1
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Bin Jumah MN, Al Othman SI, Alomari AA, Allam AA, Bellucci S, Abukhadra MR. Insight into the integration effect of chitosan and β-cyclodextrin on the properties of zinc-phosphate/hydroxyapatite hybrid as delivery structures for 5-fluorouracil: loading and release profiles. Front Chem 2024; 12:1456057. [PMID: 39324064 PMCID: PMC11422123 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1456057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc-phosphate/hydroxyapatite hybrid form (ZP/HP) in core-shell nanostructure was developed and functionalized with both chitosan (CS@ZP/HP) and β-cyclodextrin (CD@ZP/HP) as bio-composite of enhanced physicochemical and biological properties. These structures were assessed as potential deliveries of 5-fluorouracil, exhibiting enhanced loading, release, and anti-cancer behaviors. The functionalization strongly prompted the loading effectiveness to be 301.3 mg/g (CS@ZP/HP) and 342.8 mg/g (CD@ZP/HP) instead of 238.9 mg/g for ZP/HP. The loading activities were assessed based on the hypotheses of traditional kinetic and isotherm models, alongside the computational variables of the monolayer model with a single energetic site as an advanced isotherm model. The functionalized versions exhibit much greater loading efficacy compared to ZP/HP as a result of the increment in the density of the existing loading sites [Nm(5-Fu) = 78.85 mg/g (ZP/HP), 93.87 mg/g (CS@ZP/HP), and 117.8 mg/g (CD@ZP/HP)]. Furthermore, the loading energies of approximately 40 kJ/mol, together with the loading potential of each receptor (n > 1) and Gaussian energies of approximately 8 kJ/mol, indicate the physical entrapment of 5-Fu molecules according to a vertical orientation. The materials mentioned verify long-term and continuous release characteristics. Following the modification processes, this behavior became faster as both CS@ZP/HP and CD@ZP/HP displayed complete release within 120 h at pH 1.2. The kinetic studies and diffusing exponent (>0.45) indicate that release characteristics are controlled by both diffusion and erosion processes. These carriers also markedly increase the cytotoxicity of 5-Fu against HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines: 5-Fu-ZP/HP (3.2% cell viability), 5-Fu-CS@ZP/HP (1.12% cell viability), and 5-Fu-CD@ZP/HP (0.63% cell viability).
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Affiliation(s)
- May N. Bin Jumah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I. Al Othman
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Abdulaziz Alomari
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Materials Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt
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2
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Abukhadra MR, Okasha AT, Al Othman SI, Alfassam HE, Alenazi NA, AlHammadi AA, Allam AA. Synthesis and Characterization of Mg-Hydroxyapatite and Its β-Cyclodextrin Composite as Enhanced Bio-Carrier of 5-Fluorouracil Drug; Equilibrium and Release Kinetics. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30247-30261. [PMID: 37636978 PMCID: PMC10448682 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
An advanced form of magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite (Mg·HAP) was integrated in composite with β-cyclodextrin producing a safe biocomposite (β-CD/HAP) as an enhanced delivery structure of traditional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy during the treatment stages of colorectal cancer cells. The qualifications of β-CD/HAP as a carrier for 5-FU were followed based on the loading, release, and cytotoxicity as compared to Mg·HAP. β-CD/HAP composite exhibits notably higher 5-FU encapsulation capacity (272.3 mg/g) than Mg·HAP phase (164.9 mg/g). The 5-FU encapsulation processes into β-CD/HAP display the isotherm behavior of the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.99) and kinetic assumptions of pseudo-first order kinetic (R2 > 0.95). The steric studies reflect a strong increment in the quantities of the free sites after the β-CD integration steps (Nm = 61.2 mg/g) as compared to pure Mg·HAP (Nm = 42.4 mg/g). Also, the capacity of each site was enhanced to be loaded by 5 of 5-FU molecules (n = 4.45) in a vertical orientation. The 5-FU encapsulation energy into β-CD/HAP (<40 kJ/mol) reflects physical encapsulation reactions involving van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. The 5-FU release profiles of β-CD/HAP exhibit slow and controlled properties for about 80 h either in gastric fluid (pH 1.2) or in intestinal fluid (pH 7.4). The release kinetics and diffusion exponent (>0.45) signify non-Fickian transport and complex erosion/diffusion release mechanism. The free β-CD/HAP particles display a considerable cytotoxic effect on the HCT-116 cancer cells (33.62% cell viability) and its 5-FU-loaded product shows a strong cytotoxic effect (2.91% cell viability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef City 62511, Egypt
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni Suef City 62511, Egypt
| | - Alaa T. Okasha
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef City 62511, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni Suef City 62514, Egypt
| | - Sarah I. Al Othman
- Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, College of Science, Biology Department, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Haifa E. Alfassam
- Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, College of Science, Biology Department, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Noof A. Alenazi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. AlHammadi
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center
for Catalysis and Separations, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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3
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Alqahtani MD, Bin Jumah MN, Al-Hashimi A, Allam AA, Abukhadra MR, Bellucci S. Synthesis and Characterization of Methoxy-Exfoliated Montmorillonite Nanosheets as Potential Carriers of 5-Fluorouracil Drug with Enhanced Loading, Release, and Cytotoxicity Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:5895. [PMID: 37570864 PMCID: PMC10421137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural bentonite clay (BE) underwent modification steps that involved the exfoliation of its layers into separated nanosheets (EXBE) and further functionalization of these sheets with methanol, forming methoxy-exfoliated bentonite (Mth/EXBE). The synthetically modified products were investigated as enhanced carriers of 5-fluorouracil as compared to raw bentonite. The modification process strongly induced loading properties that increased to 214.4 mg/g (EXBE) and 282.6 mg/g (Mth/EXBE) instead of 124.9 mg/g for bentonite. The loading behaviors were illustrated based on the kinetic (pseudo-first-order model), classic isotherm (Langmuir model), and advanced isotherm modeling (monolayer model of one energy). The Mth/EBE carrier displays significantly higher loading site density (95.9 mg/g) as compared to EXBE (66.2 mg/g) and BE (44.9 mg/g). The loading numbers of 5-Fu in each site of BE, EXBE, and Mth/EXBE (>1) reflect the vertical orientation of these loaded ions involving multi-molecular processes. The loading processes that occurred appeared to be controlled by complex physical and weak chemical mechanisms, considering both Gaussian energy (<8 KJ/mol) as well as loading energy (<40 KJ/mol). The releasing patterns of EXBE and Mth/EXBE exhibit prolonged and continuous properties up to 100 h, with Mth/EXBE displaying much faster behaviors. Based on the release kinetic modeling, the release reactions exhibit non-Fickian transport release properties, validating cooperative diffusion and erosion release mechanisms. The cytotoxicity of 5-Fu is also significantly enhanced by these carriers: 5-Fu/BE (8.6% cell viability), 5-Fu/EXBE (2.21% cell viability), and 5-Fu/Mth/EXBE (0.73% cell viability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael D. Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N. Bin Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
- Materials Technologies and Their Applications Laboratory, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Stefano Bellucci
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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4
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Alqahtani MD, Bin Jumah MN, AlZahrani SA, Allam AA, Abukhadra MR, Bellucci S. Insights into the Effect of Chitosan and β-Cyclodextrin Hybridization of Zeolite-A on Its Physicochemical and Cytotoxic Properties as a Bio-Carrier for 5-Fluorouracil: Equilibrium and Release Kinetics Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:5427. [PMID: 37513298 PMCID: PMC10384421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic zeolite-A (ZA) was hybridized with two different biopolymers (chitosan and β-cyclodextrin) producing biocompatible chitosan/zeolite-A (CS/ZA) and β-cyclodextrin/zeolite-A (CD/ZA) biocomposites. The synthetic composites were assessed as bio-carriers of the 5-fluorouracil drug (5-Fu) with enhanced properties, highlighting the impact of the polymer type. The hybridization by the two biopolymers resulted in notable increases in the 5-Fu loading capacities, to 218.2 mg/g (CS/ZA) and 291.3 mg/g (CD/ZA), as compared to ZA (134.2 mg/g). The loading behaviors using ZA as well as CS/ZA and CD/ZA were illustrated based on the classic kinetics properties of pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.95) and the traditional Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.99). CD/ZA shows a significantly higher active site density (102.7 mg/g) in comparison to CS/ZA (64 mg/g) and ZA (35.8 mg/g). The number of loaded 5-Fu per site of ZA, CS/ZA, and CD/ZA (>1) validates the vertical ordering of the loaded drug ions by multi-molecular processes. These processes are mainly physical mechanisms based on the determined Gaussian energy (<8 kJ/mol) and loading energy (<40 kJ/mol). Both the CS/ZA and CD/ZA 5-Fu release activities display continuous and controlled profiles up to 80 h, with CD/ZA exhibiting much faster release. According to the release kinetics studies, the release processes contain non-Fickian transport release properties, suggesting cooperative diffusion and erosion release mechanisms. The cytotoxicity of 5-Fu is also significantly enhanced by these carriers: 5-Fu/ZA (11.72% cell viability), 5-Fu/CS/ZA (5.43% cell viability), and 5-Fu/CD/ZA (1.83% cell viability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael D Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N Bin Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleha A AlZahrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R Abukhadra
