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Xuan S, Shen P, Ren Y, Li S, Jin P, Zheng Y, Wu Z. Modified SiO 2@cinnamaldehyde/nanocellulose coating film for loquat preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134862. [PMID: 39163961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Although cinnamaldehyde (CA) is an excellent antimicrobial agent, its application in the food industry was limited by its volatility and lack of antimicrobial persistence. Herein, aminated hollow mesoporous silica (NH2-HMSN) was prepared by selective etching and amino-modified. Subsequently, long-acting antibacterials with regulated release (NH2-HMSN@CA) were obtained by using NH2-HMSN as cinnamaldehyde carrier. NH2-HMSN@CA can effectively regulate the release of CA, and has 100 % inhibition effect on the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and C. acutatum. In addition, nanocellulose/NH2-HMSN@CA (CHA) coating film was prepared for postharvest preservation of loquat. The coating film effectively improved the storage quality and shelf life of loquat, and delayed the postharvest decay of loquat. The prepared coating film active packaging for long-term preservation is expected to provide a scheme for promoting sustainable preservation of postharvest loquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Xuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shengzi Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yonghua Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhengguo Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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2
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Sil M, Mukherjee D, Goswami A, Nag M, Lahiri D, Bhattacharya D. Antibiofilm activity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles against the biofilm associated infections. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3617-3633. [PMID: 38051365 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical industries, various chemical carriers are present which are used for drug delivery to the correct target sites. The most popular and upcoming drug delivery carriers are mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN). The main reason for its popularity is its ability to be specific and optimize the drug delivery process in a controlled manner. Nowadays, MSNs are widely used to eradicate various microbial infections, especially the ones related to biofilms. Biofilms are sessile groups of cells that live by forming a consortium and exhibit antibacterial resistance (AMR). They exhibit AMR by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and various quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules. Usually, bacterial and fungal cells are capable of forming biofilms. These biofilms are pathogenic. In the majority of the cases, biofilms cause nosocomial diseases. This review will focus on the antibiofilm activities of MSN, its mechanism of target-specific drug delivery, and its ability to disrupt the bacterial biofilms inhibiting the infection. The review will also discuss various mechanisms for the delivery of pharmaceutical molecules by the MSNs to inhibit the bacterial biofilms, and lastly, we will talk about the different types of MSNs and their antibiofilm activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Sil
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, India
| | - Dipro Mukherjee
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Arunava Goswami
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, India
| | - Moupriya Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, New Town, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Dibyajit Lahiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, New Town, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India.
| | - Debasmita Bhattacharya
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, Salt Lake, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
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3
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Petrișor G, Motelica L, Trușcǎ RD, Mȋrț AL, Vasilievici G, Tomescu JA, Manea C, Dumbravǎ AȘ, Corbu VM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Ficai D, Oprea OC, Vasile BȘ, Ficai A, Raiciu AD. The Antimicrobial Potency of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Melissa officinalis Extract. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:525. [PMID: 38675186 PMCID: PMC11054826 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melissa officinalis is an important medicinal plant that is used and studied intensively due to its numerous pharmacological effects. This plant has numerous active compounds with biomedical potential; some are volatile, while others are sensitive to heat or oxygen. Therefore, to increase stability and prolong biological activities, the natural extract can be loaded into various nanostructured systems. In this study, different loading systems were obtained from mesoporous silica, like Mobile Composition of Matter family (MCM) with a hexagonal (MCM-41) or cubic (MCM-48) pore structure, simple or functionalized with amino groups (using 3-aminopropyl) such as triethoxysilane (APTES). Thus, the four materials were characterized from morphological and structural points of view by scanning electron microscopy, a BET analysis with adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry. Natural extract from Melissa officinalis was concentrated and analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography to identify the polyphenolic compounds. The obtained materials were tested against Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts and against both reference strains and clinical strains belonging to Gram-positive bacteria that were previously isolated from intra-hospital infections. The highest antimicrobial efficiency was found against Gram-positive and fungal strains. Good activity was also recorded against methicillin-resistant S. aureus, the Melissa officinalis extract inhibiting the production of various virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Petrișor
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.-L.M.); (B.-Ș.V.); (A.F.)
- National Center for Scientific Research for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ludmila Motelica
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.-L.M.); (B.-Ș.V.); (A.F.)
- National Center for Scientific Research for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Doina Trușcǎ
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.-L.M.); (B.-Ș.V.); (A.F.)
- National Center for Scientific Research for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea-Luiza Mȋrț
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.-L.M.); (B.-Ș.V.); (A.F.)
