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Aitipamula S, Bolla G. Optimizing Drug Development: Harnessing the Sustainability of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3121-3143. [PMID: 38814314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Environmental impacts of the industrial revolution necessitate adoption of sustainable practices in all areas of development. The pharmaceutical industry faces increasing pressure to minimize its ecological footprint due to its significant contribution to environmental pollution. Over the past two decades, pharmaceutical cocrystals have received immense popularity due to their ability to optimize the critical attributes of active pharmaceutical ingredients and presented an avenue to bring improved drug products to the market. This review explores the potential of pharmaceutical cocrystals as an ecofriendly alternative to traditional solid forms, offering a sustainable approach to drug development. From reducing the number of required doses to improving the stability of actives, from eliminating synthetic operations to using pharmaceutically approved chemicals, from the use of continuous and solvent-free manufacturing methods to leveraging published data on the safety and toxicology, the cocrystallization approach contributes to sustainability of drug development. The latest trends suggest a promising role of pharmaceutical cocrystals in bringing novel and improved medicines to the market, which has been further fuelled by the recent guidance from the major regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Aitipamula
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Geetha Bolla
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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2
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Gupta A, Dahima R, Panda SK, Gupta A, Singh GD, Wani TA, Hussain A, Rathore D. QbD-Based Development and Evaluation of Pazopanib Hydrochloride Extrudates Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion Technique: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:764. [PMID: 38931886 PMCID: PMC11206766 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pazopanib hydrochloride (PZB) is a protein kinase inhibitor approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and European agencies for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and other renal malignancies. However, it exhibits poor aqueous solubility and inconsistent oral drug absorption. In this regard, the current research work entails the development and evaluation of the extrudates of pazopanib hydrochloride by the hot-melt extrusion (HME) technique for solubility enhancement and augmenting oral bioavailability. RESULTS Solid dispersion of the drug was prepared using polymers such as Kollidon VA64, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), Eudragit EPO, and Affinisol 15LV in a 1:2 ratio by the HME process through a lab-scale 18 mm extruder. Systematic optimization of the formulation variables was carried out with the help of custom screening design (JMP Software by SAS, Version 14.0) to study the impact of polymer type and plasticizer level on the quality of extrudate processability by measuring the torque value, appearance, and disintegration time as the responses. The polymer blends containing Kollidon VA64 and Affinisol 15LV resulted in respective clear transparent extrudates, while Eudragit EPO and HPMC extrudates were found to be opaque white and brownish, respectively. Furthermore, evaluation of the impact of process parameters such as screw rpm and barrel temperature was measured using a definitive screening design on the extrude appearance, torque, disintegration time, and dissolution profile. Based on the statistical outcomes, it can be concluded that barrel temperature has a significant impact on torque, disintegration time, and dissolution at 30 min, while screw speed has an insignificant impact on the response variables. Affinisol extrudates showed less moisture uptake and faster dissolution in comparison to Kollidon VA64 extrudates. Affinisol extrudates were evaluated for polymorphic stability up to a 3-month accelerated condition and found no recrystallization. PZB-Extrudates using the Affinisol polymer (Test formulation A) revealed significantly higher bioavailability (AUC) in comparison to the free Pazopanib drug and marketed formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshashila Campus, Ring Road, Indore 452001, India; (R.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Rashmi Dahima
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshashila Campus, Ring Road, Indore 452001, India; (R.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Sunil K. Panda
- Research & Development, GM Pharmaceutical Inc., 0114 Tbilisi, Georgia;
| | - Annie Gupta
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201303, India
| | - Gaurav Deep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Radha Govind University, Ramgarh 829122, India
| | - Tanveer A. Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Devashish Rathore
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshashila Campus, Ring Road, Indore 452001, India; (R.D.); (D.R.)
