1
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Naoi S, Yamane M, Nemoto T, Kato M, Saito R, Tachibana T. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes enhanced FcRn-dependent distribution of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by pI-engineering in mice. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 53:100506. [PMID: 38029470 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with a high isoelectric point (pI) value tended to exhibit fast plasma clearance (CL) and large steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) in mice. However, the positive correlation between pI, CL, and Vdss cannot be described by the reported physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, in which FcRn-mediated transcytosis of mAbs is set to be minimal compared to convection-mediated transport. To address this issue, physiological parameters (lymph flow rate, reflection coefficient, endothelial uptake clearance, and FcRn concentration) were optimized based on the pharmacokinetic profiles of mAbs with various pI values in wild type and FcRn-deficient (beta-2-microglobulin knockout [KO]) mice. Simulations using the PBPK model developed in this study showed a positive correlation between pI, CL and Vdss observed in wild-type mice. Therefore, this model successfully characterized our hypothetical mechanism that an electrostatic positive interaction between mAbs and the endothelial membrane enhances FcRn-mediated transcytosis of mAbs, resulting in large Vdss. We sought to determine the right contribution of the two pathways of antibody distribution to the interstitial space and established a new model that could effectively capture the effect of pI on FcRn-mediated distribution of mAbs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Naoi
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Yamane
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nemoto
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20, Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
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2
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Pasquiers B, Benamara S, Felices M, Ternant D, Declèves X, Puszkiel A. Translation of Monoclonal Antibodies Pharmacokinetics from Animal to Human Using Physiologically Based Modeling in Open Systems Pharmacology (OSP) Suite: A Retrospective Analysis of Bevacizumab. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2129. [PMID: 37631343 PMCID: PMC10459442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspecies translation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) pharmacokinetics (PK) in presence of target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) is particularly challenging. Incorporation of TMDD in physiologically based PK (PBPK) modeling is recent and needs to be consolidated and generalized to provide better prediction of TMDD regarding inter-species translation during preclinical and clinical development steps of mAbs. The objective of this study was to develop a generic PBPK translational approach for mAbs using the open-source software (PK-Sim® and Mobi®). The translation of bevacizumab based on data in non-human primates (NHP), healthy volunteers (HV), and cancer patients was used as a case example for model demonstration purpose. A PBPK model for bevacizumab concentration-time data was developed using data from literature and the Open Systems Pharmacology (OSP) Suite version 10. PK-sim® was used to build the linear part of bevacizumab PK (mainly FcRn-mediated), whereas MoBi® was used to develop the target-mediated part. The model was first developed for NHP and used for a priori PK prediction in HV. Then, the refined model obtained in HV was used for a priori prediction in cancer patients. A priori predictions were within 2-fold prediction error (predicted/observed) for both area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) and all the predicted concentrations were within 2-fold average fold error (AFE) and average absolute fold error (AAFE). Sensitivity analysis showed that FcRn-mediated distribution and elimination processes must be accounted for at all mAb concentration levels, whereas the lower the mAb concentration, the more significant the target-mediated elimination. This project is the first step to generalize the full PBPK translational approach in Model-Informed Drug Development (MIDD) of mAbs using OSP Suite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Pasquiers
- Inserm UMR-S1144, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France (A.P.)
- PhinC Development, 91300 Massy, France
| | | | | | - David Ternant
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, EA 4245 T2I, 37032 Tours, France
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Inserm UMR-S1144, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France (A.P.)
- Biologie du Médicament—Toxicologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alicja Puszkiel
- Inserm UMR-S1144, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France (A.P.)