- National Center for Scientific Research for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, Spl. Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Gabriel Vasilievici
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, Spl. Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Justinian-Andrei Tomescu
- S.C. Hofigal Export-Import S.A., Intrarea Serelor 2, 042124 Bucharest, Romania; (J.-A.T.); (C.M.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Cristina Manea
- S.C. Hofigal Export-Import S.A., Intrarea Serelor 2, 042124 Bucharest, Romania; (J.-A.T.); (C.M.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravǎ
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Ș.D.); (V.M.C.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Viorica Maria Corbu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Ș.D.); (V.M.C.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Ș.D.); (V.M.C.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Denisa Ficai
- National Center for Scientific Research for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea
- National Center for Scientific Research for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ștefan Vasile
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.-L.M.); (B.-Ș.V.); (A.F.)
- National Center for Scientific Research for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.-L.M.); (B.-Ș.V.); (A.F.)
- National Center for Scientific Research for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Daniela Raiciu
- S.C. Hofigal Export-Import S.A., Intrarea Serelor 2, 042124 Bucharest, Romania; (J.-A.T.); (C.M.); (A.D.R.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy Phytochem Phytoterapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, Gh. Sincai 16, 040405 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Su X, Li B, Chen S, Wang X, Song H, Shen B, Zheng Q, Yang M, Yue P. Pore engineering of micro/mesoporous nanomaterials for encapsulation, controlled release and variegated applications of essential oils. J Control Release 2024; 367:107-134. [PMID: 38199524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Essential oils have become increasingly popular in fields of medical, food and agriculture, owing to their strongly antimicrobial, anti-inflammation and antioxidant effects, greatly meeting demand from consumers for healthy and safe natural products. However, the easy volatility and/or chemical instability of active ingredients of essential oils (EAIs) can result in the loss of activity before realizing their functions, which have greatly hindered the widely applications of EAIs. As an emerging trend, micro/mesoporous nanomaterials (MNs) have drawn great attention for encapsulation and controlled release of EAIs, owing to their tunable pore structural characteristics. In this review, we briefly discuss the recent advances of MNs that widely used in the controlled release of EAIs, including zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs), and provide a comprehensive summary focusing on the pore engineering strategies of MNs that affect their controlled-release or triggered-release for EAIs, including tailorable pore structure properties (e.g., pore size, pore surface area, pore volume, pore geometry, and framework compositions) and surface properties (surface modification and surface functionalization). Finally, the variegated applications and potential challenges are also given for MNs based delivery strategies for EAIs in the fields of healthcare, food and agriculture. These will provide considerable instructions for the rational design of MNs for controlled release of EAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Su
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Biao Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Shuiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xinmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Baode Shen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
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Natsheh IY, Elkhader MT, Al-Bakheit AA, Alsaleh MM, El-Eswed BI, Hosein NF, Albadawi DK. Inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation Using Different Treatments of Silica Nanoparticles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1365. [PMID: 37760662 PMCID: PMC10525453 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists a multitude of pathogens that pose a threat to human and public healthcare, collectively referred to as ESKAPE pathogens. These pathogens are capable of producing biofilm, which proves to be quite resistant to elimination. Strains of A. baumannii, identified by the "A" in the acronym ESKAPE, exhibit significant resistance to amoxicillin in vivo due to their ability to form biofilm. This study aims to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation, evaluate novel silica nanoparticles' effectiveness in inhibiting biofilm, and compare their effectiveness. Amoxicillin was utilized as a positive control, with a concentration exceeding twice that when combined with silica NPs. Treatments included pure silica NPs, silica NPs modified with copper oxide (CuO.SiO2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH.SiO2), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4.SiO2). The characterization of NPs was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while safety testing against normal fibroblast cells was employed by MTT assay. The microtiter plate biofilm formation assay was utilized to construct biofilm, with evaluations conducted using three broth media types: brain heart infusion (BHI) with 2% glucose and 2% sucrose, Loria broth (LB) with and without glucose and sucrose, and Dulbecco's modified eagle medium/nutrient (DMEN/M). Concentrations ranging from 1.0 mg/mL to 0.06 µg/mL were tested using a microdilution assay. Results from SEM showed that pure silica NPs were mesoporous, but in the amorphous shape of the CuO and NaOH treatments, these pores were disrupted, while H3PO4 was composed of sheets. Silica NPs were able to target Acinetobacter biofilms without harming normal cells, with viability rates ranging from 61-73%. The best biofilm formation was achieved using a BHI medium with sugar supplementation, with an absorbance value of 0.35. Biofilms treated with 5.0 mg/mL of amoxicillin as a positive control alongside 1.0 mg/mL of each of the four silica treatments in isolation, resulting in the inhibition of absorbance values of 0.04, 0.13, 0.07, 0.09, and 0.08, for SiO2, CuO.SiO2, NaOH.SiO2 and H3PO4.SiO2, respectively. When amoxicillin was combined, inhibition increased from 0.3 to 0.04; NaOH with amoxicillin resulted in the lowest minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), 0.25 µg/mL, compared to all treatments and amoxicillin, whereas pure silica and composite had the highest MBIC, even when combined with amoxicillin, compared to all treatments, but performed better than that of the amoxicillin alone which gave the MBIC at 625 µg/mL. The absorbance values of MBIC of each treatment showed no significant differences in relation to amoxicillin absorbance value and relation to each other. Our study showed that smaller amoxicillin doses combined with the novel silica nanoparticles may reduce toxic side effects and inhibit biofilm formation, making them viable alternatives to high-concentration dosages. Further investigation is needed to evaluate in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyad Y. Natsheh
- Department of Medical Applied Sciences, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan; (I.Y.N.); (M.T.E.); (N.F.H.); (D.K.A.)
