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Cheng Y, Wu P, Xiao P, Li M. Determination of related substances in disulfide-rich peptide ziconotide by establishing tandem mass spectrometry methods. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:101037. [PMID: 39386004 PMCID: PMC11462032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2024.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Image 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Cheng
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peize Wu
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
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2
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Branco F, Cunha J, Mendes M, Vitorino C, Sousa JJ. Peptide-Hitchhiking for the Development of Nanosystems in Glioblastoma. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16359-16394. [PMID: 38861272 PMCID: PMC11223498 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the epitome of aggressiveness and lethality in the spectrum of brain tumors, primarily due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that hinders effective treatment delivery, tumor heterogeneity, and the presence of treatment-resistant stem cells that contribute to tumor recurrence. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used to overcome these obstacles by attaching targeting ligands to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Among these ligands, peptides stand out due to their ease of synthesis and high selectivity. This article aims to review single and multiligand strategies critically. In addition, it highlights other strategies that integrate the effects of external stimuli, biomimetic approaches, and chemical approaches as nanocatalytic medicine, revealing their significant potential in treating GBM with peptide-functionalized NPs. Alternative routes of parenteral administration, specifically nose-to-brain delivery and local treatment within the resected tumor cavity, are also discussed. Finally, an overview of the significant obstacles and potential strategies to overcome them are discussed to provide a perspective on this promising field of GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Branco
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências
da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Cunha
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências
da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Mendes
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências
da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra
Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences − IMS, Faculty
of Sciences and Technology, University of
Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências
da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra
Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences − IMS, Faculty
of Sciences and Technology, University of
Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João J. Sousa
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências
da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra
Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences − IMS, Faculty
of Sciences and Technology, University of
Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Badgujar D, Maskar T, Paritala ST, Sharma N. Development and validation of stability-indicating assay method and identification of force degradation products of glucagon-like peptide-1 synthetic analog Exenatide using liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2024; 30:171-186. [PMID: 39056322 DOI: 10.1177/14690667241262935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Exenatide is a synthetic glucagon-like peptide 1 analog, widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The stability of pharmaceutical products is significantly impacted by various environmental stress conditions. The present study reports the development of a validated reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) stability-indicating method for the identification of force degradation products (DPs) of synthetic glucagon-like peptide-1 analog Exenatide using UHPLC-Orbitrap fusionTM mass spectrometer. Force degradation studies were performed by subjecting Exenatide to various stress conditions, such as hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal to investigate the stability indicating ability of the method. Significant degradation was observed during acidic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress conditions. Exenatide and its major DPs identification and characterization were demonstrated by employing LC-HRMS and MS/MS method. In total, five major stress DPs were characterized, and their fragmentation pathway was proposed using MS/MS studies. Finally, the proposed RP-HPLC method was validated as per ICH guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Badgujar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad(NIPER-A), (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas Maskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad(NIPER-A), (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sree Teja Paritala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad(NIPER-A), (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad(NIPER-A), (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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4
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Badgujar D, Paritala ST, Matre S, Sharma N. Enantiomeric purity of synthetic therapeutic peptides: A review. Chirality 2024; 36. [PMID: 38448043 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic therapeutic peptides are a complex and popular class of pharmaceuticals. In recent years, peptides with proven therapeutic activity have gained significant interest in the market. The determination of synthetic peptide enantiomeric purity plays a critical role in the evaluation of the quality of the medicine. Since racemization is one of the most common side reactions occurring in AAs or peptides, enantiomeric impurities such as D-isomers can form during the peptide synthesis or can be introduced from the starting materials (e.g., AAs). The therapeutic effect of a synthetic or semi-synthetic bioactive peptide molecule depends on its AA enantiomeric purity and secondary/tertiary structure. Therefore, the