- Biologie du Médicament—Toxicologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
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3
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Rose RH, Sepp A, Stader F, Gill KL, Liu C, Gardner I. Application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for therapeutic proteins and other novel modalities. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:840-854. [PMID: 36214113 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2133649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen diversification of drug development pipelines and approvals from traditional small molecule therapies to alternative modalities including monoclonal antibodies, engineered proteins, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), oligonucleotides and gene therapies. At the same time, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for small molecules have seen increased industry and regulatory acceptance.This review focusses on the current status of the application of PBPK models to these newer modalities and give a perspective on the successes, challenges and future directions of this field.There is greatest experience in the development of PBPK models for therapeutic proteins, and PBPK models for ADCs benefit from prior experience for both therapeutic proteins and small molecules. For other modalities, the application of PBPK models is in its infancy.Challenges are discussed and a common theme is lack of availability of physiological and experimental data to characterise systems and drug parameters to enable a priori prediction of pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, sufficient clinical data are required to build confidence in developed models.The PBPK modelling approach provides a quantitative framework for integrating knowledge and data from multiple sources and can be built on as more data becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Rose
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Armin Sepp
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Felix Stader
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Katherine L Gill
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Cong Liu
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Iain Gardner
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
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4
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Liu S, Shah DK. Mathematical Models to Characterize the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Protein Therapeutics. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:867-878. [PMID: 35197311 PMCID: PMC11022906 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) have ranked among the most important and fastest-growing classes of drugs in the clinic, yet the development of successful TPs is often limited by unsatisfactory efficacy. Understanding pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of TPs is key to achieving sufficient and prolonged exposure at the site of action, which is a prerequisite for eliciting desired pharmacological effects. PK modeling represents a powerful tool to investigate factors governing in vivo disposition of TPs. In this mini-review, we discuss many state-of-the-art models that recapitulate critical processes in each of the absorption, distribution, metabolism/catabolism, and excretion pathways of TPs, which can be integrated into the physiologically-based pharmacokinetic framework. Additionally, we provide our perspectives on current opportunities and challenges for evolving the PK models to accelerate the discovery and development of safe and efficacious TPs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This minireview provides an overview of mechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK) models developed to characterize absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties of therapeutic proteins (TPs), which can support model-informed discovery and development of TPs. As the next-generation of TPs with diverse physicochemical properties and mechanism-of-action are being developed rapidly, there is an urgent need to better understand the determinants for the ADME of TPs and evolve existing platform PK models to facilitate successful bench-to-bedside translation of these promising drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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5
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Peletier LA. An Extended Model Including Target Turnover, Ligand-Target Complex Kinetics, and Binding Properties to Describe Drug-Receptor Interactions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2385:19-46. [PMID: 34888714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1767-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, target-mediated drug disposition has become a central concept in modeling drug action in drug development. It combines a range of processes, such as turnover, protein binding, internalization, and non-specific elimination, and often serves as a nucleus of more complex pharmacokinetic models. It is simple enough to comprehend but complex enough to be able to describe a wide range of phenomena and data sets. However, the complexity comes at a price: many parameters. In this chapter, we present an overview of the temporal development of the compounds involved after different types of drug doses and offer convenient handles for dissecting data sets in a sophisticated manner in order to estimate the values of these parameters, such as rate constants and pertinent concentrations.
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6
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Peletier LA, Jansson-Löfmark R, Gabrielsson J. Comparisons of basic target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) and ligand facilitated target removal (LFTR). Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105835. [PMID: 33848634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the well-known model for basic Target-Mediated Drug Disposition (TMDD), drug binds to the target and the resulting drug-target complex is removed by a first order process, leading to loss of both drug and target. In the present note we study what happens when, instead, drug is returned to the free drug pool so that it can a new target molecule. What results is a mechanism in which the drug, here referred to as the ligand, facilitates the removal of the target,and then returns to the free ligand pool. Accordingly the process will be referred to as Ligand-Facilitated Target Removal (LFTR). It is shown through simulations and mathematical analysis how the two models differ and how their signature profiles typically appear. We also derive a useful parameter of both models, the in vivo potency EC50 (L50) which contains both ligand-target binding properties (kon,koff), target turnover (kdeg) and ligand-target complex kinetics (ke(RL)). Thus, this parameter contains a conglomerate of properties and is therefore potentially more informative about relevant (clinical) exposure than the binding affinity (Kd) alone. The derived potency parameter EC50 may therefore be used as a more robust ranking parameter among small and large drug molecules in drug discovery. Subsequently the LFTR model is applied to experimentally obtained literature data and the relevant parameters are estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambertus A Peletier
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, PB 9512, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands.
