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Mulenga G, Alahmed TAA, Sami F, Majeed S, Ali MS, Le JLJ, Rhu CLQ, Nair RS, Hasan N, Ansari MT. QbD Assisted Systematic Review for Optimizing the Selection of PVP as a Ternary Substance in Enhancing the Complexation Efficiency of Cyclodextrins: a Pilot Study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:134. [PMID: 38862663 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Inclusion complexes require higher concentration of Beta cyclodextrins (βCD) resulting in increased formulation bulk, toxicity, and production costs. This systematic review offers a comprehensive analysis using Quality by design (QbD) as a tool to predict potential applications of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a ternary substance to address issues of inclusion complexes. We reviewed 623 documents from 2013 to 2023 and Eighteen (18) research papers were selected for statistical and meta-analysis using the QbD concept to identify the most critical factors for selecting drugs and effect of PVP on inclusion complexes. The QbD analysis revealed that Molecular weight (MW), Partition coefficient (Log P), and the auxiliary substance ratio directly affected complexation efficiency (CE), thermodynamic stability in terms of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and percent drug release. However, Stability constant (Ks) remained unaffected by any of these parameters. The results showed that low MW (250), median Log P (6), and a βCD: PVP ratio of 2:3 would result in higher CE, lower G, and improved drug release. PVP improves drug solubility, enhances delivery and therapeutic outcomes, and counteracts increased drug ionization due to decreased pH. In certain cases, its bulky nature and hydrogen bonding with CD molecules can form non-inclusion complexes. The findings of the study shows that there is potential molecular interaction between PVP and β-cyclodextrins, which possibly enhances the stability of inclusion complexes for drug with low MW and log P values less than 9. The systematic review shows a comprehensive methodology based on QbD offers a replicable template for future investigations into drug formulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glovanna Mulenga
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Teejan Ameer Abed Alahmed
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farheen Sami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CT University, Ferozepur Road, Sidhwan Khurd, 142024, India
| | - Shahnaz Majeed
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Md Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Janice Lo Jia Le
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Carol Lee Qhai Rhu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajesh Sreedharan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadeem Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MAM College of Pharmacy, P&T Colony, Kalaburgi, 585102, India
| | - Mohammed Tahir Ansari
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Liu H, Guo S, Wei S, Liu J, Tian B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cyclodextrin-based oral drug delivery formulations for disease therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121763. [PMID: 38286540 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug administration has become the most common and preferred mode of disease treatment due to its good medication adherence and convenience. For orally administered drugs, the safety, efficacy, and targeting ability requirements have grown as disease treatment research advances. It is difficult to obtain prominent efficacy of traditional drugs simply via oral administration. Numerous studies have demonstrated that cyclodextrins (CDs) can improve the clinical applications of certain orally administered drugs by enhancing their water solubility and masking undesirable odors. Additionally, deeper studies have discovered that CDs can influence disease treatment by altering the drug pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD). This review highlights recent research progress on the PK and PD effects of CD-based oral drug delivery in disease therapy. Firstly, the review describes the characteristics of current drug delivery modes in oral administration. Besides, we minutely summarized the different CD-containing drugs, focusing on the impact of CD-based alterations in PK or PD of orally administered drugs in treating diseases. Finally, we deeply discussed current challenges and future opportunities with regard to PK and PD of CD-based oral drug delivery formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Shijie Wei
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jiayue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Bingren Tian
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Wang L, Ding Z, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Wu H, Wei Q, Gao L, Han J. The Development of an Oral Solution Containing Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir and Assessment of Its Pharmacokinetics and Stability. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:109. [PMID: 38258119 PMCID: PMC10818454 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Paxlovid®, a co-packaged medication comprised of separate tablets containing two active ingredients, nirmatrelvir (NRV) and ritonavir (RTV), exhibits good effectiveness against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the size of the NRV/RTV tablets makes them difficult for some patients to swallow, especially the elderly and those with dysphagia. Therefore, an oral liquid formulation that can overcome this shortcoming and improve patient compliance is required. In this study, we developed a liquid formulation containing NRV and RTV by adopting strategies that used co-solvents and surfactants to enhance the solubility and inhibit possible recrystallization. The in vitro release results showed that NRV and RTV could be maintained at high concentrations in solution for a certain period in the investigated media. In vivo studies in rats showed that the oral bioavailability of NRV/RTV solution was significantly enhanced. Compared to Paxlovid® tablets, the AUC(0-t) of NRV and RTV increased by 6.1 and 3.8 times, respectively, while the Cmax increased by 5.5 times for both. Furthermore, the promoting effect of the absorption of RTV on the bioavailability of NRV was confirmed. Experiments with a beagle showed a similar trend. Stability studies were also conducted at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C for 90 days, indicating that the oral liquid formulation was physically and chemically stable. This study can be used as a valuable resource for developing and applying oral liquid NRV/RTV formulations in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Hengqian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Qipeng Wei
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Lingfeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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El-Masry SM, Helmy SA, Helmy SAM, Mazyed EA. Patient-friendly extemporaneous formulation of bisoprolol: application to stability and bioavailability studies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:795-810. [PMID: 36192532 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Community and hospital pharmacists always face the challenge to prepare oral liquid extemporaneous formulations to fit the needs of a specific patient population when commercial forms or the required strength is unavailable. This study was performed to prepare a stable patient-friendly oral liquid extemporaneous formulation of bisoprolol. Eight different extemporaneous formulations were prepared using various suspending agent(s). The in vitro dissolution of all extemporaneous formulations was examined. A comprehensive accelerated stability study was carried out to evaluate the adequate beyond-use date of the most optimized extemporaneous formulation. A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography method was used for the analysis and quantification of bisoprolol in the accelerated stability and bioavailability studies. A group of eight healthy volunteers was enrolled in a two-way cross-over experimental design to study the bioavailability of the most optimized extemporaneous formulation. The pharmacokinetic parameters of bisoprolol were estimated. Extemporaneous suspension containing 0.5% w/v xanthan gum was easily prepared with a simple, natural, safe, sugar-free excipients. It achieved the best dissolution behavior among other extemporaneous suspensions. It was an easily pourable viscous suspension with no sedimentation. At least 98% of the initial concentration of bisoprolol remained throughout the 6-month study period in the selected suspension regardless of the storage conditions. There was no perceptible change in color, odor, or taste, and no noticeable microbial growth was observed in any sample. The selected formulation was bioequivalent to the commercial tablet in terms of the rate and extent of absorption. This research may be of great help during development of appropriate extemporaneous formulation of bisoprolol fumarate. The simple preparation method could be utilized to draw up a standard operating procedure (SOP) easy to use by different types of pharmacy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha M El-Masry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Sally A Helmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, AL-Madinah AL-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Soha A M Helmy
- Department of Languages and Translation, College of Arts and Humanities, Taibah University, AL-Madinah AL-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Education, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman A Mazyed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, POB 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Hydrochlorothiazide/Losartan Potassium Tablet Prepared by Direct Compression. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081741. [PMID: 36015367 PMCID: PMC9415297 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)/losartan potassium (LOS-K) was used as a model drug to prepare compound tablets through the investigation of the compression and mechanical properties of mixed powders to determine the formulation and preparation factors, followed by D-optimal mixture experimental design to optimize the final parameters. The type and amount of lactose monohydrate (SuperTab®14SD, 19.53−26.91%), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC PH102, 32.86−43.31%), pre-gelatinized starch (Starch-1500, 10.96−15.91%), and magnesium stearate (0.7%) were determined according to the compressive work, stress relaxation curves, and Py value. Then, the compression mechanism of the mixed powder was investigated by the Kawakita equation, Shapiro equation, and Heckel analysis, and the mixed powder was classified as a Class-II powder. The compaction pressure (150−300 MPa) and tableting speed (1200−2400 Tab/h) were recommended. A D-optimal mixture experimental design was utilized to select the optimal formulation (No 1, 26.027% lactose monohydrate, 32.811% MCC PH102, and 15.462% pregelatinized starch) according to the drug dissolution rate, using Hyzaar® tablets as a control. Following oral administration in beagle dogs, there were no significant differences in bioavailability between the No. 1 tablet and the Hyzaar® tablet in HCTZ, losartan carboxylic acid (E-3174), and LOS-K (F < F0.05). Thus, formulation and preparation factors were determined according to the combination of the compression and mechanical properties of the mixed powder and quality of tablets, which was demonstrated to be a feasible method in direct powder compression.