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Arthur TB, Rahmanian N. Process Simulation of Twin-Screw Granulation: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:706. [PMID: 38931829 PMCID: PMC11206687 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Twin-screw granulation has emerged as a key process in powder processing industries and in the pharmaceutical sector to produce granules with controlled properties. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the simulation techniques and approaches that have been employed in the study of twin-screw granulation processes. This review discusses the major aspects of the twin-screw granulation process which include the fundamental principles of twin-screw granulation, equipment design, process parameters, and simulation methodologies. It highlights the importance of operating conditions and formulation designs in powder flow dynamics, mixing behaviour, and particle interactions within the twin-screw granulator for enhancing product quality and process efficiency. Simulation techniques such as the population balance model (PBM), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the discrete element method (DEM), process modelling software (PMS), and other coupled techniques are critically discussed with a focus on simulating twin-screw granulation processes. This paper examines the challenges and limitations associated with each simulation approach and provides insights into future research directions. Overall, this article serves as a valuable resource for researchers who intend to develop their understanding of twin-screw granulation and provides insights into the various techniques and approaches available for simulating the twin-screw granulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nejat Rahmanian
- Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Digital Technologies, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
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Patil H, Vemula SK, Narala S, Lakkala P, Munnangi SR, Narala N, Jara MO, Williams RO, Terefe H, Repka MA. Hot-Melt Extrusion: from Theory to Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation-Where Are We Now? AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:37. [PMID: 38355916 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a globally recognized, robust, effective technology that enhances the bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients and offers an efficient continuous manufacturing process. The twin-screw extruder (TSE) offers an extremely resourceful customizable mixer that is used for continuous compounding and granulation by using different combinations of conveying elements, kneading elements (forward and reverse configuration), and distributive mixing elements. TSE is thus efficiently utilized for dry, wet, or melt granulation not only to manufacture dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, or granule-filled sachets, but also for designing novel formulations such as dry powder inhalers, drying units for granules, nanoextrusion, 3D printing, complexation, and amorphous solid dispersions. Over the past decades, combined academic and pharmaceutical industry collaborations have driven novel innovations for HME technology, which has resulted in a substantial increase in published articles and patents. This article summarizes the challenges and models for executing HME scale-up. Additionally, it covers the benefits of continuous manufacturing, process analytical technology (PAT) considerations, and regulatory requirements. In summary, this well-designed review builds upon our earlier publication, probing deeper into the potential of twin-screw extruders (TSE) for various new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Patil
- Department of Product Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, 14 Schoolhouse Road, Somerset, New Jersey, 08873, USA
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144001, India
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Preethi Lakkala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Siva Ram Munnangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Nagarjuna Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Miguel O Jara
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Hibreniguss Terefe
- Department of Product Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, 14 Schoolhouse Road, Somerset, New Jersey, 08873, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
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5
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Corrie L, Ajjarapu S, Banda S, Parvathaneni M, Bolla PK, Kommineni N. HPMCAS-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions in Clinic: A Review on Manufacturing Techniques (Hot Melt Extrusion and Spray Drying), Marketed Products and Patents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6616. [PMID: 37895598 PMCID: PMC10608006 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Today, therapeutic candidates with low solubility have become increasingly common in pharmaceutical research pipelines. Several techniques such as hot melt extrusion, spray drying, supercritical fluid technology, electrospinning, KinetiSol, etc., have been devised to improve either or both the solubility and dissolution to enhance the bioavailability of these active substances belonging to BCS Class II and IV. The principle involved in all these preparation techniques is similar, where the crystal lattice of the drug is disrupted by either the application of heat or dissolving it in a solvent and the movement of the fine drug particles is arrested with the help of a polymer by either cooling or drying to remove the solvent. The dispersed drug particles in the polymer matrix have higher entropy and enthalpy and, thereby, higher free energy in comparison to the crystalline drug. Povidone, polymethaacrylate derivatives, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate derivatives are commonly used as polymers in the preparation of ASDs. Specifically, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)-based ASDs have become well established in commercially available products and are widely explored to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. This article provides an analysis of two widely used manufacturing techniques for HPMCAS ASDs, namely, hot melt extrusion and spray drying. Additionally, details of HPMCAS-based ASD marketed products and patents have been discussed to emphasize the commercial aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Corrie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
| | | | - Srikanth Banda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Madhukiran Parvathaneni
- Department of Biotechnology, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA 17101, USA;
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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Nyavanandi D, Mandati P, Narala S, Alzahrani A, Kolimi P, Vemula SK, Repka MA. Twin Screw Melt Granulation: A Single Step Approach for Developing Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Lipophilic Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2267. [PMID: 37765237 PMCID: PMC10534719 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research aims to improve the solubility of the poorly soluble drug, i.e., ibuprofen, by developing self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) utilizing a twin screw melt granulation (TSMG) approach. Gelucire® 44/14, Gelucire® 48/16, and Transcutol® HP were screened as suitable excipients for developing the SEDDS formulations. Initially, liquid SEDDS (L-SEDDS) were developed with oil concentrations between 20-50% w/w and surfactant to co-surfactant ratios of 2:1, 4:1, 6:1. The stable formulations of L-SEDDS were transformed into solid SEDDS (S-SEDDS) using a suitable adsorbent carrier and compressed into tablets (T-SEDDS). The S-SEDDS has improved flow, drug release profiles, and permeability compared to pure drugs. The existence of the drug in an amorphous state was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). The formulations with 20% w/w and 30% w/w of oil concentration and a 4:1 ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant have resulted in a stable homogeneous emulsion with a globule size of 14.67 ± 0.23 nm and 18.54 ± 0.55 nm. The compressed tablets were found stable after six months of storage at accelerated and long-term conditions. This shows the suitability of the TSMG approach as a single-step continuous manufacturing process for developing S-SEDDS formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Praveen Kolimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Michael A. Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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7