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
- Materials Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
| | - Stefano Bellucci
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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5
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Papynov EK, Shichalin OO, Kapustina OV, Buravlev IY, Apanasevich VI, Mayorov VY, Fedorets AN, Lembikov AO, Gritsuk DN, Ovodova AV, Gribanova SS, Kornakova ZE, Shapkin NP. Synthetic Calcium Silicate Biocomposite Based on Sea Urchin Skeleton for 5-Fluorouracil Cancer Delivery. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093495. [PMID: 37176377 PMCID: PMC10180529 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic calcium silicates and phosphates are promising compounds for targeted drug delivery for the effective treatment of cancerous tumors, and for minimizing toxic effects on the patient's entire body. This work presents an original synthesis of a composite based on crystalline wollastonite CaSiO3 and combeite Na4Ca4(Si6O18), using a sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus skeleton by microwave heating under hydrothermal conditions. The phase and elemental composition and structure of the obtained composite were studied by XRF, REM, BET, and EDS methods, depending on the microwave heating time of 30 or 60 min, respectively, and the influence of thermo-oxidative post-treatment of samples. The role of the sea urchin skeleton in the synthesis was shown. First, it provides a raw material base (source of Ca2+) for the formation of the calcium silicate composite. Second, it is a matrix for the formation of its porous inorganic framework. The sorption capacity of the composite, with respect to 5-fluorouracil, was estimated, the value of which was 12.3 mg/L. The resulting composite is a promising carrier for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. The mechanism of drug release from an inorganic natural matrix was also evaluated by fitting its release profile to various mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy K Papynov
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Oleg O Shichalin
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Olesya V Kapustina
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Yu Buravlev
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Apanasevich
- Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Pacific State Medical University, 2, Ostryakov Aven., 690990 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vitaly Yu Mayorov
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander N Fedorets
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexey O Lembikov
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Danila N Gritsuk
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna V Ovodova
- Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Pacific State Medical University, 2, Ostryakov Aven., 690990 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sofia S Gribanova
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Zlata E Kornakova
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Shapkin
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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6
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Le BT, Nguyen CQ, Nguyen PT, Ninh HD, Le TM, Nguyen PTH, La DD. Fabrication of Porous Fe-Based Metal-Organic Complex for the Enhanced Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil in In Vitro Treatment of Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46674-46681. [PMID: 36570299 PMCID: PMC9773331 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic complexes are one of the most studied materials in the last few decades, which are fabricated from organic ligands and metal ions to form robust frameworks with porous structures. In this work, iron-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic-polyethylene glycol (Fe-BDC-PEG) with a porous structure was successfully constructed by an iron(III) benzene dicarboxylate and polyethylene glycol diacid. The drug-delivery properties of the resultant Fe-BDC-PEG were tested for the loading and release of the 5-fluorouracil compound. The maximal loading capacity of Fe-BDC-PEG for 5-fluorouracil was determined to be 348.22 mg/g. The drug release of 5-fluorouracil-loaded Fe-BDC-PEG after 7 days was 92.69% and reached a maximum of 97.52% after 10 days. The 7 day and acute oral toxicity of Fe-BDC-PEG in mice were studied. The results show that no reasonable change or mortality was observed upon administration of Fe-BDC-PEG complex in mice at 10 g/kg body weight. When the uptake of Fe-BDC-PEG particles in mice was continued for 7 consecutive days, the mortality, feed consumption, body weight, and daily activity were negligibly changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bac Thanh Le
- Institute
of Chemistry and Materials, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | - Chau Que Nguyen
- Hanoi
University of Pharmacy, Phan Chu Trinh, Hoan Kiem, Ha Noi100000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thi Nguyen
- Institute
of Chemistry and Materials, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Duc Ninh
- Institute
of Chemistry and Materials, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | - Tri Minh Le
- Institute
