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Toussaint F, Lepeltier E, Franconi F, Pautu V, Jérôme C, Passirani C, Debuigne A. Diversely substituted poly(N-vinyl amide) derivatives towards non-toxic, stealth and pH-responsive lipid nanocapsules. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 235:113788. [PMID: 38335770 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Surface modification of lipid nanocapsules (LNC) is necessary to impart stealth properties to these drug carriers and enhance their accumulation into the tumor microenvironment. While pegylation is commonly used to prolong the circulation time of LNC, the increased presence of anti-PEG antibodies in the human population and the internalization issues associated to the PEG shell are strong incentives to search alternatives. This work describes the development of amphiphilic poly(N-vinyl amide)-based (co)polymers, including pH-responsive ones, and their use as LNC modifiers towards improved drug delivery systems. RAFT polymerization gave access to a series of LNC modifiers composed of poly(N-methyl-N-vinyl acetamide), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) or pH-responsive vinylimidazole-based sequence bearing a variety of lipophilic end-groups, namely octadecyl, dioctadecyl or phospholipid groups, for anchoring to the LNC. Decoration of the LNC with these families of poly(N-vinyl amide) derivatives was achieved via both post-insertion and per-formulation methods. This offered valuable and non-toxic LNC protection from opsonization by complement activation, emphasized the benefit of dioctadecyl in the per-formulation approach and highlighted the great potential of poly(N-methyl-N-vinyl acetamide) as PEG alternative. Moreover, incorporation of imidazole moieties in the shell of the carrier imparted pH-responsiveness to the LNC likely to increase the cellular uptake in the acidic tumor microenvironment, opening up new possibilities in the field of active targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Toussaint
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Complex and Entangled Systems from Atoms to Materials Research Unit (CESAM), University of Liège (ULiege), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Florence Franconi
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Pautu
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers, France
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Complex and Entangled Systems from Atoms to Materials Research Unit (CESAM), University of Liège (ULiege), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Passirani
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers, France.
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Complex and Entangled Systems from Atoms to Materials Research Unit (CESAM), University of Liège (ULiege), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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He J, Ding R, Tao Y, Zhao Z, Yuan R, Zhang H, Wang A, Sun K, Li Y, Shi Y. Folic acid-modified reverse micelle-lipid nanocapsules overcome intestinal barriers and improve the oral delivery of peptides. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2181744. [PMID: 36855953 PMCID: PMC9980025 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2181744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral absorption of exenatide, a type 2 diabetes medication, can be increased by employing lipid nanocapsules (LNC). To increase mucus permeability and exenatide intestinal absorption, reverse micelle lipid nanocapsules (RM-LNC) were prepared and their surface was modified with DSPE-PEG-FA. The RM-LNC with surface modification of DSPE-PEG-FA (FA-RM-LNC) were able to target enterocytes and reduce mucus aggregation in the intestine. Furthermore, in vitro absorption at different intestinal sites and flip-flop intestinal loop experiments revealed that LNCs with surface modification significantly increased their absorption efficiency in the small intestine. FA-RM-LNC delivers more drugs into Caco-2 cells via caveolin-, macrophagocytosis-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. Additionally, the enhanced transport capacity of FA-RM-LNC was observed in a study of monolayer transport in Caco-2 cells. The oral administration of exenatide FA-RM-LNC resulted in a prolonged duration of hypoglycemia in diabetic mice and a relative bioavailability (BR) of up to 7.5% in rats. In conclusion, FA-RM-LNC can target enterocytes and has promising potential as a nanocarrier for the oral delivery of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao He
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University,, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Ruihuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University,, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University,, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Ranran Yuan
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Houqian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University,, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University,, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Youxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University,, Yantai, P. R. China,State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Shi
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China,CONTACT Yanan Shi School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