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Zakowiecki D, Richter M, Yuece C, Voelp A, Ries M, Papaioannou M, Edinger P, Hess T, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Cal K. Towards the Continuous Manufacturing of Liquisolid Tablets Containing Simethicone and Loperamide Hydrochloride with the Use of a Twin-Screw Granulator. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041265. [PMID: 37111750 PMCID: PMC10142538 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous manufacturing is becoming the new technological standard in the pharmaceutical industry. In this work, a twin-screw processor was employed for the continuous production of liquisolid tablets containing either simethicone or a combination of simethicone with loperamide hydrochloride. Both active ingredients present major technological challenges, as simethicone is a liquid, oily substance, and loperamide hydrochloride was used in a very small amount (0.27% w/w). Despite these difficulties, the use of porous tribasic calcium phosphate as a carrier and the adjustment of the settings of the twin-screw processor enabled the optimization of the characteristics of the liquid-loaded powders and made it possible to efficiently produce liquisolid tablets with advantages in physical and functional properties. The application of chemical imaging by means of Raman spectroscopy allowed for the visualization of differences in the distribution of individual components of the formulations. This proved to be a very effective tool for identifying the optimum technology to produce a drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zakowiecki
- Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, Rheinstrasse 27, 55257 Budenheim, Germany
| | - Margarethe Richter
- Thermo Electron (Karlsruhe) GmbH, Pfannkuchstrasse 10-12, 76185 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ceren Yuece
- Thermo Electron (Karlsruhe) GmbH, Pfannkuchstrasse 10-12, 76185 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Annika Voelp
- Thermo Electron (Karlsruhe) GmbH, Pfannkuchstrasse 10-12, 76185 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ries
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Im Steingrund 4-6, 63303 Dreieich, Germany
| | - Markos Papaioannou
- Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, Rheinstrasse 27, 55257 Budenheim, Germany
| | - Peter Edinger
- Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, Rheinstrasse 27, 55257 Budenheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Hess
- Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, Rheinstrasse 27, 55257 Budenheim, Germany
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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8
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Nyavanandi D, Narala S, Mandati P, Alzahrani A, Kolimi P, Almotairy A, Repka MA. Twin Screw Melt Granulation: Alternative Approach for Improving Solubility and Permeability of a Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Ibuprofen. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:47. [PMID: 36703024 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research is focused on investigating the suitability of the twin screw melt granulation (TSMG) approach for improving the solubility of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) drug (ibuprofen), by developing granules using lipid surfactants. The solubility of the drug within the solid lipid excipients (Gelucire® 48/16 and Gelucire® 50/13) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The formulations were developed for drug and lipid ratios of 1:1.5, 1:3, and 1:4.5 using Neusilin® US2 as a solid adsorbent carrier. The solid-state properties of the drug investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have revealed the conversion of the drug to an amorphous form for 1:3 and 1:4.5 ratios of formulations confirmed by powder x-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). Drug-excipient compatibility and formation of no interactions were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The granules with a 1:3 and 1:4.5 ratios of drug and lipid have improved drug dissolution and permeation, attributing to the formation of micellar emulsions. The stability of formulation with a 1:3 ratio of drug and lipid surfactant was preserved when stored in accelerated conditions. However, the formulation with a 1:4.5 ratio of drug and lipid failed to retain the amorphous state evidenced by the recrystallization of the drug. This shows the suitability of TSMG as a single-step continuous manufacturing process for developing melt granules to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Praveen Kolimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ahmed Almotairy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, 38677, USA.,Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, AlMunawarah, Al Madinah, 30001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, 38677, USA. .,Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, 38677, USA.
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9
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Kimata R, Yoshihara N, Terukina T, Kanazawa T, Kondo H. Impact of Properties of Hydrated Silicon Dioxide as Core Material on the Characteristics of Drug-containing Particles Prepared by the 2-step Process Melt Granulation Technology, MALCORE ®. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 24:28. [PMID: 36577811 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-containing particles (DCPs) are frequently used as cores in the development of solid oral dosage forms. The wet layering technique, which is a typical approach for preparing DCPs, requires the use of solvents and a long manufacturing time. In our previous study, we developed a novel manufacturing technology, MALCORE®, which can solve these problems through melt granulation. However, particle size control methods for DCPs in MALCORE® and the effect of the physical properties of the hydrated silicon dioxide (HSD) used for the core have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the particle and pore sizes of HSD on the properties of the prepared DCPs. The results showed that the DCPs prepared using MALCORE® could be controlled by the particle size of HSD. The drug-loading efficiency tended to decrease as HSD particle size increased. Additionally, the amount of drug layering in DCPs increased as the pore size of HSD increased, but HSDs with a pore size much larger than the particle size were not able to properly layer the drug. These findings are helpful for applying MALCORE® to a variety of oral drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kimata
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Development Department, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Miyahara 5-Chome, Yodogawa-Ku, Ltd, 2-30, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshihara
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Development Department, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Miyahara 5-Chome, Yodogawa-Ku, Ltd, 2-30, Japan
| | - Takayuki Terukina
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanazawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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10
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Mandati P, Dumpa N, Alzahrani A, Nyavanandi D, Narala S, Wang H, Bandari S, Repka MA, Tiwari S, Langley N. Hot-Melt Extrusion-Based Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing of Atorvastatin Calcium Tablets: Impact of Shape and Infill Density on Printability and Performance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 24:13. [PMID: 36477554 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the current research was to investigate the effect of tablet shapes (heart-shaped and round tablets) and infill densities (50% and 100%) on the drug release profiles of 3D printed tablets prepared by hot-melt extrusion paired with fused deposition modeling techniques. Drug-loaded filaments of 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm diameters were extruded using a Process 11 mm hot-melt extruder employing atorvastatin calcium as a model drug and Kollicoat® IR, Kollidon® VA64, Kollidon® 12PF, and Kolliphor® P407 as hydrophilic polymers. Filaments of Kollicoat® IR in combination with Kollidon® VA64/Kollidon® 12PF has resulted in successful printing of immediate release tablets. The mechanical properties of drug-loaded filaments were evaluated using a 3-point bend test and stiffness test. The transformation of a crystalline drug to an amorphous form and the absence of drug-polymer interactions were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of infill density on drug release profiles was greater than that of tablet shape. The stability of 3D printed tablets was preserved even after storage under accelerated conditions (40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH) for 6 months. Thus, the 3D printing process of hot-melt extrusion paired with fused deposition modeling serves as an alternative manufacturing approach for developing patient-focused doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA
| | - Nagireddy Dumpa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA
| | - Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA
| | - Honghe Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA. .,Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, University, USA.