enantiomeric purity determination for synthetic peptides is supportive for interpreting unwanted therapeutic effects and determining the quality of synthetic peptide therapeutics. However, enantiomeric purity analysis encounters formidable analytical challenges during chromatographic separation, as D/L isomers have identical physical-chemical properties except stereochemical configuration. To ensure peptides AA stereochemical configuration whether in the free or bound state, sensitive and reproducible quantitative analytical method is mandatory. In this regard, numerous analytical techniques were emerged for the quantification of D-isomeric impurities in synthetic peptides, but still, very few reports are available in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the importance, regulatory requirements, and various analytical methods used for peptide enantiomeric purity determination. In addition, we discussed the available literature in terms of enantiomeric impurity detection, common hydrolysis procedural aspects, and different analytical strategies used for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Badgujar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sree Teja Paritala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shubham Matre
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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5
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Schnatbaum K, Holenya P, Pfeil S, Drosch M, Eckey M, Reimer U, Wenschuh H, Kern F. An Overview of Peptides and Peptide Pools for Antigen-Specific Stimulation in T-Cell Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2768:29-50. [PMID: 38502386 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3690-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of antigen-specific T-cell responses has become routine in many laboratories. Functional T-cell assays like enzyme-linked-immuno-spot (ELISPOT), which depend on antigen-specific stimulation, increasingly use peptides to represent the antigen of interest. Besides single peptides, mixtures of peptides (peptide pools) are very frequently applied. Such peptide pools may, for example, represent entire proteins (with overlapping peptides covering a protein sequence) or include noncontiguous peptides such as a collection of T-cell-stimulating peptides. The optimum specification of single peptides or peptide pools for T-cell stimulation assays will depend on the purpose of the test, the target T-cell population, the availability of sample, requirements regarding reproducibility, and, last but not least, the available budget, to mention only the most important factors. Because of the way peptides are produced, they will always contain certain amounts of impurities such as peptides with deletions or truncated peptides, and there may be additional by-products of peptide synthesis. Optimized synthesis protocols as well as purification help reduce impurities that might otherwise cause false-positive assay results. However, specific requirements with respect to purity will vary depending on the purpose of an assay. Finally, storage conditions significantly affect the shelf life of peptides, which is relevant especially for longitudinal studies. The present book chapter addresses all of these aspects in detail. It should provide the researcher with all necessary background knowledge for making the right decisions when it comes to choosing, using, and storing peptides for ELISPOT and other T-cell stimulation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulf Reimer
- JPT Peptide Technologies, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Florian Kern
- JPT Peptide Technologies, Berlin, Germany.
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
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6
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Chrone VG, Lorentzen A, Højrup P. Characterization of Synthetic Peptides by Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:83-89. [PMID: 38997482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In the quality control of synthetic peptides, mass spectroscopy (MS) serves as an optimal method for evaluating authenticity and integrity. Typically, the sequence of a synthetic peptide is already established, thereby directing the focus of analysis towards validating its identity and purity. This chapter outlines straightforward methodologies for conducting MS analyses specifically tailored for synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Chrone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrea Lorentzen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Højrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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7
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De Groot AS, Roberts BJ, Mattei A, Lelias S, Boyle C, Martin WD. Immunogenicity risk assessment of synthetic peptide drugs and their impurities. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103714. [PMID: 37467878 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs play an important part in medicine owing to their many therapeutic applications. Of the 80 peptide drugs approved for use in humans, at least five are now off-patent and are consequently being developed as generic alternatives to the originator products. To accelerate access to generic products, the FDA has proposed new regulatory pathways that do not require direct comparisons of generics to originators in clinical trials. The 'Abbreviated New Drug Application' (ANDA) pathway recommends that sponsors provide information on any new impurities in the generic drug, compared with the originator product, because the impurities can have potential to elicit unwanted immune responses owing to the introduction of T-cell epitopes. This review describes how peptide drug impurities can elicit unexpected immunogenicity and describes a framework for performing immunogenicity risk assessment of all types of bioactive peptide products. Although this report primarily focuses on generic peptides and their impurities, the approach might also be of interest for developers of novel peptide drugs who are preparing their products for an initial regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA; University of Georgia, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA USA.
