced toxicity. J Control Release 2020; 320:142-158. [PMID: 31978442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The conventional active-targeting nano-chemotherapy suffers from poor tumor tissue penetration and non-negligible toxicity due to the size/ligand dilemmas and insufficient target selectivity. In this report, a stimuli-responsive size-adaptable and ligand (biotin)-sheddable drug delivery system (DDS) combined with two-step strategy of biotin-avidin system was designed to seek a balance between tumor targeting and penetration as well as to self-scavenge the nonresponsive nanocarriers in normal tissues. This DDS was composed of 'multi-seed' polymeric liposomes (ASL-BIO-MPL) with asulacrine-loaded micelles as seeds in their aqueous cavities. The shell of such liposomes was modified with MMP-9 cleavable polymer-polypeptide functionalized with the tumor targeting ligand biotin. ASL-BIO-MPL could disintegrate into mixture of irregularly-shaped liposomes (~200 nm) and scattered tiny micelles (~40 nm) after incubation with MMP-9. The fluorescence-labeled BIO-MPL could travel to the center of the 4T1 breast tumor spheroids under the action of MMP-9, possibly benefited from the relay of released tiny micelles. Conversely, neither the biotin-modified micelles nor non-MMP-9-responsive multi-seed liposomes could penetrate into the spheroids possibly due to the potent binding-site barrier of biotin and large size, respectively. In tumor-bearing mice, ASL-BIO-MPL exhibited the strongest drug penetrability and thus the optimal inhibition of tumor growth compared to other formulations. Following administration of avidin with a rational dosage regimen, the number of apoptotic cells in normal tissues induced by ASL-BIO-MPL reduced without affecting their targeting effect, suggesting the followed administration of adivin could scavenge the DDS in non-target site. Overall, the size/ligand adapting MPL system combined with two-step strategy of biotin-avidin may provide potential avenues for nanocarriers to enhance deep tumor tissue targeting and protect normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chenchen Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yixuan Zi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xinyu Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Li T, Mudie S, Cipolla D, Rades T, Boyd BJ. Solid State Characterization of Ciprofloxacin Liposome Nanocrystals. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:184-194. [PMID: 30495965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes have been widely researched as drug delivery systems; however, the solid state form of drug inside the liposome, whether it is in solution or in a solid state, is often not studied. The solid state properties of the drug inside the liposomes are important, as they dictate the drug release behavior when the liposomes come into contact with physiological fluid. Recently, a new approach of making liposomal ciprofloxacin nanocrystals was proposed by the use of an additional freeze-thawing step in the liposomal preparation method. This paper aims to determine the solid state properties of ciprofloxacin inside the liposomes after this additional freeze-thawing cycle using cryo-TEM, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cross-polarized light microscopy (CPLM). Ciprofloxacin precipitated in the ciprofloxacin hydrate crystal form with a unit cell dimension of 16.7 Å. The nanocrystals also showed a phase transition at 93 °C, which represents dehydration of the hydrate crystals to the anhydrate form of ciprofloxacin, verified by temperature-dependent SAXS measurements. Furthermore, the dependence of the solid state form of the nanocrystals on pH was investigated in situ, and it was shown that the liposomal ciprofloxacin nanocrystals retained their crystalline form at pH 6-10. Understanding the solid state attributes of nanocrystals inside liposomes provides improved understanding of drug dissolution and release as well as opening avenues to new applications where the nanosized crystals can provide a dissolution benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Mudie
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline , Australian Synchrotron , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - David Cipolla
- Insmed Inc. , 10 Finderne Avenue , Building 10, Bridgewater , New Jersey 08807-3365 , United States
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
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Zhang W, Li C, Jin Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Shaw JP, Baguley BC, Wu Z, Liu J. Multiseed liposomal drug delivery system using micelle gradient as driving force to improve amphiphilic drug retention and its anti-tumor efficacy. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:611-622. [PMID: 29493300 PMCID: PMC6058678 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1440669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve drug retention in carriers for amphiphilic asulacrine (ASL), a novel active loading method using micelle gradient was developed to fabricate the ASL-loaded multiseed liposomes (ASL-ML). The empty ML were prepared by hydrating a thin film with empty micelles. Then the micelles in liposomal compartment acting as ‘micelle pool’ drove the drug to be loaded after the outer micelles were removed. Some reasoning studies including critical micelle concentration (CMC) determination, influencing factors tests on entrapment efficiency (EE), structure visualization, and drug release were carried out to explore the mechanism of active loading, ASL location, and the structure of ASL-ML. Comparisons were made between pre-loading and active loading method. Finally, the extended drug retention capacity of ML was evaluated through pharmacokinetic, drug tissue irritancy, and in vivo anti-tumor activity studies. Comprehensive results from fluorescent and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation, encapsulation efficiency (EE) comparison, and release studies demonstrated the formation of ML-shell structure for ASL-ML without inter-carrier fusion. The location of drug mainly in inner micelles as well as the superiority of post-loading to the pre-loading method , in which drug in micelles shifted onto the bilayer membrane was an additional positive of this delivery system. It was observed that the drug amphiphilicity and interaction of micelles with drug were the two prerequisites for this active loading method. The extended retention capacity of ML has been verified through the prolonged half-life, reduced paw-lick responses in rats, and enhanced tumor inhibition in model mice. In conclusion, ASL-ML prepared by active loading method can effectively load drug into micelles with expected structure and improve drug retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Caibin Li