| | - Sandip Tiwari
- BASF Corporation, 500 White Plains Road, New York, Tarrytown, USA
| | - Nigel Langley
- BASF Corporation, 500 White Plains Road, New York, Tarrytown, USA
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11
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Thakore SD, Reddy KV, Dantuluri AK, Patel D, Kumawat A, Sihorkar V, Ghoroi C, Bansal AK. Application of Twin-Screw Melt Granulation to Overcome the Poor Tabletability of a High Dose Drug. Pharm Res 2022; 39:3241-3257. [PMID: 36002616 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing has seen a paradigm shift toward continuous manufacturing and twin-screw granulation-based technologies have catalyzed this shift. Twin-screw granulator can simultaneously perform unit operations like mixing, granulation, and drying of the granules. The present study investigates the impact of polymer concentration and processing parameters of twin-screw melt granulation, on flow properties and compaction characteristics of a model drug having high dose and poor tabletability. Acetaminophen (AAP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVPVA) were used as a model drug (90-95% w/w) and polymeric binder (5-10%w/w), respectively, for the current study. Feed rate (~650-1150 g/h), extruder screw speed (150-300 rpm), and temperature (60-150°C) were used as processing variables. Results showed the reduction in particle size of drug in the extrudates (D90 of 15-25 μm from ~80 μm), irrespective of processing condition, while flow properties were a function of polymer concentration. Overall, good flowability of the products and their tablets with optimum tensile strength can be obtained through using high polymer concentration (i.e., 10% w/w), lower feed rate (~650 g/h), lower extruder screw speed (150 rpm), and higher processing temperatures (up to 120°C). The findings from the current study can be useful for continuous manufacturing of tablets of high dose drugs with minimal excipient loading in the final dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth D Thakore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Katangur Vishruth Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Ajay K Dantuluri
- Ashland (India) Pvt. Ltd., MN Park Synergy Square 3, Building No.2700, II Floor, Lalgadi Malakpet Village, Turkapally, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Deepika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Akshant Kumawat
- DryProTech lab, Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Vaibhav Sihorkar
- Ashland (India) Pvt. Ltd., MN Park Synergy Square 3, Building No.2700, II Floor, Lalgadi Malakpet Village, Turkapally, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India.,Sai Life Sciences Ltd, L4-01 & 02, SLN Terminus Survey No. 133, Gachibowli- Miyapur Rd, Gachibowli, Telangana, 500032, India
| | - Chinmay Ghoroi
- DryProTech lab, Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
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12
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Nyavanandi D, Mandati P, Narala S, Alzahrani A, Kolimi P, Pradhan A, Bandari S, Repka MA. Feasibility of high melting point hydrochlorothiazide processing via cocrystal formation by hot melt extrusion paired fused filament fabrication as a 3D-printed cocrystal tablet. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Lima RM, Brandão RJ, de Souza GM, Silveira JC, Potenza F, Duarte CR, Barrozo MA. Analysis of particle dynamics in a rotating dish. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Vicente Martin C, Stocker S, Bautista M, Rogue V, Steib-Lauer C, Häcker HG, Spickermann D, Hirsch S, Dhareshwar SS. Commercial scale transfer of a twin-screw melt granulation process for high drug load fevipiprant tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:211-225. [PMID: 35861393 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2104307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work summarizes select methodology of twin-screw melt granulation and process analytical technology that were used in the successful scaling-up and commercial transfer of high drug load (80.5% w/w) immediate release fevipiprant tablets. SIGNIFICANCE The unique and compelling learnings from this industry work are (1) insights into Novartis AG's commercial scale transfer using twin-screw melt granulation (2) rapid, non-destructive NIR methodology as a PAT tool for RTR testing. No prior literature combines these two aspects at the level of detail we present/disclose. METHODS Scaling up of twin-screw melt granulation (TSMG) was guided by specific energy values obtained for the 27 mm (pilot scale) and 50 mm (commercial scale) twin-screw extruders (TSE). Proven acceptable ranges (PAR) were confirmed by varying the critical process parameters (CPPs) for granulation (screw speed) and tableting (dwell time, crushing strength) at three process levels (upper, target, lower). An at-line NIR method was developed and validated for real-time release testing. RESULTS The combination of CPPs were selected to have the same effect on critical quality attributes (CQAs) i.e., lower (-) and upper (+) process level challenged tablet aspect/appearance and dissolution, respectively. TSMG was performed using a 50 mm extruder at constant feed rate. Compression of the six final blends (∼300 kg) showed no impact of varied granulation and compression process conditions on both CQAs. A near-infrared spectroscopy method was validated to determine content uniformity, assay, identity, and to predict CQAs on uncoated tablets in preparation for a real time release testing (RTRT) of future batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vicente Martin
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Stocker
- Novartis Technical Operations, Novartis Pharma Produktions GmbH, Oeflingerstrasse 44, D-79664 Wehr, Germany
| | - Manel Bautista
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Rogue
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Steib-Lauer
- Analytical Research and Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Georg Häcker
- Novartis Technical Operations, Novartis Pharma Produktions GmbH, Oeflingerstrasse 44, D-79664 Wehr, Germany
| | - Dirk Spickermann
- Regulatory Affairs CMC, Global Drug Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hirsch
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sundeep S Dhareshwar
- Global Program Management, Portfolio Strategy and Management, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
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15