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Cirri M, Mennini N, Nerli G, Rubia J, Casalone E, Melani F, Maestrelli F, Mura P. Combined Use of Cyclodextrins and Amino Acids for the Development of Cefixime Oral Solutions for Pediatric Use. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111923. [PMID: 34834338 PMCID: PMC8620304 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefixime (CEF) is a cephalosporin included in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children. Liquid formulations are considered the best choice for pediatric use, due to their great ease of administration and dose-adaptability. Owing to its very low aqueous solubility and poor stability, CEF is only available as a powder for oral suspensions, which can lead to reduced compliance by children, due to its unpleasant texture and taste, and possible non-homogeneous dosage. The aim of this work was to develop an oral pediatric CEF solution endowed with good palatability, exploiting the solubilizing and taste-masking properties of cyclodextrins (CDs), joined to the use of amino acids as an auxiliary third component. Solubility studies indicated sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD) and Histidine (His) as the most effective CD and amino acid, respectively, even though no synergistic effect on drug solubility improvement by their combined use was found. Molecular Dynamic and 1H-NMR studies provided insight into the interactions of binary CEF:His and ternary CEF:His:SBEβCD systems used to prepare CEF solutions, which resulted stable and maintained unchanged antimicrobial activity during the two-weeks-use in therapy. The ternary solution was superior in terms of more tolerable pH (5.6 vs. 4.7) and better palatability, being resulted completely odorless by a panel test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Cirri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (N.M.); (G.N.); (J.R.); (F.M.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natascia Mennini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (N.M.); (G.N.); (J.R.); (F.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Giulia Nerli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (N.M.); (G.N.); (J.R.); (F.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Jessica Rubia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (N.M.); (G.N.); (J.R.); (F.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Enrico Casalone
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Melani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Francesca Maestrelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (N.M.); (G.N.); (J.R.); (F.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Mura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (N.M.); (G.N.); (J.R.); (F.M.); (P.M.)
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Rincón-López J, Almanza-Arjona YC, Riascos AP, Rojas-Aguirre Y. When Cyclodextrins Met Data Science: Unveiling Their Pharmaceutical Applications through Network Science and Text-Mining. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1297. [PMID: 34452258 PMCID: PMC8399453 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a data-driven approach to unveil the pharmaceutical technologies of cyclodextrins (CDs) by analyzing a dataset of CD pharmaceutical patents. First, we implemented network science techniques to represent CD patents as a single structure and provide a framework for unsupervised detection of keywords in the patent dataset. Guided by those keywords, we further mined the dataset to examine the patenting trends according to CD-based dosage forms. CD patents formed complex networks, evidencing the supremacy of CDs for solubility enhancement and how this has triggered cutting-edge applications based on or beyond the solubility improvement. The networks exposed the significance of CDs to formulate aqueous solutions, tablets, and powders. Additionally, they highlighted the role of CDs in formulations of anti-inflammatory drugs, cancer therapies, and antiviral strategies. Text-mining showed that the trends in CDs for aqueous solutions, tablets, and powders are going upward. Gels seem to be promising, while patches and fibers are emerging. Cyclodextrins' potential in suspensions and emulsions is yet to be recognized and can become an opportunity area. This is the first unsupervised/supervised data-mining approach aimed at depicting a landscape of CDs to identify trending and emerging technologies and uncover opportunity areas in CD pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rincón-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Yara C. Almanza-Arjona
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro P. Riascos
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yareli Rojas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Cyclodextrin Monomers and Polymers for Drug Activity Enhancement. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111684. [PMID: 34064190 PMCID: PMC8196804 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) and cyclodextrin (CD)-based polymers are well-known complexing agents. One of their distinctive features is to increase the quantity of a drug in a solution or improve its delivery. However, in certain instances, the activity of the solutions is increased not only due to the increase of the drug dose but also due to the drug complexation. Based on numerous studies reviewed, the drug appeared more active in a complex form. This review aims to summarize the performance of CDs and CD-based polymers as activity enhancers. Accordingly, the review is divided into two parts, i.e., the effect of CDs as active drugs and as enhancers in antimicrobials, antivirals, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neuroprotective agents, and antioxidants.
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