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7
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Jones HM, Tolsma J, Zhang Z, Jasper P, Luo H, Weber GL, Wright K, Bard J, Bell R, Messing D, Kelleher K, Piche-Nicholas N, Webster R. A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Prediction of "Half-Life Extension" and "Catch and Release" Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 9:534-541. [PMID: 32697437 PMCID: PMC7499188 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be engineered to have “extended half‐life” and “catch and release” properties to improve target coverage. We have developed a mAb physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic model that describes intracellular trafficking, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) recycling, and nonspecific clearance of mAbs. We extended this model to capture target binding as a function of target affinity, expression, and turnover. For mAbs engineered to have an extended half‐life, the model was able to accurately predict the terminal half‐life (82% within 2‐fold error of the observed value) in the human FcRn transgenic (Tg32) homozygous mouse and human. The model also accurately captures the trend in pharmacokinetic and target coverage data for a set of mAbs with differing catch and release properties in the Tg32 mouse. The mechanistic nature of this model allows us to explore different engineering techniques early in drug discovery, potentially expanding the number of “druggable” targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Jones
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Haobin Luo
- RES Group Inc., Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory L Weber
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Wright
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel Bard
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Bell
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dean Messing
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerry Kelleher
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert Webster
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Conner KP, Devanaboyina SC, Thomas VA, Rock DA. The biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: Mechanism, implications for pharmacokinetics, and methods of evaluation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107574. [PMID: 32433985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are a diverse drug class that include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recombinantly expressed enzymes, hormones and growth factors, cytokines (e.g. chemokines, interleukins, interferons), as well as a wide range of engineered fusion scaffolds containing IgG1 Fc domain for half-life extension. As the pharmaceutical industry advances more potent and selective protein-based medicines through discovery and into the clinical stages of development, it has become widely appreciated that a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of TP biodistribution can aid this endeavor. This review aims to highlight the literature that has advanced our understanding of the determinants of TP biodistribution. A particular emphasis is placed on the multi-faceted role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in mAb and Fc-fusion protein disposition. In addition, characterization of the TP-target interaction at the cell-level is discussed as an essential strategy to establish pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships that may lead to more informed human dose projections during clinical development. Methods for incorporation of tissue and cell-level parameters defining these characteristics into higher-order mechanistic and semi-mechanistic PK models will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Dan A Rock
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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9
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Jones HM, Zhang Z, Jasper P, Luo H, Avery LB, King LE, Neubert H, Barton HA, Betts AM, Webster R. A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics From In Vitro Data. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 8:738-747. [PMID: 31464379 PMCID: PMC6813168 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmacokinetics (PK) have largely been predicted via allometric scaling with little consideration for cross-species differences in neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) affinity or clearance/distribution mechanisms. To address this, we developed a mAb physiologically-based PK model that describes the intracellular trafficking and FcRn recycling of mAbs in a human FcRn transgenic homozygous mouse and human. This model uses mAb-specific in vitro data together with species-specific FcRn tissue expression, tissue volume, and blood-flow physiology to predict mAb in vivo linear PK a priori. The model accurately predicts the terminal half-life of 90% of the mAbs investigated within a twofold error. The mechanistic nature of this model allows us to not only predict linear PK from in vitro data but also explore the PK and target binding of mAbs engineered to have pH-dependent binding to its target or FcRn and could aid in the selection of mAbs with optimal PK and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Jones
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Haobin Luo
- RES Group Inc, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lindsay E King
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hugh A Barton
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alison M Betts
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Webster
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Glassman PM, Balthasar JP. Physiologically-based modeling of monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:3-13. [PMID: 30522890 PMCID: PMC6378116 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important and fastest growing classes of therapeutic molecules, with applications in a wide variety of disease areas. As such, understanding of the determinants of mAb pharmacokinetic (PK) processes (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) is crucial in developing safe and efficacious therapeutics. In the present review, we discuss the use of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models as an approach to characterize the in vivo behavior of mAbs, in the context of the key PK processes that should be considered in these models. Additionally, we discuss current and potential future applications of PBPK in the drug discovery and development timeline for mAbs, spanning from identification of potential target molecules to prediction of potential drug-drug interactions. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of currently available PBPK models for mAbs that could be implemented in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214 United States; Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 United States
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214 United States.