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Butreddy A. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate as an exceptional polymer for amorphous solid dispersion formulations: A review from bench to clinic. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:289-307. [PMID: 35872180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a proven system for achieving a supersaturated state of drug, in which the concentration of drug is greater than its crystalline solubility. The usage of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) in the development of ASDs has grown significantly, as evidenced by the fact that majority of commercially approved ASD formulations are based on HPMCAS. HPMCAS has been widely utilized as a solubility enhancer and precipitation inhibitor or stabilizer to achieve supersaturation and inhibit crystallization of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. The characteristics of HPMCAS ASDs such as less hygroscopic, strong drug-polymer hydrophobic interactions, high solubilization efficiency, greater potential to generate, maintain drug supersaturation and crystallization inhibition outperform other polymeric carriers in ASD development. Furthermore, combining HPMCAS with other polymers or surfactants as ternary ASDs could be a viable approach for enhancing oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. This review discusses the concepts of supersaturation maintenance or precipitation inhibition of HPMCAS in the ASD formulations. In addition, the mechanisms underlying for improved dissolution performance, oral bioavailability and stability of HPMCAS ASDs are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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16
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Asgarpour Khansary M, Shirazian S, Walker G. A molecularly enhanced proof of concept for targeting cocrystals at molecular scale in continuous pharmaceuticals cocrystallization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114277119. [PMID: 35594395 PMCID: PMC9173768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114277119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is impossible to optimize a process for a target drug product with the desired profile without a proper understanding of the interplay among the material attributes, the process parameters, and the attributes of the drug product. There is a particular need to bridge the micro- and mesoscale events that occur during this process. Here, we propose а molecular engineering methodology for the continuous cocrystallization process, based on Raman spectra measured experimentally with a probe and from quantum mechanical calculations. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the theoretical Raman spectra were calculated from first principles for local mixture structures under an external shear force at various temperatures. A proof of concept is developed to build the process design space from the computed data. We show that the determined process design space provides valuable insight for optimizing the cocrystallization process at the nanoscale, where experimental measurements are difficult and/or inapplicable. The results suggest that our method may be used to target cocrystallization processes at the molecular scale for improved pharmaceutical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Shirazian
- Department of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - Gavin Walker
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
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17
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A critical review on granulation of pharmaceuticals and excipients: Principle, analysis and typical applications. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Narala S, Nyavanandi D, Alzahrani A, Bandari S, Zhang F, Repka MA. Creation of Hydrochlorothiazide Pharmaceutical Cocrystals Via Hot-Melt Extrusion for Enhanced Solubility and Permeability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:56. [PMID: 35043282 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystal engineering is an emerging tool for altering the physicochemical properties of drug candidates. The objective of the current investigation was to develop cocrystals of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) with coformers such as nicotinamide (NIC), resorcinol (RSL), and catechol (CAT) using hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology. The liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) method was used to prepare cocrystals by grinding the drug and coformer in a definite molar ratio as a reference and to check the feasibility of cocrystal formation. Cocrystals were prepared using HME and evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy and compared with LAG cocrystals. Barrel temperature was the critical process parameter for producing high-quality cocrystals in HME. All cocrystals exhibited improved solubility compared to the native drug, and HCT-NIC cocrystals showed a two-fold increase in solubility. Similarly, HCT-RSL and HCT-CAT showed higher solubility profiles and improved diffusion/permeability characteristics compared to that of the pure HCT due to the drug-coformer interactions in the cocrystals. In this study, the solubility of the coformer was the key factor determining cocrystal solubilization. However, hot-melt extrusion is an alternative technology for creating pharmaceutical cocrystals and has potential for industrial scale-up.
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19
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Rao RR, Pandey A, Hegde AR, Kulkarni VI, Chincholi C, Rao V, Bhushan I, Mutalik S. Metamorphosis of Twin Screw Extruder-Based Granulation Technology: Applications Focusing on Its Impact on Conventional Granulation Technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 23:24. [PMID: 34907508 PMCID: PMC8816530 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to be at pace with the market requirements of solid dosage forms and regulatory standards, a transformation towards systematic processing using continuous manufacturing (CM) and automated model-based control is being thought through for its fundamental advantages over conventional batch manufacturing. CM eliminates the key gaps through the integration of various processes while preserving quality attributes via the use of process analytical technology (PAT). The twin screw extruder (TSE) is one such equipment adopted by the pharmaceutical industry as a substitute for the traditional batch granulation process. Various types of granulation techniques using twin screw extrusion technology have been explored in the article. Furthermore, individual components of a TSE and their conjugation with PAT tools and the advancements and applications in the field of nutraceuticals and nanotechnology have also been discussed. Thus, the future of granulation lies on the shoulders of continuous TSE, where it can be coupled with computational mathematical studies to mitigate its complications.