| | | | - Aimee Mattei
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sandra Lelias
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
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8
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Ummiti K, Kumar JVS, Prasad MM, Subbappa PK. Evaluation of effects of temperature and humidity on the secondary structure of Ganirelix in an injectable formulation and comparison with Orgalutran® using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Chirality 2023. [PMID: 36843151 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Ganirelix, a drug used in in vitro fertilization (IVF), prevents ovulation in women who are not ready to have children by inhibiting a gene that produces gonadotropin. Peptides are macromolecules that are able to preserve a predetermined shape while carrying out the structural and regulatory roles for which they were originally intended. Peptide structures can be altered in the production and storage processes. Therapeutic peptides' biological activity can be drastically altered by even small modifications in their primary and secondary structures. The molecules' secondary structures can be monitored by subjecting them to different processing or storage conditions. In our investigation, we used circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy with two different software programs for secondary structure evaluation to look at how environmental factors like temperature and humidity affected the secondary structure of Ganirelix in an injectable formulation. The CD results revealed that the alpha-helical (regular and distorted), beta-sheet, beta-strands (regular and distorted), beta-turn, and random coil structures of temperature and humidity stressed generic drug products are comparable to reference-listed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarswamy Ummiti
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, College of Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| | - J V Shanmukha Kumar
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, College of Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| | - M Muni Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, D.K. Government Degree College for Women, Nellore, India
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9
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A Review on Forced Degradation Strategies to Establish the Stability of Therapeutic Peptide Formulations. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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10
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Chen K, Smith CJ. Best Practices for Submission of NMR Data to Support Higher Order Structure Assessment of Generic Peptide Drugs. AAPS J 2023; 25:17. [PMID: 36670271 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Cameron J Smith
- Division of Liquid-Based Products I, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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11
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Orlandin A, Guryanov I, Ferrazzano L, Biondi B, Biscaglia F, Storti C, Rancan M, Formaggio F, Ricci A, Cabri W. Carbodiimide-Mediated Beckmann Rearrangement of Oxyma-B as a Side Reaction in Peptide Synthesis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134235. [PMID: 35807480 PMCID: PMC9268172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppression of side reactions is one of the most important objectives in peptide synthesis, where highly reactive compounds are involved. Recently, the violuric acid derivative Oxyma-B was introduced into peptide synthesis protocols as a promising additive to efficiently control the optical purity of the amino acids prone to racemization. However, we discovered a side reaction involving the Beckmann rearrangement of Oxyma-B during the coupling reaction, which compromises the yield and purity of the target peptides. Here, we present the investigation of the mechanism of this rearrangement and the optimization of the coupling reaction conditions to control it. These results can be taken into account for the design of novel efficient oxime-based coupling reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orlandin
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (A.O.); (W.C.)
| | - Ivan Guryanov
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (A.O.); (W.C.)
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Peterhof, Universitetskij pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Lucia Ferrazzano
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Barbara Biondi
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (B.B.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Biscaglia
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (B.B.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudia Storti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (B.B.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Marzio Rancan
- ICMATE, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (B.B.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (A.O.); (W.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (A.O.); (W.C.)
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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12
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Sharma N, Kukreja D, Giri T, Kumar S, Shah RP. Synthetic pharmaceutical peptides characterization by chromatography principles and method development. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2200-2216. [PMID: 35460196 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As per United States Food and Drug Administration, any polymer/chain composed of 40 or fewer amino acids is called as a peptide, where more than 40 amino acids are considered as proteins. In many occasions there is a change in the source of manufacturing of the peptide active pharmaceutical ingredient, where one has to prove the sameness of that product with the existing formulation by considering several aspects like presence of impurities/degradation products, extent of aggregations etc. For the same, several chromatographic characterization techniques such as; Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/high resolution mass spectrometry, supercritical fluid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography etc are widely used in pharmaceutical industry. It is well known that the method development of peptide molecules is often challenging as many variables are to be kept in mind which can affect the separation, recovery and stability of molecule. The present review focuses on the basics of peptide degradation and method development by using various chromatographic techniques for characterization. It also covers a deep insight of method development parameters and variables to be considered which might directly or indirectly affect the chromatographic separation and recovery, and also provides a guide on selection of chromatographic parameters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Sharma
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Divya Kukreja
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Tushar Giri
