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Carretta A, Moscardini A, Signore G, Debellis D, Catalano F, Marotta R, Palmieri V, Tedeschi G, Scipioni L, Pozzi D, Caracciolo G, Beltram F, Cardarelli F. The supramolecular processing of liposomal doxorubicin hinders its therapeutic efficacy in cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200836. [PMID: 39050990 PMCID: PMC11268116 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The successful trajectory of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin (e.g., Doxil, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) as an anticancer nanodrug in clinical applications is contradicted by in vitro cell viability data that highlight its reduced efficacy in promoting cell death compared with non-encapsulated doxorubicin. No reports to date have provided a mechanistic explanation for this apparently discordant evidence. Taking advantage of doxorubicin intrinsic fluorescence and time-resolved optical microscopy, we analyze the uptake and intracellular processing of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin (L-DOX) in several in vitro cellular models. Cell entry of L-DOX was found to lead to a rapid (seconds to minutes), energy- and temperature-independent release of crystallized doxorubicin nanorods into the cell cytoplasm, which then disassemble into a pool of fibril-shaped derivatives capable of crossing the cellular membrane while simultaneously releasing active drug monomers. Thus, a steady state is rapidly established in which the continuous supply of crystal nanorods from incoming liposomes is counteracted by a concentration-guided efflux in the extracellular medium of fibril-shaped derivatives and active drug monomers. These results demonstrate that liposome-mediated delivery is constitutively less efficient than isolated drug in establishing favorable conditions for drug retention in the cell. In addition to explaining previous contradictory evidence, present results impose careful rethinking of the synthetic identity of encapsulated anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Carretta
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Moscardini
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Doriana Debellis
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Catalano
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi ISC CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Tedeschi
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Scipioni
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Gandek TB, van der Koog L, Nagelkerke A. A Comparison of Cellular Uptake Mechanisms, Delivery Efficacy, and Intracellular Fate between Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300319. [PMID: 37384827 PMCID: PMC11469107 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect for successful drug delivery via lipid-based nanoparticles is their internalization in target cells. Two prominent examples of such drug delivery systems are artificial phospholipid-based carriers, such as liposomes, and their biological counterparts, the extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite a wealth of literature, it remains unclear which mechanisms precisely orchestrate nanoparticle-mediated cargo delivery to recipient cells and the subsequent intracellular fate of therapeutic cargo. In this review, internalization mechanisms involved in the uptake of liposomes and EVs by recipient cells are evaluated, also exploring their intracellular fate after intracellular trafficking. Opportunities are highlighted to tweak these internalization mechanisms and intracellular fates to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these drug delivery systems. Overall, literature to date shows that both liposomes and EVs are predominantly internalized through classical endocytosis mechanisms, sharing a common fate: accumulation inside lysosomes. Studies tackling the differences between liposomes and EVs, with respect to cellular uptake, intracellular delivery and therapy efficacy, remain scarce, despite its importance for the selection of an appropriate drug delivery system. In addition, further exploration of functionalization strategies of both liposomes and EVs represents an important avenue to pursue in order to control internalization and fate, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea B. Gandek
- Pharmaceutical AnalysisGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenP.O. Box 196, XB20Groningen9700 ADThe Netherlands
| | - Luke van der Koog
- Molecular PharmacologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenP.O. Box 196, XB10Groningen9700 ADThe Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Pharmaceutical AnalysisGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenP.O. Box 196, XB20Groningen9700 ADThe Netherlands
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Eriksen AZ, Melander F, Eriksen GDM, Kempen PJ, Kjaer A, Andresen TL, Urquhart AJ. Active Transport and Ocular Distribution of Intravitreally Injected Liposomes. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37615641 PMCID: PMC10461645 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.8.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Drug delivery to the retina remains a challenge due to ocular barriers and fast clearing mechanisms. Nanocarrier drug delivery systems (NDDSs) hold the promise of prolonging intraocular retention times and increasing drug concentrations in the retina. Methods Anionic and cationic PEGylated liposomes, loaded with oxaliplatin (OxPt) to be used as trace element, were prepared from dry lipid powders. The differently charged liposomes were intravitreally injected in C57BL/6JrJ mice; eyes were harvested 2 hours and 24 hours post-injection. To investigate active transport mechanisms in the eye, a subset of mice were pre-injected with chloroquine before injection with cationic liposomes. Eyes were dissected and the distribution of OxPt in different tissues were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results Both liposome formulations enhanced the retention time of OxPt in the vitreous over free OxPt. Surprisingly, when formulated in cationic liposomes, OxPt translocated through the retina and accumulated in the RPE-sclera. Pre-injection with chloroquine inhibited the transport of liposomal OxPt from the vitreous to the RPE-sclera. Conclusions We show that liposomes can enhance the retention time of small molecular drugs in the vitreous and that active transport mechanisms are involved in the trans retinal transport of NDDS after intravitreal injections. Translational Relevance These results highlight the need for understanding the dynamics of ocular transport mechanisms in living eyes when designing NDDS with the back of the eye as the target. Active transport of nanocarriers through the retina will limit the drug concentration in the neuronal retina but might be exploited for targeting the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zebitz Eriksen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Melander