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20
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Yoshihara N, Kimata R, Terukina T, Kanazawa T, Kondo H. Novel preparation approach with a 2-step process for spherical particles with high drug loading and controlled size distribution using melt granulation: MALCORE®. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.103409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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21
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Domokos A, Pusztai É, Madarász L, Nagy B, Gyürkés M, Farkas A, Fülöp G, Casian T, Szilágyi B, Nagy ZK. Combination of PAT and mechanistic modeling tools in a fully continuous powder to granule line: Rapid and deep process understanding. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Nyavanandi D, Kallakunta VR, Sarabu S, Butreddy A, Narala S, Bandari S, Repka MA. Impact of hydrophilic binders on stability of lipid-based sustained release matrices of quetiapine fumarate by the continuous twin screw melt granulation technique. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021; 32:2591-2604. [PMID: 34262241 PMCID: PMC8274555 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dose dumping is the major drawback of sustained release (SR) matrices. The current research aimed to develop the stable lipid-based SR matrices of quetiapine fumarate (QTF) using Geleol™ (glyceryl monostearate; GMS) as the lipid matrix carrier and Klucel™ EF (HPC EF), Kollidon® VA64, and Kollidon® 12PF as hydrophilic binders. Formulations were developed using advanced twin screw melt granulation (TSMG) approach and the direct compression (DC) technique. Compared with the blends of DC, the granules of TSMG exhibited improved flow properties and tabletability. Solid-state characterization by differential scanning calorimetry of the prepared granules exhibited the crystalline nature of the lipid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated no interaction between the formulation ingredients. The compressed matrices of TSMG and DC resulted in the sustained release of a drug over 16-24 h. Upon storage under accelerated conditions for 6 months, the matrices of TSMG retained their sustained release characteristics with no dose dumping in alcohol, whereas the matrices of DC resulted in the dose dumping of the drug attributing to the loss of matrix integrity and phase separation of lipid. Thus, it is concluded that the uniform distribution of a softened binder into a molten lipid carrier results in the stable matrices of TSMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Venkata Raman Kallakunta
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sandeep Sarabu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A. Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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23
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24
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Garg U, Azim Y. Challenges and opportunities of pharmaceutical cocrystals: a focused review on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:705-721. [PMID: 34124670 PMCID: PMC8152597 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of the review is to discuss the relevant and essential aspects of pharmaceutical cocrystals in both academia and industry with an emphasis on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although cocrystals have been prepared for a plethora of drugs, NSAID cocrystals are focused due to their humongous application in different fields of medication such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiplatelet, antitumor, and anti-carcinogenic drugs. The highlights of the review are (a) background of cocrystals and other solid forms of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) based on the principles of crystal engineering, (b) why cocrystals are an excellent opportunity in the pharma industry, (c) common methods of preparation of cocrystals from the lab scale to bulk quantity, (d) some latest case studies of NSAIDs which have shown better physicochemical properties for example; mechanical properties (tabletability), hydration, solubility, bioavailability, and permeability, and (e) latest guidelines of the US FDA and EMA opening new opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Garg
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Yasser Azim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
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25
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Batra A, Thongsukmak A, Desai D, Serajuddin ATM. The Effect of Process Variables and Binder Concentration on Tabletability of Metformin Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen Granules Produced by Twin Screw Melt Granulation with Different Polymeric Binders. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:154. [PMID: 33983536 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In twin screw melt granulation, granules are produced by passing mixtures of drug substances and polymeric binders through twin screw extruder such that temperatures are maintained below melting point of drugs but above glass transition of polymers used, whereby the polymers coat surfaces of drug particles and cause their agglomeration into granules. Since various formulation factors, such as binder type and concentration, and processing variables like extrusion temperature, screw configuration, and screw speed, can influence the granulation process, the present investigation was undertaken to study their effects on tabletability of granules produced. Three different types of polymeric binders, Klucel® EXF (hydroxypropyl cellulose), Eudragit® EPO (polyacrylate binder), and Soluplus® (polyvinyl caprolactam-co-vinyl acetate-ethylene glycol graft polymer), were used at 2, 5, and 10% concentrations. Metformin hydrochloride (HCl) (mp: 222°C) and acetaminophen (mp: 169°C) were used as model drugs, and drug-polymer mixtures with metformin HCl were extruded at 180, 160, and 130°C, while those with acetaminophen were extruded at 130 and 110°C. Other process variables included screw configurations: low, medium, and high shear for metformin HCl, and low and medium shear for acetaminophen; feed rates: 20 and 60 g/min; and screw speed of 100 and 300 RPM. Formulation and process variables had significant impact on tabletability. The target tensile strength of ≥2 MPa could be obtained with all polymers and at all processing temperatures when metformin HCl was granulated at 180°C and acetaminophen at 130°C. At other temperatures, the target tensile strength could be achieved at certain specific sets of processing conditions.
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Continuous Twin Screw Granulation: A Review of Recent Progress and Opportunities in Formulation and Equipment Design. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050668. [PMID: 34066921 PMCID: PMC8148523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous twin screw wet granulation is one of the key continuous manufacturing technologies that have gained significant interest in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in academia over the last ten years. Given its considerable advantages compared to wet granulation techniques operated in batch mode such as high shear granulation and fluid bed granulation, several equipment manufacturers have designed their own manufacturing setup. This has led to a steep increase in the research output in this field. However, most studies still focused on a single (often placebo) formulation, hence making it difficult to assess the general validity of the obtained results. Therefore, current review provides an overview of recent progress in the field of continuous twin screw wet granulation, with special focus on the importance of the formulation aspect and raw material properties. It gives practical guidance for novel and more experienced users of this technique and highlights some of the unmet needs that require further research.