of Chemistry and Materials, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | | | - Duong Duc La
- Institute
of Chemistry and Materials, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
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7
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Ges Naranjo A, Viltres Cobas H, Kumar Gupta N, Rodríguez López K, Martínez Peña A, Sacasas D, Álvarez Brito R. 5-Fluorouracil uptake and release from pH-responsive nanogels: An experimental and computational study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Jiang Y. Study the nature of interaction between 5-Fluorouracil anti-cancer drug and borospherene. J Mol Model 2022; 28:280. [PMID: 36036314 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study employs density functional theory (DFT) to evaluate pristine C4B32 borospherene and borospherenes functionalized by amino acid in drug delivery efficiency. The results showed that pristine and alanine-modified C4B32 clusters demonstrated high efficiency in drug delivery when borospherenes were designed using the quadruple carbon atom doping of C4B32. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the interaction between the 5-Fluorouracil drug (FU) and borospherenes (both alanine-modified variants and pristine). According to the findings, the bio-drug delivery function enabled by the amino acid led to enhanced FU adsorption onto C4B32, and in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, a redshift was found in the drug@cluster electronic spectra. Therefore, it can be concluded that the borospherene modified by alanine offers drug delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Medical College, Yongzhou Vocational Technical College, Yongzhou city, 425100, Hunan, China.
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9
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Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Improved Cancer Theranostics. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030100. [PMID: 35893468 PMCID: PMC9326646 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond their well-known applications in bone tissue engineering, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) have also been showing great promise for improved cancer therapy. The chemical structure of HAp NPs offers excellent possibilities for loading and delivering a broad range of anticancer drugs in a sustained, prolonged, and targeted manner and thus eliciting lower complications than conventional chemotherapeutic strategies. The incorporation of specific therapeutic elements into the basic composition of HAp NPs is another approach, alone or synergistically with drug release, to provide advanced anticancer effects such as the capability to inhibit the growth and metastasis of cancer cells through activating specific cell signaling pathways. HAp NPs can be easily converted to smart anticancer agents by applying different surface modification treatments to facilitate the targeting and killing of cancer cells without significant adverse effects on normal healthy cells. The applications in cancer diagnosis for magnetic and nuclear in vivo imaging are also promising as the detection of solid tumor cells is now achievable by utilizing superparamagnetic HAp NPs. The ongoing research emphasizes the use of HAp NPs in fabricating three-dimensional scaffolds for the treatment of cancerous tissues or organs, promoting the regeneration of healthy tissue after cancer detection and removal. This review provides a summary of HAp NP applications in cancer theranostics, highlighting the current limitations and the challenges ahead for this field to open new avenues for research.
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10
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Sayed M, El-Zeiny HM, Khim JS, Ajarem JS, Allam AA, Abukhadra MR. Insight into the Loading Properties of Na + Green-Functionalized Clinoptilolite as a Potential Carrier for the 5-Fluorouracil Drug, its Release Kinetics, and Cytotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6991-7001. [PMID: 35252690 PMCID: PMC8892477 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) was functionalized by Na+ ions (G.Na+/Clino) utilizing a green tea extract prepared by a green production method as a potential carrier for the 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) drug with enhanced physicochemical behaviors. The G.Na+/Clino-modified product showed enhanced surface area (312 m2/g) and ion-exchange capacity (387 mequiv/100 g). The loading studies reflect high and controlled loading properties of G.Na+/Clino with an actual loading capacity of 291 and 462 mg/g, respectively. The loading reactions of 5-Fu into G.Na+/Clino were of pseudo-second-order kinetics and exhibited Langmuir isotherm properties. This suggested a monolayer and homogeneous loading process by chemical complexation and ion-exchange mechanisms with a Gaussian energy value of 10.47 kJ/mol. Additionally, these reactions were of endothermic and spontaneous nature based on the determined thermodynamic parameters. The release studies demonstrated the 5-Fu release profile for about 150 h at pH 1.2 and for 80 h at pH 7.4. The release reactions had non-Fickian transport properties and were controlled by both erosion and diffusion mechanisms, considering the release kinetic findings and the values of the diffusion exponent (0.42 at pH 1.2 and 0.37 at pH 7.4). The composite showed remarkable biocompatibility based on the measured cell viability and a cytotoxic effect on normal colorectal cells (CCD-18Co). Additionally, the application of G.Na+/Clino as an inorganic carrier for the 5-Fu drug prompted the cytotoxic effect of the drug on colon cancer cell treatment (HCT-116).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed