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Ya Jin
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - John P Shaw
- b School of Pharmacy , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Bruce C Baguley
- c Auckland Cancer Society Cancer Research Centre , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- b School of Pharmacy , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jianping Liu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
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Characterization of a smart pH-cleavable PEG polymer towards the development of dual pH-sensitive liposomes. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:288-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nam JH, Kim SY, Seong H. Investigation on Physicochemical Characteristics of a Nanoliposome-Based System for Dual Drug Delivery. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:101. [PMID: 29654484 PMCID: PMC5899077 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic effects of multiple drugs with different modes of action are utilized for combinatorial chemotherapy of intractable cancers. Translation of in vitro synergistic effects into the clinic can be realized using an efficient delivery system of the drugs. Despite a few studies on nano-sized liposomes containing erlotinib (ERL) and doxorubicin (DOX) in a single liposome vesicle, reliable and reproducible preparation methods as well as physicochemical characteristics of a non-PEGylated nanoliposome co-encapsulated with ERL and DOX have not been yet elucidated. In this study, ERL-encapsulated nanoliposomes were prepared using the lipid film-hydration method. By ultrasonication using a probe sonicator, the liposome diameter was reduced to less than 200 nm. DOX was loaded into the ERL-encapsulated nanoliposomes using ammonium sulfate (AS)-gradient or pH-gradient method. Effects of DOX-loading conditions on encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the DOX were investigated to determine an efficient drug-loading method. In the EE of DOX, AS-gradient method was more effective than pH gradient. The dual drug-encapsulated nanoliposomes had more than 90% EE of DOX and 30% EE of ERL, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction analyses of the dual drug-encapsulated nanoliposomes verified the highly oriented DOX-sulfate crystals inside the liposome as well as the less oriented small crystals of ERL in the outermost region of the nanoliposome. The nanoliposomes were stable at different temperatures without an increase of the nanoliposome diameter. The dual drug-encapsulated nanoliposomes showed a time-differential release of ERL and DOX, implying proper sequential releases for their synergism. The preparation methods and the physicochemical characteristics of the dual drug delivery system contribute to the development of the optimal process and more advanced systems for translational researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Nam
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Hasoo Seong
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
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Optimization of Weight Ratio for DSPE-PEG/TPGS Hybrid Micelles to Improve Drug Retention and Tumor Penetration. Pharm Res 2018; 35:13. [PMID: 29302821 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To enhance therapeutic efficacy and prevent phlebitis caused by Asulacrine (ASL) precipitation post intravenous injection, ASL-loaded hybrid micelles with size below 40 nm were developed to improve drug retention and tumor penetration. METHODS ASL-micelles were prepared using different weight ratios of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-polyethyleneglycol-2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) polymers. Stability of micelles was optimized in terms of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and drug release properties. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading were determined using an established dialysis-mathematic fitting method. Multicellular spheroids (MCTS) penetration and cytotoxicity were investigated on MCF-7 cell line. Pharmacokinetics of ASL-micelles was evaluated in rats with ASL-solution as control. RESULTS The ASL-micelles prepared with DSPE-PEG2000 and TPGS (1:1, w/w) exhibited small size (~18.5 nm), higher EE (~94.12%), better sustained in vitro drug release with lower CMC which may be ascribed to the interaction between drug and carriers. Compared to free ASL, ASL-micelles showed better MCTS penetration capacity and more potent cytotoxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the half-life and AUC values of ASL-micelles were approximately 1.37-fold and 3.49-fold greater than that of free ASL. CONCLUSIONS The optimized DSPE-PEG2000/TPGS micelles could serve as a promising vehicle to improve drug retention and penetration in tumor.
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Yin X, Chi Y, Guo C, Feng S, Liu J, Sun K, Wu Z. Chitooligosaccharides Modified Reduction-Sensitive Liposomes: Enhanced Cytoplasmic Drug Delivery and Osteosarcomas-Tumor Inhibition in Animal Models. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2172-2184. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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