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Forster SP, Dippold E, Chiang T. Twin-Screw Melt Granulation for Oral Solid Pharmaceutical Products. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050665. [PMID: 34066332 PMCID: PMC8148162 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article highlights the advantages of pharmaceutical continuous melt granulation by twin-screw extrusion. The different melt granulation process options and excipients are described and compared, and a case is made for expanded use of twin-screw melt granulation since it is a flexible and continuous process. Methods for binder selection are profiled with a focus on rheology and physical stability impacts. For twin-screw melt granulation, the mechanism of granulation and process impact on granule properties are described. Pharmaceutical applications of melt granulation ranging from immediate release of soluble and insoluble APIs, taste-masking, and sustained release formulation are reviewed, demonstrating the range of possibilities afforded by twin-screw melt granulation.
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28
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Bandari S, Nyavanandi D, Dumpa N, Repka MA. Coupling hot melt extrusion and fused deposition modeling: Critical properties for successful performance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:52-63. [PMID: 33571550 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interest in 3D printing for pharmaceutical applications has increased in recent years. Compared to other 3D printing techniques, hot melt extrusion (HME)-based fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing has been the most extensively investigated for patient-focused dosage. HME technology can be coupled with FDM 3D printing as a continuous manufacturing process. However, the crucial pharmaceutical polymers, formulation and process parameters must be investigated to establish HME-coupled FDM 3D printing. These advancements will lead the way towards developing continuous drug delivery systems for personalized therapy. This brief overview classifies pharmaceutical additive manufacturing, Hot Melt Extrusion, and Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing techniques with a focus on coupling HME and FDM 3D printing processes. It also provides insights on the critical material properties, process and equipment parameters and limitations of successful HME-coupled FDM systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nagireddy Dumpa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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29
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Ismail HY, Albadarin AB, Iqbal J, Walker GM. Image processing for detecting complete two dimensional properties' distribution of granules produced in twin screw granulation. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120472. [PMID: 33737101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an image processing technique is implemented to measure complete two-dimensional particle size and liquid content distribution (2D-distribution) of the granules produced in twin screw granulation (TSG). The effects of liquid binder viscosity and liquid to solid ratio (L/S) on the 2D-distribution, and the residence time distribution were studied. The effect of screw configuration on granule formation at different conditions was also investigated, were the mean residence time distribution (MRTD) in conveying elements decreases with the increase of L/S ratio and viscosity. While in kneading elements the MRTD decreases with the increase of L/S and increases with the increase of viscosity. The mean liquid saturation level of the granule is exponentially related to its size. As well, the increase in binder viscosity and L/S ratio leads to more uneven/bi-model particle size distribution (PSD) in the conveying elements, while kneading elements change the initial bi-model PSDs into more homogenous mono-model like distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Y Ismail
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ahmad B Albadarin
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Gavin M Walker
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Butreddy A, Bandari S, Repka MA. Quality-by-design in hot melt extrusion based amorphous solid dispersions: An industrial perspective on product development. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105655. [PMID: 33253883 PMCID: PMC7855693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An industrially feasible approach to overcome the solubility and bioavailability limitations of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients is the development of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) using hot-melt extrusion (HME) technique. The application of Quality by Design (QbD) had a profound impact on the development of HME-based ASDs. The formulation and process optimization of ASDs manufactured via HME techniques require an understanding of critical quality attributes, critical material attributes, critical process parameters, risk assessment tools, and experimental designs. The knowledge gained from each of these QbD elements helps ensure the consistency of product quality. The selection and implementation of appropriate Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology to screen and optimize the formulation and process variables remain a major challenge. This review provides a comprehensive overview on QbD concepts in HME-based ASDs with an emphasis on DoE methodologies. Further, the information provided in this review can assist researchers in selecting a suitable design with optimal experimental conditions. Specifically, this review has focused on the prediction of drug-polymer miscibility, the elements and sequence of QbD, and various screening and optimization designs, to provide insights into the formulation and process variables that are encountered routinely in the production of HME-based ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Shi G, Lin L, Liu Y, Chen G, Luo Y, Wu Y, Li H. Pharmaceutical application of multivariate modelling techniques: a review on the manufacturing of tablets. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8323-8345. [PMID: 35423324 PMCID: PMC8695199 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tablet manufacturing process is a complex system, especially in continuous manufacturing (CM). It includes multiple unit operations, such as mixing, granulation, and tableting. In tablet manufacturing, critical quality attributes are influenced by multiple factorial relationships between material properties, process variables, and interactions. Moreover, the variation in raw material attributes and manufacturing processes is an inherent characteristic and seriously affects the quality of pharmaceutical products. To deepen our understanding of the tablet manufacturing process, multivariable modeling techniques can replace univariate analysis to investigate tablet manufacturing. In this review, the roles of the most prominent multivariate modeling techniques in the tablet manufacturing process are discussed. The review mainly focuses on applying multivariate modeling techniques to process understanding, optimization, process monitoring, and process control within multiple unit operations. To minimize the errors in the process of modeling, good modeling practice (GMoP) was introduced into the pharmaceutical process. Furthermore, current progress in the continuous manufacturing of tablets and the role of multivariate modeling techniques in continuous manufacturing are introduced. In this review, information is provided to both researchers and manufacturers to improve tablet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Gongsen Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yanqiu Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