| | - Mallak T. Elkhader
- Department of Medical Applied Sciences, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan; (I.Y.N.); (M.T.E.); (N.F.H.); (D.K.A.)
| | - Ala’a A. Al-Bakheit
- Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Majd M. Alsaleh
- Department of Medical Applied Sciences, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan; (I.Y.N.); (M.T.E.); (N.F.H.); (D.K.A.)
- Department of Biology, School of Science, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassam I. El-Eswed
- Department of Basic Science, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Nedaa F. Hosein
- Department of Medical Applied Sciences, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan; (I.Y.N.); (M.T.E.); (N.F.H.); (D.K.A.)
| | - Duaa K. Albadawi
- Department of Medical Applied Sciences, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan; (I.Y.N.); (M.T.E.); (N.F.H.); (D.K.A.)
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Puiu RA, Bîrcă AC, Grumezescu V, Duta L, Oprea OC, Holban AM, Hudiță A, Gălățeanu B, Balaure PC, Grumezescu AM, Andronescu E. Multifunctional Polymeric Biodegradable and Biocompatible Coatings Based on Silver Nanoparticles: A Comparative In Vitro Study on Their Cytotoxicity towards Cancer and Normal Cell Lines of Cytostatic Drugs versus Essential-Oil-Loaded Nanoparticles and on Their Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1882. [PMID: 37514068 PMCID: PMC10385235 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on a comparative in vitro study of selective cytotoxicity against MCF7 tumor cells and normal VERO cells tested on silver-based nanocoatings synthesized by the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were loaded with five representative cytostatic drugs (i.e., doxorubicin, fludarabine, paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and carboplatin) and with five essential oils (EOs) (i.e., oregano, rosemary, ginger, basil, and thyme). The as-obtained coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry coupled with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, IR mapping, and scanning electron microscopy. A screening of the impact of the prepared nanocoatings on the MCF7 tumor and normal VERO cell lines was achieved by means of cell viability MTT and cytotoxicity LDH assays. While all nanocoatings loaded with antitumor drugs exhibited powerful cytotoxic activity against both the tumor and the normal cells, those embedded with AgNPs loaded with rosemary and thyme EOs showed remarkable and statistically significant selective cytotoxicity against the tested cancercells. The EO-loaded nanocoatings were tested for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. For all studied pathogens, the cell viability, assessed by counting the colony-forming units after 2 and 24 h, was significantly decreased by all EO-based nanocoatings, while the best antibiofilm activity was evidenced by the nanocoatings containing ginger and thyme EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Alexandra Puiu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Grumezescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Liviu Duta
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Cristian Oprea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 077206 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ariana Hudiță
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca Gălățeanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paul Cătălin Balaure
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Jafarzadeh S, Forough M, Kouzegaran VJ, Zargar M, Garavand F, Azizi-Lalabadi M, Abdollahi M, Jafari SM. Improving the functionality of biodegradable food packaging materials via porous nanomaterials. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2850-2886. [PMID: 37115945 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-biodegradability and disposal problems are the major challenges associated with synthetic plastic packaging. This review article discusses a new generation of biodegradable active and smart packaging based on porous nanomaterials (PNMs), which maintains the quality and freshness of food products while meeting biodegradability requirements. PNMs have recently gained significant attention in the field of food packaging due to their large surface area, peculiar structures, functional flexibility, and thermal stability. We present for the first time the recently published literature on the incorporation of various PNMs into renewable materials to develop advanced, environmentally friendly, and high-quality packaging technology. Various emerging packaging technologies are discussed in this review, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, it provides general information about PNMs, their characterization, and fabrication methods. It also briefly describes the effects of different PNMs on the functionality of biopolymeric films. Furthermore, we examined how smart packaging loaded with PNMs can improve food shelf life and reduce food waste. The results indicate that PNMs play a critical role in improving the antimicrobial, thermal, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of natural packaging materials. These tailor-made materials can simultaneously extend the shelf life of food while reducing plastic usage and food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Jafarzadeh
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Forough
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Çankaya, Turkey
| | | | - Masoumeh Zargar
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Farhad Garavand
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Maryam Azizi-Lalabadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abdollahi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering-Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Chakroun Y, Snoussi Y, Chehimi MM, Abderrabba M, Savoie JM, Oueslati S. Encapsulation of Ammoides pusila Essential Oil into Mesoporous Silica Particles for the Enhancement of Their Activity against Fusarium avenaceum and Its Enniatins Production. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073194. [PMID: 37049956 PMCID: PMC10096032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) that have antifungal activity and mycotoxin reduction ability are candidates to develop bioactive alternatives and environmentally friendly treatment against Fusarium species in cereals. However, their practical use is facing limitations such as high volatility, UV sensitivity, and fast oxidation. Encapsulation techniques are supposed to provide protection to the EOs and control their release into the environment. Ammoides pusilla essential oil (AP-EO) proved to be an efficient inhibitor of Fusarium avenaceum growth and its enniatins (ENNs) production. In the present work, AP-EO was encapsulated, using the impregnation method, into mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) with narrow slit pores (average diameter = 3.1 nm) and coated with chitosan. In contact assays using an agar medium, the antifungal activity of AP-EO at 0.1 µL mL-1 improved by three times when encapsulated into MSPs without chitosan and the ENNs production was significantly inhibited both in coated and non-coated MSPs. Controls of MSPs also inhibited the ENNs production without affecting the mycelial growth. In fumigation experiments assessing the activity of the EO volatile compounds, encapsulation into MSPs improved significantly both the antifungal activity and ENNs inhibition. Moreover, coating with chitosan stopped the release of EO. Thus, encapsulation of an EO into MSPs improving its antifungal and antimycotoxin properties is a promising tool for the formulation of a natural fungicide that could be used in the agriculture or food industry to protect plant or food products from the contamination by toxigenic fungi such as Fusarium sp. and their potential mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Chakroun
- INRAE, UR1264 MycSA, CS2032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- IPEST, Laboratory Molecules Materials and Applications (LMMA), University of Carthage, La Marsa, Tunis 2070, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Snoussi
- IPEST, Laboratory Molecules Materials and Applications (LMMA), University of Carthage, La Marsa, Tunis 2070, Tunisia
- CNRS, UMR 7182 ICMPE, 2-8 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Mohamed M Chehimi
- CNRS, UMR 7182 ICMPE, 2-8 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
- ITODYS, UMR 7086, Université Paris Cité & CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Manef Abderrabba
- IPEST, Laboratory Molecules Materials and Applications (LMMA), University of Carthage, La Marsa, Tunis 2070, Tunisia
| | | | - Souheib Oueslati
- IPEST, Laboratory Molecules Materials and Applications (LMMA), University of Carthage, La Marsa, Tunis 2070, Tunisia
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9
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Hirao R, Shigetoh K, Inagaki S, Ishida N. Virus Inactivation Based on Optimal Surfactant Reservoir of Mesoporous Silica. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1032-1040. [PMID: 36780326 PMCID: PMC10031556 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) caused a pandemic in 2019 and reaffirmed the importance of environmental sanitation. To prevent the spread of viral infections, we propose the application of a mesoporous silica (MS)-based virus-inactivating material. MS is typically synthesized using a micellar surfactant template; hence, the intermediate before removal of the surfactant template is expected to have a virus-inactivating activity. MS-CTAC particles filled with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), a cationic surfactant with an alkyl chain length of 16, were used to test this hypothesis. Plaque assays revealed that the MS-CTAC particles inactivated the enveloped bacteriophage φ6 by approximately 4 orders of magnitude after a contact time of 10 min. The particles also indicated a similar inactivation effect on the nonenveloped bacteriophage Qβ. In aqueous solution, CTAC loaded on MS-CTAC was released until the equilibrium concentration of loading and release on MS was reached. The released CTAC acted on viruses. Thus, MS is likely a good reservoir for the micellar surfactant. Surfactant readsorption also occurred in the MS particles, and the highest retention rate was observed when micellar surfactants with alkyl chain lengths appropriate for the pore size were used. The paper containing MS-CTAC particles was shown to maintain stable viral inactivation for at least three months in a typical indoor environment. Applying this concept to indoor wallpaper and air-conditioning filters could contribute to the inactivation of viruses in aerosols. These findings open possibilities for mesoporous materials with high surface areas, which can further develop into virus inactivation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hirao
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Inagaki
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ishida
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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10
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Exploring Possible Ways to Enhance the Potential and Use of Natural Products through Nanotechnology in the Battle against Biofilms of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020270. [PMID: 36839543 PMCID: PMC9967150 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms enable pathogenic bacteria to survive in unfavorable environments. As biofilm-forming pathogens can cause rapid food spoilage and recurrent infections in humans, especially their presence in the food industry is problematic. Using chemical disinfectants in the food industry to prevent biofilm formation raises serious health concerns. Further, the ability of biofilm-forming bacterial pathogens to tolerate disinfection procedures questions the traditional treatment methods. Thus, there is a dire need for alternative treatment options targeting bacterial pathogens, especially biofilms. As clean-label products without carcinogenic and hazardous potential, natural compounds with growth and biofilm-inhibiting and biofilm-eradicating potentials have gained popularity as natural preservatives in the food industry. However, the use of these natural preservatives in the food industry is restricted by their poor availability, stability during food processing and storage. Also there is a lack of standardization, and unattractive organoleptic qualities. Nanotechnology is one way to get around these limitations and as well as the use of underutilized bioactives. The use of nanotechnology has several advantages including traversing the biofilm matrix, targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and enhanced bioavailability, bioactivity, and stability. The nanoparticles used in fabricating or encapsulating natural products are considered as an appealing antibiofilm strategy since the nanoparticles enhance the activity of the natural products against biofilms of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Hence, this literature review is intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current methods in nanotechnology used for natural products delivery (biofabrication, encapsulation, and nanoemulsion) and also discuss the different promising strategies employed in the recent and past to enhance the inhibition and eradication of foodborne bacterial biofilms.