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Paul Joseph Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Feng J, Wu Y. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Potential Target of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2023; 23:231-246. [PMID: 36841924 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-023-00573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemotherapeutic agents is becoming more frequent as the proportion of new oncology patients increases worldwide, with prolonged survival after treatment. As one of the most popular chemotherapy drugs, doxorubicin plays a substantial role in the treatment of tumors. Unfortunately, the use of doxorubicin is associated with several adverse effects, particularly severe cardiotoxicity that can be life-threatening, which greatly limits its clinical use. For decades, scientists have tried to explore many cardioprotective agents and therapeutic approaches, but their efficacy remains controversial, and some drugs have even brought about significant adverse effects. The concrete molecular mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is still to be unraveled, yet endothelial damage is gradually being identified as an important mechanism triggering the development and progression of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a fundamental process regulating morphogenesis in multicellular organisms, is recognized to be associated with endothelial damage repair and acts as an important factor in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and rheumatic immune diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that endothelial-mesenchymal transition may play a non-negligible role in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of EndMT and outlined the molecular mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and the current therapeutic advances. Furthermore, we summarized the basic principles of doxorubicin-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition that lead to endothelial dysfunction and cardiotoxicity, aiming to provide suggestions or new ideas for the prevention and treatment of doxorubicin-induced endothelial and cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Hashemi M, Ghadyani F, Hasani S, Olyaee Y, Raei B, Khodadadi M, Ziyarani MF, Basti FA, Tavakolpournegari A, Matinahmadi A, Salimimoghadam S, Aref AR, Taheriazam A, Entezari M, Ertas YN. Nanoliposomes for doxorubicin delivery: Reversing drug resistance, stimuli-responsive carriers and clinical translation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Al-Dossary AA, Tawfik EA, Isichei AC, Sun X, Li J, Alshehri AA, Alomari M, Almughem FA, Aldossary AM, Sabit H, Almalik AM. Engineered EV-Mimetic Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles for High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123075. [PMID: 34203051 PMCID: PMC8234974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we begin with the role of natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Then, we narrow our focus on the advantages of using EV-mimetic nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for RNAi therapy and other chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges of the clinical translation of engineering EV mimetic drug delivery systems and the promising directions of further development. Abstract High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among women. Several obstacles impede the early diagnosis and effective treatment options for ovarian cancer (OC) patients, which most importantly include the development of platinum-drug-resistant strains. Currently, extensive efforts are being put into the development of strategies capable of effectively circumventing the physical and biological barriers present in the peritoneal cavity of metastatic OC patients, representing a late stage of gastrointestinal and gynecological cancer with an extremely poor prognosis. Naturally occurring extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to play a pivotal role in progression of OC and are now being harnessed as a delivery vehicle for cancer chemotherapeutics. However, there are limitations to their clinical application due to current challenges in their preparation techniques. Intriguingly, there is a recent drive towards the use of engineered synthetic EVs for the delivery of chemotherapeutics and RNA interference therapy (RNAi), as they show the promise of overcoming the obstacles in the treatment of OC patients. This review discusses the therapeutic application of EVs in OC and elucidates the potential use of engineered EV-mimetic nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for RNAi therapy and other chemotherapeutics, which would potentially improve clinical outcomes of OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A. Al-Dossary
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-1-333-31137
| | - Essam A. Tawfik
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.T.); (A.A.A.); (F.A.A.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Adaugo C. Isichei
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiahe Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Abdullah A. Alshehri
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.T.); (A.A.A.); (F.A.A.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Munther Alomari
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad A. Almughem
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.T.); (A.A.A.); (F.A.A.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Ahmad M. Aldossary
- National Center of Biotechnology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hussein Sabit
- Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulaziz M. Almalik
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.T.); (A.A.A.); (F.A.A.); (A.M.A.)
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