Adel Sayed
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62514 Beni Suef
City, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, 62514 Beni-Suef City, Egypt
| | - Hayam M. El-Zeiny
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62514 Beni Suef
City, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, 62514 Beni-Suef City, Egypt
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School
of Earth & Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jamaan S. Ajarem
- Zoology
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, 12371 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62514 Beni Suef
City, Egypt
- Geology Department,
Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt
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11
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Nguyen PH, Le BT, Ninh HD, La DD. Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Fe-BTC-PEG Metal-Organic Complex: An Effective and Safety Nanocarrier for Anticancer Drug Delivery. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33419-33427. [PMID: 34926891 PMCID: PMC8674903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The porous metal-organic complexes are emerging as novel carriers for effective and safe delivery of drugs for cancer treatment, minimizing the side effect of drug overuse during cancer treatment. This study fabricated the Fe-BTC-PEG metal-organic complex from Fe ions, trimesic acid, and poly(ethylene glycol) as precursors using an ultrasonic-assisted method. The morphology and crystallinity of the resultant complex were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to investigate the functional groups on the surface of the Fe-BTC-PEG complex. The result showed that the prepared Fe-BTC-PEG complex was in particle form with low crystallinity and diameter ranging from 100 to 200 nm. The obtained Fe-BTC-PEG complex exhibited a high loading capacity for the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) anticancer drug with a maximal capacity of 364 mg/g. The releasing behavior of 5-fluorouracil from the 5-FU-loaded Fe-BTC-PEG complex was studied. Notably, the acute oral toxicity of the Fe-BTC-PEG metal-organic complex was also carried out to evaluate the safety of the material in practical application.
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Abukhadra MR, Adlii A, Khim JS, Ajarem JS, Allam AA. Insight into the Technical Qualification of the Sonocogreen CaO/Clinoptilolite Nanocomposite (CaO (NP)/Clino) as an Advanced Delivery System for 5-Fluorouracil: Equilibrium and Cytotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31982-31992. [PMID: 34870021 PMCID: PMC8637967 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Clinoptilolite as a natural zeolite was integrated with green CaO nanoparticles forming the green nanocomposite CaO(NP)/Clino. The CaO(NP)/Clino composite was assessed as a potential carrier for 5-fluorouracil (5-FL) drug. The CaO(NP)/Clino carrier achieved an enhanced 5-FL loading capacity of 305.3 mg/g as compared to 163 mg/g for pure clinoptilolite. The kinetics of the 5-FL loading follow the properties of the pseudo-first-order model, while the equilibrium results are related to the Langmuir isotherm. Therefore, the 5-FL loading processes occurred in the monolayer formed by homogeneous active loading receptors on the surface of the CaO(NP)/Clino carrier. The Gaussian energy of the 5-FL loading reaction (9.2 KJ/mol) reflected the dominant effect for the chemical mechanisms, especially the zeolitic ion-exchange mechanisms. Additionally, the thermodynamic parameters suggested endothermic, feasible, and spontaneous properties for the occurred 5-FL loading reactions. The release profile of 5-FL from CaO(NP)/Clino has continuous and long properties (150 h) at pH 1.2 (gastric fluid) and pH 7.4 (intestinal fluid). The kinetic studies of the release reactions show considerable agreement with Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Such high fitting results and the diffusion exponent values (0.49 at pH 1.2 and 0.48 at pH 7.4) reflected the release properties of the Fickian transport behavior involving complex erosion and diffusion mechanisms. The cytotoxicity study of CaO(NP)/Clino on colorectal normal cells (CCD-18Co) declare the safe and biocompatible effect as a carrier for the 5-FL drug. Additionally, CaO(NP)/Clino as a carrier causes considerable enhancement for the cytotoxic effect of the loaded 5-FL drug on colon cancer cells (HCT-116).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef City 62511, Egypt
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City 62511, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Adlii
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef City 62511, Egypt
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City 62511, Egypt
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School
of Earth & Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jamaan S. Ajarem
- Zoology
