Glioma cells eradication by photoexcitation of bioengineered molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical and microwave route: Dose dependent photosensitizer bioactivity

Liposomal Nanomaterials: A Rising Star in Glioma Treatment

Glioma is a primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system. In recent years, the treatment of glioma has developed rapidly, but the overall survival of glioma patients has not significantly improved. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier and intracranial tumor barrier, many drugs with good effects to cure glioma in vitro cannot be accurately transported to the corresponding lesions. In order to enable anti-tumor drugs to overcome the barriers and target glioma, nanodrug delivery systems have emerged recently. It is gratifying that liposomes, as a multifunctional nanodrug delivery carrier, which can be compatible with hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, easily functionalized by various targeted ligands, biodegradable, and hypoimmunogenic in vivo, has become a quality choice to solve the intractable problem of glioma medication. Therefore, we focused on the liposome nanodrug delivery system, and summarized its current research progress in glioma. Hopefully, this review may provide new ideas for the research and development of liposome-based nanomaterials for the clinical treatment of glioma.

Targeting ferroptosis for leukemia therapy: exploring novel strategies from its mechanisms and role in leukemia based on nanotechnology

The latest findings in iron metabolism and the newly uncovered process of ferroptosis have paved the way for new potential strategies in anti-leukemia treatments. In the current project, we reviewed and summarized the current role of nanomedicine in the treatment and diagnosis of leukemia through a comparison made between traditional approaches applied in the treatment and diagnosis of leukemia via the existing investigations about the ferroptosis molecular mechanisms involved in various anti-tumor treatments. The application of nanotechnology and other novel technologies may provide a new direction in ferroptosis-driven leukemia therapies. The article explores the potential of targeting ferroptosis, a new form of regulated cell death, as a new therapeutic strategy for leukemia. It discusses the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in leukemia and how nanotechnology can enhance the delivery and efficacy of ferroptosis-inducing agents. The article not only highlights the promise of ferroptosis-targeted therapies and nanotechnology in revolutionizing leukemia treatment, but also calls for further research to overcome challenges and fully realize the clinical potential of this innovative approach. Finally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities in clinical applications of ferroptosis.

Mucilage-assisted fabrication of molybdenum trioxide nanostructures for photothermal ablation of breast cancer cells

Nanostructures have been used for various biomedical applications due to their optical, antibacterial, magnetic, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties. Cancer is a prevalent disease that severely threatens human life and health. Thus, innovative and effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required for cancer. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach to killing cancer cells. In this investigation, we developed a low-cost, simple, green technique to fabricate molybdenum trioxide nanostructures (MNs) using Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage as a template. Moreover, the MNs were functionalized with folic acid (FA) for cancer PTT. The X-ray diffractometer results revealed that the prepared MNs have an orthorhombic crystal phase. The transmission electron microscope image of MNs shows a flake shape with 20-150 nm diameter. The cytotoxicity of MNs and FA-conjugated MNs was studied in vitro. These cell viability assay results suggested that fabricated MoO3 nanostructures reduced 25% of cell viability in MCF-7 cells, even at high doses. However, even with high-dose treatment, FA/MNs do not cause significant cell death. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining revealed DNA and chromatin condensation in MCF-7 cells exposed to MNs. Overall, the in vitro study results suggested that FA/MNs have excellent biocompatibility, which applies to biomedical applications. MNs dispersion temperature gradually increases from 26 to 58°C under 808 nm laser irradiation. We found significant mortality rates after NIR irradiation in MNs- or FA/MNs-treated MCF-7 cells. These findings suggest that FA/MNs can be used as an effective photothermal agent to treat breast cancer.

Peculiarities of bioaccumulation and toxic effects produced by nanoparticles of molybdenum (VI) oxide under multiple oral exposure of rats: examination and comparative assessment

INTRODUCTION

Molybdenum (VI) oxide nanoparticles (MoO3 NPs) are widely used in various economic activities. This creates elevated risks of exposure to this nanomaterial for workers and population in general and, consequently, there can be an increased number of developing pathological changes caused by exposure to MoO3 NPs.

OBJECTIVE

To examine and comparatively assess peculiarities of bioaccumulation and toxic effects produced by MoO NPs under multiple oral introductions.

METHODS

We evaluated sizes of analyzed particles by scanning electronic microscopy; specific surface area was calculated by the method of Brunauer, Emmett and Taylor; the total pore volume, by Barrett, Joyner and Halenda. Rats were exposed as per the scheme introduced by Lim with colleagues. We examined biochemical and hematological blood indicators, molybdenum concentrations and pathomorphological changes in tissues of various organs 24 hours after the last exposure. The study involved comparison with effects produced by MoO3 microparticles.

RESULTS

The tested MoO3 sample was established to be a nanomaterial as per the whole set of its physical properties. 50% of animals in the exposed group died on the 16th day in the experiment after the total exposure dose of MoO3 NPs reached 6500 mg/kg of body weight. Having analyzed blood plasma, we determined the following. There was a growth in quantity of leukocytes and a share of segmented neutrophils and monocytes, which were by 1.76-3.50 times higher than in the control group. Activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alpha-amylase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and concentrations of urea, crude and direct bilirubin were higher by 1.61-22.86 times. Decrease in the number of platelets, plateletcrit, the relative number of lymphocytes, the number and proportion of large platelets by 1.31-2.71 times. We detected elevated molybdenum concentrations in the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, brain and blood under exposure to MoO3 NPs in an amount exceeding the control values by 12.10-361.75 times. Rats exposed to MoO3 NPs had liver parenchymal steatosis, inflammatory changes, hemorrhagic infarctions and hyperplasia in the lungs.

CONCLUSION

MoO3 NPs have a more apparent ability to bioaccumulate and produce toxic effects in comparison with their microdispersed analogue under multiple oral introductions into the body.

Drug delivery based on chitosan, β-cyclodextrin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as well as nanocarriers for advanced leukemia treatment

Medicine/nanotechnology as a new and applicable technique according to drug delivery systems has gained great consideration for cancer treatment. Polysaccharides including, cellulose, β-cyclodextrin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan as natural bio-materials, are appropriate candidates for designing and formulations of these nanosystems because of the exceptional advantages such as bio-compatibility, bio-degradability, non-toxicity, and gelling characteristics. An intelligent drug delivery platform based on these hybrids nowadays is developed, which can be used for dual-responsive dual-drug delivery. Nanotechnology accompany with biological molecules has been carefully considered to decrease the drawbacks of conventional cancer treatments. Consequently, this review is intended to state and investigate on the latest development on the combination treatment of platforms based on the hybrids of anticancer drugs/nanoparticles/Polysaccharides in the fields of biomedical therapeutics and cancer therapy owing to the bio-compatibility, great surface area, good chemical and mechanical features, the challenges and future perspectives are reported as well.