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11
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Cui Y, Zhang R, Cheng M, Guo Y, Wang X. Sustained release and antioxidant activity of active potato starch packaging films encapsulating thymol with MCM-41. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Zhang L, Gao F, Ge J, Li H, Xia F, Bai H, Piao X, Shi L. Potential of Aromatic Plant-Derived Essential Oils for the Control of Foodborne Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance in Animal Production: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1673. [PMID: 36421318 PMCID: PMC9686951 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a severe public threat to human health worldwide. Supplementing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) at subtherapeutic levels has been a commonly applied method to improve the production performance of livestock and poultry, but the misuse of antibiotics in animal production plays a major role in the antibiotic resistance crisis and foodborne disease outbreaks. The addition of AGPs to improve production performance in livestock and poultry has been prohibited in some countries, including Europe, the United States and China. Moreover, cross-resistance could result in the development of multidrug resistant bacteria and limit therapeutic options for human and animal health. Therefore, finding alternatives to antibiotics to maintain the efficiency of livestock production and reduce the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks is beneficial to human health and the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Essential oils (EOs) and their individual compounds derived from aromatic plants are becoming increasingly popular as potential antibiotic alternatives for animal production based on their antibacterial properties. This paper reviews recent studies in the application of EOs in animal production for the control of foodborne pathogens, summarizes their molecular modes of action to increase the susceptibility of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and provides a promising role for the application of nanoencapsulated EOs in animal production to control bacteria and overcome antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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13
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Cui Y, Zhang R, Wang L, Cheng M, Guo Y, Wang X. Quantitative study on release kinetics of thymol in food packaging films. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Didehdar M, Chegini Z, Tabaeian SP, Razavi S, Shariati A. Cinnamomum: The New Therapeutic Agents for Inhibition of Bacterial and Fungal Biofilm-Associated Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:930624. [PMID: 35899044 PMCID: PMC9309250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.930624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the potent antibacterial properties of Cinnamomum and its derivatives, particularly cinnamaldehyde, recent studies have used these compounds to inhibit the growth of the most prevalent bacterial and fungal biofilms. By inhibiting flagella protein synthesis and swarming motility, Cinnamomum could suppress bacterial attachment, colonization, and biofilm formation in an early stage. Furthermore, by downregulation of Cyclic di‐guanosine monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP), biofilm-related genes, and quorum sensing, this compound suppresses intercellular adherence and accumulation of bacterial cells in biofilm and inhibits important bacterial virulence factors. In addition, Cinnamomum could lead to preformed biofilm elimination by enhancing membrane permeability and the disruption of membrane integrity. Moreover, this substance suppresses the Candida species adherence to the oral epithelial cells, leading to the cell wall deformities, damage, and leakages of intracellular material that may contribute to the established Candida’s biofilm elimination. Therefore, by inhibiting biofilm maturation and destroying the external structure of biofilm, Cinnamomum could boost antibiotic treatment success in combination therapy. However, Cinnamomum has several disadvantages, such as poor solubility in aqueous solution, instability, and volatility; thus, the use of different drug-delivery systems may resolve these limitations and should be further considered in future investigations. Overall, Cinnamomum could be a promising agent for inhibiting microbial biofilm-associated infection and could be used as a catheter and other medical materials surface coatings to suppress biofilm formation. Nonetheless, further in vitro toxicology analysis and animal experiments are required to confirm the reported molecular antibiofilm effect of Cinnamomum and its derivative components against microbial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Razavi
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- *Correspondence: Aref Shariati,
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15