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11
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Polli JR, Engler FA, Balthasar JP. Physiologically Based Modeling of the Pharmacokinetics of "Catch-and-Release" Anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen Monoclonal Antibodies in Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Mouse Models. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:674-691. [PMID: 30321546 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with pH-sensitive target release, or "catch-and-release" (CAR) binding, have shown promise in decreasing the extent of target-mediated mAb elimination, increasing mAb exposure, and increasing dose potency. This study developed a mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to evaluate the effects of pH-sensitive CAR target binding on the disposition of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mAbs in mouse models of colorectal cancer. The PBPK model was qualified by comparing model-predicted plasma concentration-time data with data observed in tumor-bearing mice following the administration of T84.66, a "standard" anti-CEA mAb that demonstrates strong binding at pH 7.4 and 5.5. Further simulations evaluated the effects CAR pH-dependent binding, with decreasing CEA affinity with decreasing pH, on anti-CEA mAb plasma pharmacokinetics. Simulated data were compared with data observed for a novel CAR mAb, 10H6. The PBPK model provided precise parameter estimates, and excellent data characterization (median prediction error 18.4%) following fitting to T84.66 data. Simulations well predicted 10H6 data (median prediction error 21.4%). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that key determinants of the disposition of CAR mAbs include the following: antigen binding affinity, the rate constant of mAb-CEA dissociation in acidified endosomes, antigen concentration, and the tumor vasculature reflection coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ryan Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14215
| | - Frank A Engler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14215
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14215.
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12
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Hansen RJ, Berna MJ, Sperry AE, Beyer TP, Wroblewski VJ, Schroeder KM, Eacho PI. Quantitative characterization of the mechanism of action and impact of a 'proteolysis-permitting' anti-PCSK9 antibody. MAbs 2017; 9:285-296. [PMID: 27981884 PMCID: PMC5297531 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1270490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent report described a novel mechanism of action for an anti-proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibody (LY3015014, or LY), wherein the antibody has improved potency and duration of action due to the PCSK9 epitope for LY binding. Unlike other antibodies, proteolysis of PCSK9 can occur when LY is bound to PCSK9. We hypothesized that this allowance of PCSK9 cleavage potentially improves LY efficiency through two pathways, namely lack of accumulation of intact PCSK9 and reduced clearance of LY. A quantitative modeling approach is necessary to further understand this novel mechanism of action. We developed a mechanism-based model to characterize the relationship between antibody pharmacokinetics, PCSK9 and LDL cholesterol levels in animals, and used the model to better understand the underlying drivers for the improved efficiency of LY. Simulations suggested that the allowance of cleavage of PCSK9 resulting in a lack of accumulation of intact PCSK9 is the major driver of the improved potency and durability of LY. The modeling reveals that this novel 'proteolysis-permitting' mechanism of LY is a means by which an efficient antibody can be developed with a total antibody dosing rate that is lower than the target production rate. We expect this engineering approach may be applicable to other targets and that the mathematical models presented herein will be useful in evaluating similar approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Hansen
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Michael J Berna
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Andrea E Sperry
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Thomas P Beyer
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Victor J Wroblewski
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Krista M Schroeder
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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13
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Ait-Oudhia S, Ovacik MA, Mager DE. Systems pharmacology and enhanced pharmacodynamic models for understanding antibody-based drug action and toxicity. MAbs 2017; 9:15-28. [PMID: 27661132 PMCID: PMC5240652 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1238995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models seek to describe the temporal pattern of drug exposures and their associated pharmacological effects produced at micro- and macro-scales of organization. Antibody-based drugs have been developed for a large variety of diseases, with effects exhibited through a comprehensive range of mechanisms of action. Mechanism-based PK/PD and systems pharmacology models can play a major role in elucidating and integrating complex antibody pharmacological properties, such as nonlinear disposition and dynamical intracellular signaling pathways triggered by ligation to their cognate targets. Such complexities can be addressed through the use of robust computational modeling techniques that have proven powerful tools for pragmatic characterization of experimental data and for theoretical exploration of antibody efficacy and adverse effects. The primary objectives of such multi-scale mathematical models are to generate and test competing hypotheses and to predict clinical outcomes. In this review, relevant systems pharmacology and enhanced PD (ePD) models that are used as predictive tools for antibody-based drug action are reported. Their common conceptual features are highlighted, along with approaches used for modeling preclinical and clinically available data. Key examples illustrate how systems pharmacology and ePD models codify the interplay among complex biology, drug concentrations, and pharmacological effects. New hybrid modeling concepts that bridge cutting-edge systems pharmacology models with established PK/ePD models will be needed to anticipate antibody effects on disease in subpopulations and individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Ait-Oudhia
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Meric Ayse Ovacik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Donald E. Mager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Glassman PM, Balthasar JP. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict the clinical pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2016; 43:427-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-016-9482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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