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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Lazar G, Nekvapil F, Hirian R, Glamuzina B, Tamas T, Barbu-Tudoran L, Pinzaru SC. Novel Drug Carrier: 5-Fluorouracil Formulation in Nanoporous Biogenic Mg-calcite from Blue Crab Shells-Proof of Concept. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27781-27790. [PMID: 34722978 PMCID: PMC8552355 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing demand for novel, cheaper, and more effective drugs has put nanomedicine and targeted drug delivery to the forefront of scientific innovation. Owing to its porous three-dimensional (3D)-nanostructure and properties, the biogenic calcite from wasted blue crab shells is employed in the present work as a new drug carrier for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a drug widely used in cancer therapy. The drug solution has been loaded in the porous nanoarchitecture of the powdered biogenic material and further pelleted in tablets with a 5-FU concentration of 1.748 mg/g. Their structural and morphological properties were characterized using Raman, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Confocal micro-Raman spectra of tablet surface showed a typical signal of biogenic carbonate with preserved carotenoids and carotenoproteins found in the native waste shell, while the drug Raman signal was absent, indicating its adsorption in the intricate nanoporous biogenic carrier. The slow release of the drug from the newly formulated tablet was investigated by tracking the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of the tablet solution in a series of time-dependent experiments. The SERS signal quantification is achieved using the well-known SERS spectral fingerprint of 5-fluorouracil aqueous solution adsorbed on Ag nanoparticles. The proof of concept is demonstrated by quantifying the slow release of the drug through the characteristic SERS band intensity of 5-FU in a time course of 26 h. This proof of concept boosted further investigations concerning the released drug identity in simulated solutions that mimic the pH of the upper- and lower gastrointestinal tract, as well as the multiple possibilities to control porosity and composition during powdering and treatment of biogenic material, to achieve the most convenient formulation for relevant biomedical drug delivery. Nonetheless, the present results showed great promise for innovative reusing waste biogenic 3D-nanomaterials of aquatic origin as advantageous drug carriers for slow release purposes, in line with the concept of blue bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geza Lazar
- Biomolecular
Physics Department, Babes Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute
for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Science, Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Fran Nekvapil
- Biomolecular
Physics Department, Babes Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute
for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Science, Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan Hirian
- Babes
Bolyai University, Faculty of Physics, Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Branko Glamuzina
- Department
of Aquaculture, University of Dubrovnik, Ćira Carića 4, 20 000 Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Tudor Tamas
- Department
of Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Barbu-Tudoran
- Electron
Microscopy Centre, Babes;-Bolyai University, Clinicilor 5-7, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Advanced
Research and Technology Center for Alternative Energy, National Institute for Research and Development of
Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Cinta Pinzaru
- Biomolecular
Physics Department, Babes Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute
for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Science, Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Sonoco Green Decoration of Clinoptilolite with MgO Nanoparticles as a Potential Carrier for 5-Fluorouracil Drug: Loading Behavior, Release Profile, and Cytotoxicity. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Exploring pH dependent delivery of 5-fluorouracil from functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111823. [PMID: 34098368 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be applied for pH-sensitive delivery of anticancer drugs. Due to the importance of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in different tumor therapy regimens, it has been widely used in different pH dependent drug delivery systems. To investigate the pH effects on loading (and release) of 5-FU on (and from) the functionalized MWCNTs and propose the optimum condition for drug delivery, both macroscopic and microscopic studies were carried out using chromatography and molecular dynamic simulation at different conditions. For both levels of studies, different analytical approaches were performed to assess the validity of the methods. The experimental results revealed that 5-FU has more binding affinity to the surface of the nanocarrier at physiological pH (pH = 7.4) and showed more release at acidic conditions (pH = 5.0). Meanwhile it has been observed that basic pH (pH = 9.0) can lead to a dramatic decrease effect on loading of the drug. The results of this study can be used to suggest the optimum pH levels for nanocarbon based formulations of 5-FU in cancer therapy.