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Effect of Adding Silica Nanoparticles on the Physicochemical Properties, Antimicrobial Action, and the Hardness of Dental Stone Type 4. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:4762017. [PMID: 35531574 PMCID: PMC9072056 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4762017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding silica nanoparticles on the physicochemical properties, antimicrobial action, and the hardness of dental stone type 4. Dental stone type 4 powder was physically mixed with nanoparticle powder at weight percentages (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 percent). The required amount of powder was added to water according to the manufacturer's instructions. The prepared set materials were subjected to the physicochemical studies; Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was taken up to investigate the functional groups and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to evaluate the crystallinity. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the prepared samples. Agar diffusion test was carried out for the prepared samples against the Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to test the average growth inhibition zones. Finally, the Vickers surface hardness test was performed for each group using a hardness tester. The adding silica nanoparticles to dental stone type 4 increased the diameter of inhibition zones for the groups in both bacteria significantly (p < 0.05). The results showed that adding silica nanoparticles to dental stone type 4 increased the diameter of inhibition zones for the groups in both bacteria significantly (p < 0.0001). There was a significant difference between all groups and the 0% group in both bacteria (p < 0.0001). Besides, the adding of silica nanoparticles to dental stone type 4 increased the surface hardness significantly (p = 0.0057) without any effect on physicochemical properties. The 0% and the 0.5% groups had significant differences with the 2% group (p = 0.0046 and p = 0.0205 respectively). Then, at least 2% silica nanoparticles are needed for a significant increase. Clinical trials are needed to enlarge for dental stone type 4 containing silica nanoparticles in the future.
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16
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Rathinavel S, Indrakumar J, Korrapati PS, Dharmalingam S. Synthesis and fabrication of amine functionalized SBA-15 incorporated PVA/Curcumin nanofiber for skin wound healing application. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Asghar S, Khan IU, Salman S, Khalid SH, Ashfaq R, Vandamme TF. Plant-derived nanotherapeutic systems to counter the overgrowing threat of resistant microbes and biofilms. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114019. [PMID: 34699940 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since antiquity, the survival of human civilization has always been threatened by the microbial infections. An alarming surge in the resistant microbial strains against the conventional drugs is quite evident in the preceding years. Furthermore, failure of currently available regimens of antibiotics has been highlighted by the emerging threat of biofilms in the community and hospital settings. Biofilms are complex dynamic composites rich in extracellular polysaccharides and DNA, supporting plethora of symbiotic microbial life forms, that can grow on both living and non-living surfaces. These enforced structures are impervious to the drugs and lead to spread of recurrent and non-treatable infections. There is a strong realization among the scientists and healthcare providers to work out alternative strategies to combat the issue of drug resistance and biofilms. Plants are a traditional but rich source of effective antimicrobials with wider spectrum due to presence of multiple constituents in perfect synergy. Other than the biocompatibility and the safety profile, these phytochemicals have been repeatedly proven to overcome the non-responsiveness of resistant microbes and films via multiple pathways such as blocking the efflux pumps, better penetration across the cell membranes or biofilms, and anti-adhesive properties. However, the unfavorable physicochemical attributes and stability issues of these phytochemicals have hampered their commercialization. These issues of the phytochemicals can be solved by designing suitably constructed nanoscaled structures. Nanosized systems can not only improve the physicochemical features of the encapsulated payloads but can also enhance their pharmacokinetic and therapeutic profile. This review encompasses why and how various types of phytochemicals and their nanosized preparations counter the microbial resistance and the biofouling. We believe that phytochemical in tandem with nanotechnological innovations can be employed to defeat the microbial resistance and biofilms. This review will help in better understanding of the challenges associated with developing such platforms and their future prospects.
