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van Wasen S, You Y, Beck S, Riedel J, Volmer DA. Miniaturized Protein Digestion Using Acoustic Levitation with Online High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4190-4195. [PMID: 36794939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The combination of acoustically levitated droplets, mid-IR laser evaporation, and subsequent post-ionization by secondary electrospray ionization was applied for monitoring the enzymatic digestion of various proteins. Acoustically levitated droplets are an ideal, wall-free model reactor, readily allowing compartmentalized microfluidic trypsin digestions. Time-resolved interrogation of the droplets yielded real-time information on the progress of the reaction and thus provided insights into reaction kinetics. After 30 min of digestion in the acoustic levitator, the obtained protein sequence coverages were identical to the reference overnight digestions. Importantly, our results clearly demonstrate that the applied experimental setup can be used for the real-time investigation of chemical reactions. Furthermore, the described methodology only uses a fraction of the typically applied amounts of solvent, analyte, and trypsin. Thus, the results exemplify the use of acoustic levitation as a green analytical chemistry alternative to the currently used batch reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian van Wasen
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Yi You
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
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Abdollahi A, Wells FS, Sefidan AM, Hewett JN, Sellier M, Willmott GR. Drop impact of dairy product solutions at the onset of drying. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Spray Drying of PEG6000 Suspension: Reaction Engineering Approach (REA) Modeling of Single Droplet Drying Kinetics. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spray drying technique is suitable for different kinds of liquid dispersions and can be easily optimized to produce solid particles with tailored properties. The spray drying technique is a complex process. As an example, it is difficult to track drying kinetics, shape, and morphological changes on the scale of a single droplet. To better understand the effect of drying process variables on dried particle formation, it is useful to observe the drying of single droplets. Fundamental processes, such as mass and heat transfer, can then be easily monitored and compared with theoretical models. Acoustic levitation enables droplet/particle suspension in the air without any mechanical contact. Experiments in the acoustic levitator can be used to mimic the drying process in the spray dryer. The drying kinetics of single droplets of PEG6000 into solid particles was studied. Droplets with an initial polymer concentration (PEG6000 aqueous solution of 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w)) were investigated at different gas drying temperatures. The size of the droplet, moisture content, and the shape evolution of the droplet/particle during the drying process were studied. The experimental drying curves were compared with the Reaction Engineering Approach (REA). The REA models were shown to provide a very good agreement for drying behavior, with a relative error of about ±3% between the initial and predicted droplet mass. This model can be implemented into the large-scale modeling of spray drying using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
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Zaitone BA, Al-Zahrani A. Spray Drying of Cellulose Nanofibers: Drying Kinetics Modeling of a Single Droplet and Particle Formation. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Belal Al Zaitone
- King Abdulaziz University Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Al-Oloum street 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahim Al-Zahrani
- King Abdulaziz University Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Al-Oloum street 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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van Wasen S, You Y, Beck S, Riedel J, Volmer DA. Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Drugs Using a Combination of Acoustic Levitation and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6019-6024. [PMID: 33835771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A combination of acoustic levitation, laser vaporization, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) is presented in this study that enabled sensitive analysis of pharmaceutical drugs from an aqueous sample matrix. An unfocused pulsed infrared laser provided contactless sample desorption from the droplets trapped inside an acoustic levitator by activation of the OH stretching band of aqueous and alcoholic solvents. Subsequent atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was used between the levitated droplet and the mass spectrometer for postionization. In this setup, the unfocused laser gently desorbed the analytes by applying very mild repulsive forces. Detailed plume formation studies by temporally resolved schlieren experiments were used to characterize the liquid gas transition in this process. In addition, the role of different additives and solvent composition was examined during the ionization process. The analytical application of the technique and the proof-of-concept for quantitative analysis were demonstrated by the determination of selected pharmaceutical drugs in aqueous matrix with limits of quantification at the lower nanomolar level and a linear dynamic range of 3-4 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian van Wasen
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi You
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Tse JY, Kadota K, Imakubo T, Uchiyama H, Tozuka Y. Enhancement of the extra-fine particle fraction of levofloxacin embedded in excipient matrix formulations for dry powder inhaler using response surface methodology. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 156:105600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Al Zaitone B, Al-Zahrani A. Modeling Drying Behavior of an Aqueous Chitosan Single Droplet Using the Reaction Engineering Approach. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:315. [PMID: 33165655 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spray drying of Chitosan solutions to prepare microparticles either using pilot or industrial scale spray dryer is a complex process; tracking morphological changes and obtaining drying kinetics of a single droplet would be very difficult. The acoustic levitator being a non-intrusive method is a useful experimental apparatus that enables particle/droplet suspension in the gaseous medium and capable of mimicking the drying process in a spray dryer. The drying of chitosan aqueous solutions into solid particles was investigated. The prediction of the size and drying kinetics until the formation of the solid structure was performed in an acoustic levitator. Studying the drying of single droplets is crucial for revealing the influence of the drying process parameters on the formation of dried particles. Droplets with initial chitosan concentration (10, 20, and 30 mg/ml) were investigated at different air-drying temperatures. A Reaction Engineering Approach (REA) model was developed and compared with the experimental drying curves, a very well agreement was found between the drying experiments and the REA model with a relative error of about 3% between the initial droplet mass and predicted droplet mass by the REA model.
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Boel E, Koekoekx R, Dedroog S, Babkin I, Vetrano MR, Clasen C, Van den Mooter G. Unraveling Particle Formation: From Single Droplet Drying to Spray Drying and Electrospraying. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070625. [PMID: 32635464 PMCID: PMC7408114 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spray drying and electrospraying are well-established drying processes that already have proven their value in the pharmaceutical field. However, there is currently still a lack of knowledge on the fundamentals of the particle formation process, thereby hampering fast and cost-effective particle engineering. To get a better understanding of how functional particles are formed with respect to process and formulation parameters, it is indispensable to offer a comprehensive overview of critical aspects of the droplet drying and particle formation process. This review therefore closely relates single droplet drying to pharmaceutical applications. Although excellent reviews exist of the different aspects, there is, to the best of our knowledge, no single review that describes all steps that one should consider when trying to engineer a certain type of particle morphology. The findings presented in this article have strengthened the predictive value of single droplet drying for pharmaceutical drying applications like spray drying and electrospraying. Continuous follow-up of the particle formation process in single droplet drying experiments hence allows optimization of manufacturing processes and particle engineering approaches and acceleration of process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Boel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Robin Koekoekx
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.K.); (I.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Sien Dedroog
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Iurii Babkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.K.); (I.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Vetrano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Applied Mechanics and Energy Conversion, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Christian Clasen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.K.); (I.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.B.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-330304
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