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Liu H, Gong L, Lu S, Wang H, Fan W, Yang C. Three core-shell polymersomes for targeted doxorubicin delivery: Sustained and acidic release. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Theoretical investigation of the adsorption behaviors of fluorouracil as an anticancer drug on pristine and B-, Al-, Ga-doped C36 nanotube. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Research on 5-fluorouracil as a drug carrier materials with its in vitro release properties on organic modified magadiite. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 130:44-53. [PMID: 30660800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The magadiite (MAG) was modified by cetyltrimethyl ammonium-Bromide (CTAB) and then further modified by Chitosan (CS) which is called organic modified-magadiite as magadiite-cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (MAG-CTAB) and magadiite-cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-Chitosan (MAG-CTAB-CS), respectively, in this research study. The MAG, MAG-CTAB, and MAG-CTAB-CS were used as 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) drug carrier materials; the drug carrier's materials were marked as magadiite-5-Fluorouracil (MAG/5-FU), magadiite-cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-5-Fluorouracil (MAG-CTAB/5-FU), and magadiite-cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-Chitosan (MAG-CTAB-CS/5-FU). X-ray diffraction(XRD, Flourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results were shown that 5-Fluorouracil was combined with carrier materials through physical apparent adsorption, ion exchange, chemical bond, hydrogen bond, and electrostatic interaction. The drug carriers in vitro release behavior in simulated gastric fluids (SGF,pH = 1.35) and intestinal fluids (SIF,pH = 7.40) were investigated. The drug loading capacity and accumulated release ration were as follows the order: MAG-CTAB-CS/5-FU > MAG-CTAB/5-FU > MAG/5-FU. The drug loading capacity of MAG-CTAB-CS/5-FU was 162.29 mg/g, 48 h later the drug accumulated release ratio was 61.24%, and the release amount was 97.52 mg/g for 24 h. Korsmeyer-Peppas model and First order model were found to be suitable to describe the vitro release behavior of 5-Fluorouracil. This would be an economically viable and efficient method for the preparation of advanced drug delivery system.
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Syazaliyana Azali N, Hidayatul Nazirah Kamarudin N, Rasyidah Abdul Rahim A, Syifa'a Jamal Nasir N, Najiha Timmiati S, Farhana Jaafar N. Adsorption and Release of 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Vatanparast M, Shariatinia Z. AlN and AlP doped graphene quantum dots as novel drug delivery systems for 5-fluorouracil drug: Theoretical studies. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Luo H, Xie J, Xiong L, Yang Z, Zuo G, Wang H, Zhu Y, Wan Y. Engineering photoluminescent and magnetic lamellar hydroxyapatite by facile one-step Se/Gd dual-doping. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3515-3521. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel selenium (Se) and gadolinium (Gd) dual-doped lamellar hydroxyapatite has been produced by facile one-step template-assisted synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China Jiaotong University
- Nanchang 330013
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China Jiaotong University
- Nanchang 330013
- China
| | - Lingling Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China Jiaotong University
- Nanchang 330013
- China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China Jiaotong University
- Nanchang 330013
- China
| | - Guifu Zuo
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- North China University of Science and Technology
- Hebei
- China
| | - Hongying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China Jiaotong University
- Nanchang 330013
- China
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yizao Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China Jiaotong University
- Nanchang 330013
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
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Santos C, Gomes P, Duarte JA, Almeida MM, Costa MEV, Fernandes MH. Development of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles loaded with folic acid to induce osteoblastic differentiation. Int J Pharm 2016; 516:185-195. [PMID: 27851979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been shown that folic acid can have an important role in bone regeneration. For this reason, combining a classic bone regeneration system as, hydroxyapatite, loaded with folic acid, may be an important issue to be developed. To address this issue, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles loaded with folic acid were designed as an effective bone regenerative system, to induce osteoblast differentiation and improve the bone regeneration. HapNP were prepared by a hydrothermal method that used citric acid as a tailoring agent of particles morphology and, simultaneously, had the particularly to let carboxylic pendant groups in the particle surface, which provided a platform for the immobilization of folic acid (FA), producing HapNP-FA. A comparative study among hydroxyapatite nanoparticles loaded and unloaded with folic acid in presence of human mesenchymal stem cells was performed. The results demonstrate, that nanoparticles were able to be internalized by human mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, cell proliferation and viability were not affected in a wide concentration range. Both particles induced the expression of Runx2 and the expression and activity of alkaline phosphatase. However, HapNP-FA caused a significantly higher overexpression of Runx2. The osteoblastic differentiation confirms the potential applicability of HapNP-FA in the local bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Santos
- EST Setúbal, DEM, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Campus IPS, 2914-508 Setúbal, Portugal; CQE, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida M Almeida
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria E V Costa
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria H Fernandes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
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