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Ravi P Shah
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
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13
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Lian Z, Wang N, Tian Y, Huang L. Characterization of Synthetic Peptide Therapeutics Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Challenges, Solutions, Pitfalls, and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1852-1860. [PMID: 34110145 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides represent an important and expanding class of therapeutics. Despite having a relatively small size as compared to monoclonal antibodies and other proteins, synthetic peptides are subject to many complex structural modifications originating from the starting materials, manufacturing process, and storage conditions. Although mass spectrometry has been increasingly used to characterize impurities of synthetic peptides, systematic review of this field is scarce. In this paper, an overview of the impurities in synthetic peptide therapeutics is provided in the context of how the knowledge from detailed characterization of the impurities using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be used to develop the manufacturing process and control strategy for synthetic peptide therapeutics following the critical quality attribute (CQA)-driven and risk-based approach. The thresholds for identifying and controlling the impurities are discussed based on currently available regulatory guidance. Specific LC-MS techniques for identification of various types of impurities based on their structural characteristics are discussed with the focus on structural isomers and stereoisomers (i.e., peptide epimers). Absolute and relative quantitation methods for the peptide impurities are critiqued. Potential pitfalls in characterization of synthetic peptide therapeutics using LC-MS are discussed. Finally, a systematic LC-MS workflow for characterizing the impurities in synthetic peptide therapeutics is proposed, and future perspectives on applying emerging LC-MS techniques to address the remaining challenges in the development of synthetic peptide therapeutics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Lian
- Bioproducts Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Bioproducts Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yuwei Tian
- Bioproducts Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lihua Huang
- Bioproducts Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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14
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Ummiti K, Shanmukha Kumar JV. Establishment of validated stability indicating purity method based on the stress degradation behavior of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (ganirelix) in an injectable formulation using HPLC and LC-MS-QTOF. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:126-140. [PMID: 33823624 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211005335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress study of a drug substance or pharmaceutical drug product provides a vision into degradation pathways and degradation products of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and helps in interpretation of the chemical structure of the degradation impurities. In the current study, Ganirelix active ingredient presented in the Orgalutran® was stressed with acidic and alkali hydrolysis, photolysis, thermal and oxidation conditions as per the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1A (R2). Ganirelix was found to be labile under thermal and alkali hydrolytic stress conditions, while it was stable to acid hydrolytic, oxidative and photolytic stress. All degradation products were separated with a resolution > 1.5 on a C18 column (2.6 µm, 25 cm×4.6 mm) using a hydrophilic ion pair such as sodium perchlorate, at a concentration <0.04 M. In total, four major degradant impurities were found during stress study. These impurities were fractionated and desalted by flash chromatography for identification of chemical structures. LC-MS-QTOF analysis revealed that two degradation products are diastereomers of Ganirelix, one degradation product is a deamination compound and other degradation product result from the insertion of a new amino acid residue in the Ganirelix peptide sequence. The developed method is sensitive enough to quantify the related substances of Ganirelix at the 0.04% level with that of Ganirelix test concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarswamy Ummiti
- Department of Chemistry, 207673Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| | - J V Shanmukha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, 207673Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
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15
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Li M, Josephs RD, Daireaux A, Choteau T, Westwood S, Martos G, Wielgosz RI, Li H. Structurally related peptide impurity identification and accurate quantification for synthetic oxytocin by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1861-1870. [PMID: 33479819 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) is an important peptide that is mainly used as a therapeutic drug to induce labor or strengthen uterine contractions, or to control bleeding after childbirth. OXT has also been reported as a biomarker linked to emotion, and as a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis. The accurate purity characterization of OXT calibrators is critical for quality control of pharmaceuticals and the development of reference measurement systems for this analyte in laboratory medicine. OXT possesses the particular analytical measurement challenge of a disulfide bond. Accurate value assignment of the purity of oxytocin calibrators can be carried out by applying the mass balance approach or alternative approaches such as amino acid analysis, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and nitrogen determination. In order to avoid biases, all these approaches require a correction for structurally related peptide impurities. Structurally related peptide impurities present in a synthetic OXT material have been identified and quantified by a newly developed and in-house-validated liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-hrMS) method. This method was adopted for the measurement of the study material used for an international comparison evaluating the competencies of laboratories to perform peptide characterization. Eighteen structurally related impurities were identified, confirmed, and accurately quantified in the OXT study material by using LC-hrMS. The study material contained a total mass fraction of 31.1 mg/g structurally related OXT impurities with an associated expanded uncertainty of 1.7 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Département de la Chimie, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ralf D Josephs
- Département de la Chimie, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312, Sèvres Cedex, France.