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Narala S, Nyavanandi D, Srinivasan P, Mandati P, Bandari S, Repka MA. Pharmaceutical Co-Crystals, Salts, and Co-Amorphous Systems: A Novel Opportunity of Hot Melt Extrusion. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 61:102209. [PMID: 33717230 PMCID: PMC7946067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the solubility of active drug ingredients is a major challenge faced by scientists and researchers. Different approaches have been explored for the enhancement of solubility and physicochemical properties of drugs, without affecting their stability or pharmacological activity. Among the various strategies available, pharmaceutical co-crystals, co-amorphous systems, and pharmaceutical salts as multicomponent systems (MCS) have gained interest to improve physicochemical properties of drugs. Development of MCS by conventional methods involves the utilization of excess amount of solvents, thus, making the product prone to instability, and may also cause harmful side effects in patients. Scale up is critical and involves the investment of huge capital and time. Lately, hot-melt extrusion has been utilized in the development of MCS to enhance solubility, bioavailability, stability, and physicochemical properties of the drugs. In this review, the authors discussed the development of different MCS produced via hot-melt extrusion technology. Specifically, approaches for screening of co-formers and co-crystals, selection of excipients for co-amorphous systems, pharmaceutical salts, and significance of MCS and process parameters affecting product quality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Priyanka Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Fülöp G, Domokos A, Galata D, Szabó E, Gyürkés M, Szabó B, Farkas A, Madarász L, Démuth B, Lendér T, Nagy T, Kovács-Kiss D, Van der Gucht F, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Integrated twin-screw wet granulation, continuous vibrational fluid drying and milling: A fully continuous powder to granule line. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120126. [PMID: 33321167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly homogeneous low-dose (50 μg) tablets were produced incorporating perfectly free-flowing granules prepared by a fully integrated Continuous Manufacturing (CM) line. The adopted CM equipment consisted of a Twin-Screw Wet Granulator (TSWG), a Continuous Fluid Bed Dryer (CFBD) and a Continuous Sieving (CS) unit. Throughout the experiments a pre-blend of lactose-monohydrate and corn starch was gravimetrically dosed with 1 kg/h into the TSWG, where they were successfully granulated with the drug containing water-based PVPK30 solution. The wet mass was subsequently dried in the CFBD on a vibratory conveyor belt and finally sieved in the milling unit. Granule production efficiency was maximized by determining the minimal Liquid-to-Solid (L/S) ratio (0.11). Design of Experiments (DoE) were carried out in order to evaluate the influence of the drying process parameters of the CFBD on the Loss-on-Drying (LOD) results. The manufactured granules were compressed into tablets by an industrial tablet rotary press with excellent API homogeneity (RSD < 3%). Significant scale-up was realized with the CM line by increasing the throughput rate to 10 kg/h. The manufactured granules yielded very similar results to the previous small-scale granulation runs. API homogeneity was demonstrated (RSD < 2%) with Blend Uniformity Analysis (BUA). The efficiency of TSWG granulation was compared to High-Shear Granulation (HSG) with the same L/S ratio. The final results have demonstrated that both the liquid distribution and more importantly API homogeneity was better in case of the TSWG granulation (RSD 1.3% vs. 4.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Domokos
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Galata
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Gyürkés
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Madarász
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Démuth
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Lendér
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Nagy
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Kovács-Kiss
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - F Van der Gucht
- ProCepT N.V., Industriepark Rosteyne 4, 9060 Zelzate, Belgium
| | - G Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z K Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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Pandi P, Bulusu R, Kommineni N, Khan W, Singh M. Amorphous solid dispersions: An update for preparation, characterization, mechanism on bioavailability, stability, regulatory considerations and marketed products. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119560. [PMID: 32565285 PMCID: PMC8691091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are being employed frequently to improve bioavailability of poorly soluble molecules by enhancing the rate and extant of dissolution in drug product development process. These systems comprise of an amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredient stabilized by a polymer matrix to provide enhanced stability. This review discussed the methodologies of preparation and characterization of ASDs with an emphasis on understanding and predicting stability. Rational selection of polymers, preparation techniques with its advantages and disadvantages and characterization of polymeric amorphous solid dispersions have discussed. Stability aspects have been described as per ICH guidelines which intend to depend on selection of polymers and preparation methods of ASD. The mechanism involved on improvement of bioavailability also considered. Regulatory importance of ASD and current evolving details of QBD approach were reviewed. Amorphous products and particularly ASDs are currently most emerging area in the pharmaceutical field. This strategic approach presents huge impact and advantageous features concerning the overall improvement of drug product performance in clinical settings which ultimately lead to drug product approval by leading regulatory agencies into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palpandi Pandi
- Department of Pharmacy, Employee State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Chennai 600078, India
| | - Raviteja Bulusu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada 533003, India
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- College of Pharmacy, Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University, FL 32307, USA
| | - Wahid Khan
- Natco Research Centre, NATCO Pharma Limited, Hyderabad 500018, India.
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy, Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University, FL 32307, USA.
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