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Idlas P, Lepeltier E, Bastiat G, Pigeon P, McGlinchey MJ, Lautram N, Vessières A, Jaouen G, Passirani C. Physicochemical Characterization of Ferrocifen Lipid Nanocapsules: Customized Drug Delivery Systems Guided by the Molecular Structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1885-1896. [PMID: 36693216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocifens, lipophilic organometallic complexes, comprise a biologically active redox motif [ferrocenyl-ene-p-phenol] which confers very interesting cytotoxic properties to this family. However, because of their highly lipophilic nature, a formulation stage is required before being administered in vivo. In recent decades, ferrocifen lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) have been successfully formulated and have demonstrated anticancer activity on multidrug-resistant cancers in several mice and rat models (glioblastoma, breast cancer, and metastatic melanoma). A recent family of ferrocifens (succinimidoalkyl-ferrociphenols, including P722) appears to be most efficacious on several resistant cancer cell lines, with IC50 values in the nanomolar range together with promising in vivo results on murine ovarian cancer models. As LNCs are composed of an oily core (caprylic/capric triglycerides), modulation of the succinimido-ferrociphenol lipophilicity could be a valuable approach toward improving the drug loading in LNCs. As the drug loading of the diphenol P722 in LNCs was low, it was structurally modified to increase its lipophilicity and thereby the payload in LNCs. Chemical modification led to a series of five succinimido-ferrocifens. Results confirmed that these slight structural modifications led to increased drug loading in LNCs for all ferrocifens, with no reduction of their cytotoxicity on the SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line. Interestingly, encapsulation of two of the ferrocifens, diester P769 and monophenolic ester (E)-P998, led to the formation of a gel. This was unprecedented behavior, a phenomenon that could be rationalized in terms of the positioning of ferrocifens in LNCs as shown by the decrease of interfacial tension measurements at the water/oil interface. Moreover, these results highlighted the importance of obtaining a gel of this particular motif, in which the acetylated phenolic ring and the succinimidoalkyl moieties are mutually cis relative to the central double bond. Promising perspectives to use these ferrocifen-loaded LNCs to treat glioblastoma could be readily envisaged by local application of the gel in the cavity after tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Idlas
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, Université Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers49100, France
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, Université Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers49100, France
| | - Guillaume Bastiat
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, Université Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers49100, France
| | - Pascal Pigeon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Paris75005, France
- Chimie Paris Tech, PSL University, Paris75005, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Lautram
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, Université Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers49100, France
| | - Anne Vessières
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Paris75005, France
| | - Gerard Jaouen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Paris75005, France
- Chimie Paris Tech, PSL University, Paris75005, France
| | - Catherine Passirani
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, Université Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Angers49100, France
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Succinimido–Ferrocidiphenol Complexed with Cyclodextrins Inhibits Glioblastoma Tumor Growth In Vitro and In Vivo without Noticeable Adverse Toxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144651. [PMID: 35889527 PMCID: PMC9316017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SuccFerr (N-[4-ferrocenyl,5-5-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-pent-4-enyl]-succinimide) has remarkable antiproliferative effects in vitro, attributed to the formation of a stabilized quinone methide. The present article reports in vivo results for a possible preclinical study. SuccFerr is lipophilic and insoluble in water, so the development of a formulation to obviate this inconvenience was necessary. This was achieved by complexation with randomly methylated cyclodextrins (RAMEßCDs). This supramolecular water-soluble system allowed the in vivo experiments below to proceed. Application of SuccFerr on the glioblastoma cancer cell line U87 indicates that it affects the cellular cycle by inducing a blockade at G0/G1 phase, linked to apoptosis, and another one at the S phase, associated with senescence. Using healthy Fischer rats, we show that both intravenous and subcutaneous SuccFerr: RAMEßCD administration at 5 mg/kg lacks toxic effects on several organs. To reach lethality, doses higher than 200 mg/kg need to be administered. These results prompted us to perform an ectopic in vivo study at 1 mg/kg i.v. ferrocidiphenol SuccFerr using F98 cells xenografted in rats. Halting of cancer progression was observed after six days of injection, associated with an immunological defense response linked to the active principle. These results demonstrate that the properties of the selected ferrocidiphenol SuccFerr transfer successfully to in vivo conditions, leading to interesting therapeutic perspectives based on this chemistry.
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α-Hydroxylactams as Efficient Entries to Diversely Functionalized Ferrociphenols: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity Studies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144549. [PMID: 35889422 PMCID: PMC9324693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The [ferrocene-ene-phenol] motif has been identified as the pharmacophore responsible for the anticancer activity of the family of ferrocene-based molecules coined ferrocifens, owing to its unique redox properties. The addition of imide entities to the historical ferrociphenol scaffold tremendously enhanced the cytotoxic activity of a large panel of cancer cell cultures and preliminary studies showed that the reduction of one of the carbonyl groups of the imide groups to the corresponding α-hydroxylactams only slightly affected the antiproliferative activity. As a continuation to these studies, we took advantage of the facile conversion of α-hydroxylactams to highly electrophilic N-acyliminium ions to graft various substituents to the imide motif of phthalimido ferrocidiphenol. Cell viability studies showed that the newly synthesized compounds showed diverse cytotoxic activities on two breast cancer cell lines, while only one compound was significantly less active on the non-tumorigenic cell line hTERT-RPE1.