| | - Adeline Daireaux
- Département de la Chimie, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Tiphaine Choteau
- Département de la Chimie, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Steven Westwood
- Département de la Chimie, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Gustavo Martos
- Département de la Chimie, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Robert I Wielgosz
- Département de la Chimie, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
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16
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Ummiti K, Kumar JVS. Evaluation of temperature, excipients impact on the primary structure of Ganirelix in an injectable formulation, and comparison with Orgalutran® using MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4610. [PMID: 32786175 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ganirelix is a linear polypeptide consisting of covalently bonded 10 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence in a peptide determines the properties of the molecule. The slightest change in the primary structure (amino acid sequence) of therapeutic peptides can significantly impact its safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity. Hence, the primary structure analysis of therapeutic peptides is regarded as a critical quality attribute (CQA). A vast array of analytical techniques can be used to capture the primary structure of the peptide. In this study, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)/tandem time of flight mass spectroscopic (TOF/TOF MS) method to demonstrate the primary structure of Ganirelix in an injectable formulation. The apparent monoisotopic molecular mass of Ganirelix is 1,568.9 Da. The attained primary amino acid sequence of Ganirelix in temperature-stressed generic product matched with the theoretical sequence and showed homology with those of the reference listed drug (RLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarswamy Ummiti
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Guntur, India
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17
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Ummiti K, Kumar JVS. Determination of Amino Acid Composition of Ganirelix Acetate in an Injectable Formulation by Pre-column Derivatization with 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl Carbamate. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:687-694. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ganirelix is a synthetic decapeptide linked with nine different amino acids. To understand the peptide amino acid sequence or primary structure, the first step is to determine the amino acid composition of the peptide which can be a determining factor for the peptide immunogenicity. Edman degradation is not a suitable analytical technique to identify amino acid sequence present in Ganirelix due to the absence of uncharged N-terminal amino group. To address this challenge, a pre-column derivatization method was developed with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate reagent. In the present work, the Ganirelix active pharmaceutical ingredient present in the injectable formulation was isolated by fraction collection and further purified by flash chromatography. The amino acid composition of Ganirelix is assayed by carrying out acid hydrolysis with 6 mol L−1 hydrochloric acid solution containing 1% phenol at 100°C for 24 h and derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate reagent solution, followed by determination of individual amino acids by reverse-phase chromatography using a C18 column. High resolution was achieved for the nine amino acid mixture. The amino acid composition results of temperature-stressed Ganirelix generic product and reference listed drug are in good agreement with the theoretical molar ratio of label information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarswamy Ummiti
- Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522502, India
| | - J V Shanmukha Kumar
- Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522502, India
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18
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Zhang H, Zhou X, Liu D, Zhu Y, Ma Q, Zhang Y. Progress and challenges of personalized neoantigens in the clinical treatment of tumors. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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19
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Susceptibility of protein therapeutics to spontaneous chemical modifications by oxidation, cyclization, and elimination reactions. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1409-1431. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeptides and proteins are preponderantly emerging in the drug market, as shown by the increasing number of biopharmaceutics already approved or under development. Biomolecules like recombinant monoclonal antibodies have high therapeutic efficacy and offer a valuable alternative to small-molecule drugs. However, due to their complex three-dimensional structure and the presence of many functional groups, the occurrence of spontaneous conformational and chemical changes is much higher for peptides and proteins than for small molecules. The characterization of biotherapeutics with modern and sophisticated analytical methods has revealed the presence of contaminants that mainly arise from oxidation- and elimination-prone amino-acid side chains. This review focuses on protein chemical modifications that may take place during storage due to (1) oxidation (methionine, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), (2) intra- and inter-residue cyclization (aspartic and glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, N-terminal dipeptidyl motifs), and (3) β-elimination (serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine) reactions. It also includes some examples of the impact of such modifications on protein structure and function.
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20
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Dissolving microneedle based transdermal delivery of therapeutic peptide analogues. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Rastogi S, Shukla S, Kalaivani M, Singh GN. Peptide-based therapeutics: quality specifications, regulatory considerations, and prospects. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:148-162. [PMID: 30296551 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exquisite selectivity, remarkable efficacy, and minimal toxicity are key attributes inherently assigned to peptides, resulting in increased research interest from the pharmaceutical industry in peptide-based therapeutics (PbTs). Pharmacopoeias develop authoritative standards for PbT by providing standard specifications and test methods. Nevertheless, a lack of harmonization in test procedures adopted for PbT in the latest editions of Pharmacopoeias has been observed. Adoption of a harmonized monograph could increase further the interest of the global pharmaceutical industry in PbTs. Here, we provide an overview of pharmacopoeial methodologies and specifications commonly observed in PbT monographs and highlight the main differences among the pharmacopoeias in terms of the active pharmaceutical ingredients that they focus on. We also address the prospects for PbTs to mature as a new therapeutic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rastogi
- Analytical Research & Development, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
| | - Shatrunajay Shukla
- Medical Devices & Materiovigilance, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India.