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18
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Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactive films based on Oregano essential oil/mesoporous nano-silica/sodium alginate. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Memar MY, Yekani M, Ghanbari H, Shahi S, Sharifi S, Maleki Dizaj S. Biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects of meropenem-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 48:1354-1361. [PMID: 33236938 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1850466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ever-increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents among bacteria associated with nosocomial infections indicate the necessity of new antimicrobial therapy. The nanoparticles are considered as new drug delivery systems to increase the efficiency and decrease the unfavourable effects of the antimicrobial agents. METHODS Herein we report the preparation and characterization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with meropenem against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The antimicrobial effect of meropenem-loaded MSNs was determined against Enterobacteriaceae using the minimum inhibitory (MIC) method. The biocompatibility of meropenem-loaded MSNs was studied by the impact on the haemolysis and sedimentation rates of human red blood cells (HRBCs). Cytotoxicity of the meropenem-loaded MSNs was studied by the MTT test (hBM-MSC cell viability). RESULTS The meropenem-loaded MSNs have shown antibacterial activity on all isolates at different MIC values lower than MICs of meropenem. Free MSNs did not show any significant antibacterial effect. Meropenem-loaded MSNs have no significant effect on haemolysis and ESR of HRBCs. The viability of hBM-MSC cells treated with serial concentrations of meropenem-loaded MSNs was 92-100%. CONCLUSION Due to the desirable biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity and the improved antibacterial effect, MSNs can be considered as a promising drug delivery system for meropenem as a potential antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hadi Ghanbari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Shahi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Castillo RR, Vallet-Regí M. Recent Advances Toward the Use of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4409-4430. [PMID: 34234434 PMCID: PMC8256096 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s273064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a fact that the use of antibiotics is inducing a growing resistance on bacteria. This situation is not only the consequence of a drugs’ misuse, but a direct consequence of a widespread and continuous use. Current studies suggest that this effect could be reversed by using abandoned antibiotics to which bacteria have lost their resistance, but this is only a temporary solution that in near future would lead to new resistance problems. Fortunately, current nanotechnology offers a new life for old and new antibiotics, which could have significantly different pharmacokinetics when properly delivered; enabling new routes able to bypass acquired resistances. In this contribution, we will focus on the use of porous silica nanoparticles as functional carriers for the delivery of antibiotics and biocides in combination with additional features like membrane sensitizing and heavy metal-driven metabolic-disrupting therapies as two of the most interesting combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Castillo
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-CIBER, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre-imas12, Madrid, 28041, Spain
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21
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Cui Y, Cheng M, Han M, Zhang R, Wang X. Characterization and release kinetics study of potato starch nanocomposite films containing mesoporous nano-silica incorporated with Thyme essential oil. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:566-573. [PMID: 34174300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop potato starch nanocomposite films containing mesoporous nano-silica (SBA-15, SBA-16 and MCM-41) incorporated with Thyme essential oil (TEO). TEO-SBA-15/potato starch films, TEO-SBA-16/potato starch films and TEO-MCM-41/potato starch films were prepared based on potato starch. The physical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films were also investigated. The results showed that the addition of mesoporous nano-silica incorporated with TEO improved the properties of potato starch nanocomposite films. Especially, the addition of TEO-MCM-41 markedly enhanced the tensile strength (4.33 MPa), and reduced the water vapor permeability (1.80 g·m-1·h-1·KPa-1) and moisture absorption (37.67%) of potato starch nanocomposite films. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that TEO-MCM-41 hardly agglomerated in the potato starch nanocomposite films. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that strong hydrogen bonds were formed between TEO-MCM-41 and potato starch. The release kinetics of TEO proved that incorporating TEO into the pores of mesoporous nano-silica could delay its release rate, and the Peleg model (t/(Mt - M0) = K1 + K2t) was suitable for describing the release behavior. The findings of this study suggested that TEO-MCM-41/potato starch films had a good application prospect in the field of slow-releasing and antimicrobial packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Cui
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Minjie Han
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Rongfei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Xiangyou Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
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22
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Hooshmand S, Mollazadeh S, Akrami N, Ghanad M, El-Fiqi A, Baino F, Nazarnezhad S, Kargozar S. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses for Wound Management: From Skin Regeneration to Cancer Therapy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3337. [PMID: 34204198 PMCID: PMC8235211 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exploring new therapies for managing skin wounds is under progress and, in this regard, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) offer great opportunities in treating acute, chronic, and malignant wounds. In general, therapeutic effectiveness of both MSNs and MBGs in different formulations (fine powder, fibers, composites etc.) has been proved over all the four stages of normal wound healing including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The main merits of these porous substances can be summarized as their excellent biocompatibility and the ability of loading and delivering a wide range of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive molecules and chemicals. In addition, doping with inorganic elements (e.g., Cu, Ga, and Ta) into MSNs and MBGs structure is a feasible and practical approach to prepare customized materials for improved skin regeneration. Nowadays, MSNs and MBGs could be utilized in the concept of targeted therapy of skin malignancies (e.g., melanoma) by grafting of specific ligands. Since potential effects of various parameters including the chemical composition, particle size/morphology, textural properties, and surface chemistry should be comprehensively determined via cellular in vitro and in vivo assays, it seems still too early to draw a conclusion on ultimate efficacy of MSNs and MBGs in skin regeneration. In this regard, there are some concerns over the final fate of MSNs and MBGs in the wound site plus optimal dosages for achieving the best outcomes that deserve careful investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hooshmand