| | - M Kalaivani
- Biologics, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
| | - Gyanendra Nath Singh
- Analytical Research & Development, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India; Medical Devices & Materiovigilance, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India; Biologics, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India; Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
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22
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Briggs KT, Taraban MB, Yu YB. Water proton NMR detection of amide hydrolysis and diglycine dimerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7003-7006. [PMID: 29850691 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03935f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The transverse relaxation rate of water protons R2(1H2O) is found to be sensitive to amide hydrolysis and diglycine dimerization. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using R2(1H2O) as a diagnostic tool to detect chemical changes in aqueous solutions. Potential applications include drug product formulation and inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine T Briggs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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23
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Avila S, Muñoz-García L, Vázquez-Leyva S, Salinas-Jazmín N, Medina-Rivero E, Pavón L, Mellado-Sánchez G, Chacón-Salinas R, Estrada-Parra S, Vallejo-Castillo L, Pérez-Tapia SM. Transferon™, a peptide mixture with immunomodulatory properties is not immunogenic when administered with various adjuvants. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 14:169-177. [PMID: 28707490 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1346009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferon, a human dialyzable leukocyte extract (hDLE), is a biotherapeutic that comprises a complex mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides (< 10 kDa) and is used to treat diseases with an inflammatory component. Some biotherapeutics, including those composed of peptides, can induce anti-drug antibodies (ADA) that block or diminish their therapeutic effect. Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated peptide-derived drug immunogenicity. In this study, the immunogenicity of Transferon was examined in a murine model during an immunization scheme using the following adjuvants: Al(OH)3, incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), or Titermax Gold. The inoculation scheme entailed three routes of administration (intraperitoneal, Day 1; subcutaneous, Day 7; and intramuscular, Day 14) using 200 μg Transferon/inoculation. Serum samples were collected on Day 21. Total IgG levels were quantitated by affinity chromatography, and specific antibodies against components of Transferon were analyzed by dot-blot and ELISA. Ovalbumin (OVA, 44 kDa) and peptides from hydrolyzed collagen (PFHC, < 17 kDa) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively, in the same inoculation scheme and analyses for Transferon. OVA, PFHC, and Transferon increased total IgG concentrations in mice. However, only IgG antibodies against OVA were detected. Based on the results, it is concluded that Transferon does not induce generation of specific antibodies against its components in this model, regardless of adjuvant and route of administration. These results support the safety of Transferon by confirming its inability to induce ADA in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Avila
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Leslie Muñoz-García
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Said Vázquez-Leyva
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Nohemí Salinas-Jazmín
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Emilio Medina-Rivero
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- b Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología , Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Gabriela Mellado-Sánchez
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico.,c Departamento de Inmunología , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- c Departamento de Inmunología , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Luis Vallejo-Castillo
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico.,d Departamento de Farmacología , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- a Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico.,c Departamento de Inmunología , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico.,e Unidad de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Médica y Biotecnológica (UDIMEB) , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
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24
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Aldous AR, Dong JZ. Personalized neoantigen vaccines: A new approach to cancer immunotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:2842-2849. [PMID: 29111369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neoantigens arise from somatic mutations that differ from wild-type antigens and are specific to each individual patient, which provide tumor specific targets for developing personalized cancer vaccines. Decades of work has increasingly shown the potential of targeting neoantigens to generate effective clinical responses. Current clinical trials using neoantigen targeting cancer vaccines, including in combination with checkpoint blockade monoclonal antibodies, have demonstrated potent T-cell responses against those neoantigens accompanied by antitumor effects in patients. Personalized neoantigen vaccines represent a potential new class of cancer immunotherapy.
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25
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Annovazzi P, Bertolotto A, Brescia Morra V, Gasperini C, Montanari E, Navarra P, Patti F, Sormani MP, Ghezzi A. A Comprehensive Review on Copemyl ®. Neurol Ther 2017; 6:161-173. [PMID: 28762192 PMCID: PMC5700901 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-017-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Economic sustainability is of paramount importance in the rapidly evolving therapeutic scenario of multiple sclerosis (MS). Glatiramoids are a class of drugs whose forefather, glatiramer acetate, has been used as a disease modifying drug (DMD) in patients with MS for over 20 years. Its patent expired in 2015; new versions of such drug are nowadays available on the market, potentially contributing to lowering prices and enhancing a better allocation of economic resources. In this review, we analyze the recommendations underlying the approval of both generic drugs and biosimilars by regulatory authorities, and we provide methodological tools to contextualize the design of studies on these new classes of drugs. We examine in more detail the preclinical and clinical data of Copemyl®, a new member of the glatiramoid class, focusing on its biological and immunological properties and illustrating randomized controlled trials that led to its authorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Annovazzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Study Center, ASST Valle Olona, Gallarate, VA, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bertolotto
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Regional Reference Center (CRESM), AOU San Luigi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Center, Departement of Neuroscience (NSRO), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Sormani
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Ghezzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Study Center, ASST Valle Olona, Gallarate, VA, Italy
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