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
| | - Sahar Mollazadeh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Azadi Sq., Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran; (S.M.); (N.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Negar Akrami
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Azadi Sq., Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran; (S.M.); (N.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mehrnoosh Ghanad
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Azadi Sq., Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran; (S.M.); (N.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Ahmed El-Fiqi
- Glass Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Simin Nazarnezhad
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran;
| | - Saeid Kargozar
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran;
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23
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Qiu S, Gao F, Liang Z, Zhong X, Hao L, Chen H, Zhou X, Zhou H. Rosin modified aminated mesoporous silica adsorbed tea tree oil sustained-release system for improve synergistic antibacterial and long-term antibacterial effects. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:275707. [PMID: 33770766 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf26c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tea tree oil, a natural antibacterial compound, cannot be used effectively because of its volatile nature. In this work, a biocompatible carrier was prepared and loaded with tea tree essential oil. The carrier was prepared via the electrostatic or chemical action of aminated mesoporous silica and sodium rosin for achieving a low volatilization rate of tea tree essential oil. A synergistic antibacterial effect was observed between sodium rosin and tea tree essential oil. This method utilized the positive charge of the amino group and the condensation reaction with the carboxyl group to achieve physical and chemical interactions with sodium rosin. Fourier Transform Infrared, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller, Zeta potential, SEM, TEM, and TG were performed to characterize the structure and properties of the samples. Compared to the electrostatic effect, the chemically modified system exhibited a longer sustained release, and the sustained release curve followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas release model. Also, the antibacterial properties of the chemically modified system exhibited better minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) respectively, the MIC and MBC forE. coliwere 0.3 mg ml-1and 0.6 mg ml-1respectively, forS. aureuswere 0.15 mg ml-1and 0.3 mg ml-1respectively. More strikingly, the sample also demonstrated long-term antibacterial performance. Therefore, this work provides a new way for the delivery of volatile antibacterial drugs to achieve sustained-release and long-lasting antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfa Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green Fine Chemicals of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green Fine Chemicals of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green Fine Chemicals of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green Fine Chemicals of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green Fine Chemicals of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green Fine Chemicals of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green Fine Chemicals of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green Fine Chemicals of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China
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24
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Zhang R, Cheng M, Wang X, Wang J. Bioactive mesoporous nano-silica/potato starch films against molds commonly found in post-harvest white mushrooms. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Bernardos A, Piacenza E, Sancenón F, Hamidi M, Maleki A, Turner RJ, Martínez-Máñez R. Mesoporous Silica-Based Materials with Bactericidal Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900669. [PMID: 31033214 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the main cause of chronic infections and even mortality. In fact, due to extensive use of antibiotics and, then, emergence of antibiotic resistance, treatment of such infections by conventional antibiotics has become a major concern worldwide. One of the promising strategies to treat infection diseases is the use of nanomaterials. Among them, mesoporous silica materials (MSMs) have attracted burgeoning attention due to high surface area, tunable pore/particle size, and easy surface functionalization. This review discusses how one can exploit capacities of MSMs to design and fabricate multifunctional/controllable drug delivery systems (DDSs) to combat bacterial infections. At first, the emergency of bacterial and biofilm resistance toward conventional antimicrobials is described and then how nanoparticles exert their toxic effects upon pathogenic cells is discussed. Next, the main aspects of MSMs (e.g., physicochemical properties, multifunctionality, and biosafety) which one should consider in the design of MSM-based DDSs against bacterial infections are introduced. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of all the papers published dealing with the use of MSMs for delivery of antibacterial chemicals (antimicrobial agents functionalized/adsorbed on mesoporous silica (MS), MS-loaded with antimicrobial agents, gated MS-loaded with antimicrobial agents, MS with metal-based nanoparticles, and MS-loaded with metal ions) is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bernardos
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, València, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, València, Spain
| | - Elena Piacenza
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, València, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, València, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigacion en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, València, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, València, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigacion en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Martínez-Carmona M, Gun'ko YK, Vallet-Regí M. Mesoporous Silica Materials as Drug Delivery: "The Nightmare" of Bacterial Infection. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E279. [PMID: 30558308 PMCID: PMC6320763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica materials (MSM) have a great surface area and a high pore volume, meaning that they consequently have a large loading capacity, and have been demonstrated to be unique candidates for the treatment of different pathologies, including bacterial infection. In this text, we review the multiple ways of action in which MSM can be used to fight bacterial infection, including early detection, drug release, targeting bacteria or biofilm, antifouling surfaces, and adjuvant capacity. This review focus mainly on those that act as a drug delivery system, and therefore that have an essential characteristic, which is their great loading capacity. Since MSM have advantages in all stages of combatting bacterial infection; its prevention, detection and finally in its treatment, we can venture to talk about them as the "nightmare of bacteria".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martínez-Carmona
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Yurii K Gun'ko
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Department Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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