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Investigation of the Antitumor Effects of Tamoxifen and Its Ferrocene-Linked Derivatives on Pancreatic and Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030314. [PMID: 35337112 PMCID: PMC8950591 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a long-known anti-tumor drug, which is the gold standard therapy in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer patients. According to previous studies, the conjugation of the original tamoxifen molecule with different functional groups can significantly improve its antitumor effect. The purpose of this research was to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind the cytotoxicity of different ferrocene-linked tamoxifen derivates. Tamoxifen and its ferrocene-linked derivatives, T5 and T15 were tested in PANC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 cells, where the incorporation of the ferrocene group improved the cytotoxicity on all cell lines. PANC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 express ERα and GPER1 (G-protein coupled ER 1). However, ERβ is only expressed by MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Tamoxifen is a known agonist of GPER1, a receptor that can promote tumor progression. Analysis of the protein expression profile showed that while being cytotoxic, tamoxifen elevated the levels of different tumor growth-promoting factors (e.g., Bcl-XL, Survivin, EGFR, Cathepsins, chemokines). On the other hand, the ferrocene-linked derivates were able to lower these proteins. Further analysis showed that the ferrocene-linked derivatives significantly elevated the cellular oxidative stress compared to tamoxifen treatment. In conclusion, we were able to find two molecules possessing better cytotoxicity compared to their unmodified parent molecule while also being able to counter the negative effects of the presence of the GPER1 through the ER-independent mechanism of oxidative stress induction.
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Wang Y, Pigeon P, Li W, Yan J, Dansette PM, Othman M, McGlinchey MJ, Jaouen G. Diversity-oriented synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of N-substituted ferrocifen compounds as novel antiproliferative agents against TNBC cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Passirani C, Vessières A, La Regina G, Link W, Silvestri R. Modulating undruggable targets to overcome cancer therapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 60:100788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Idlas P, Lepeltier E, Jaouen G, Passirani C. Ferrocifen Loaded Lipid Nanocapsules: A Promising Anticancer Medication against Multidrug Resistant Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2291. [PMID: 34064748 PMCID: PMC8151583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to current chemotherapeutic drugs has obliged the scientific community to seek innovative compounds. Ferrocifens, lipophilic organometallic compounds composed of a tamoxifen scaffold covalently bound to a ferrocene moiety, have shown very interesting antiproliferative, cytotoxic and immunologic effects. The formation of ferrocenyl quinone methide plays a crucial role in the multifaceted activity of ferrocifens. Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs), meanwhile, are nanoparticles obtained by a free organic solvent process. LNCs consist of an oily core surrounded by amphiphilic surfactants and are perfectly adapted to encapsulate these hydrophobic compounds. The different in vitro and in vivo experiments performed with this ferrocifen-loaded nanocarrier have revealed promising results in several multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines such as glioblastoma, breast cancer and metastatic melanoma, alone or in combination with other therapies. This review provides an exhaustive summary of the use of ferrocifen-loaded LNCs as a promising nanomedicine, outlining the ferrocifen mechanisms of action on cancer cells, the nanocarrier formulation process and the in vivo results obtained over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Idlas
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France; (P.I.); (E.L.)
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France; (P.I.); (E.L.)
| | - Gérard Jaouen
- Sorbonne Universités, Université IPCM, Paris 6, UMR 8232, IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Passirani
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France; (P.I.); (E.L.)
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Pautu V, Lepeltier E, Mellinger A, Riou J, Debuigne A, Jérôme C, Clere N, Passirani C. pH-Responsive Lipid Nanocapsules: A Promising Strategy for Improved Resistant Melanoma Cell Internalization. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2028. [PMID: 33922267 PMCID: PMC8122844 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in melanoma therapy, low response rates and multidrug resistance (MDR) have been described, reducing the anticancer efficacy of the administered molecules. Among the causes to explain these resistances, the decreased intratumoral pH is known to potentiate MDR and to reduce the sensitivity to anticancer molecules. Nanomedicines have been widely exploited as the carriers of MDR reversing molecules. Lipid nanocapsules (LNC) are nanoparticles that have already demonstrated their ability to improve cancer treatment. Here, LNC were modified with novel copolymers that combine N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) to impart stealth properties and vinyl imidazole (Vim), providing pH-responsive ability to address classical chemoresistance by improving tumor cell entry. These copolymers could be post-inserted at the LNC surface, leading to the property of going from neutral charge under physiological pH to positive charge under acidic conditions. LNC modified with polymer P5 (C18H37-P(NVP21-co-Vim15)) showed in vitro pH-responsive properties characterized by an enhanced cellular uptake under acidic conditions. Moreover, P5 surface modification led to an increased biological effect by protecting the nanocarrier from opsonization by complement activation. These data suggest that pH-sensitive LNC responds to what is expected from a promising nanocarrier to target metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pautu
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (V.P.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (N.C.)
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Complex and Entangled Systems from Atoms to Materials Research Unit (CESAM-RU), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.J.)
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (V.P.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (N.C.)
| | - Adélie Mellinger
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (V.P.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (N.C.)
| | - Jérémie Riou
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (V.P.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (N.C.)
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Complex and Entangled Systems from Atoms to Materials Research Unit (CESAM-RU), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.J.)
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Complex and Entangled Systems from Atoms to Materials Research Unit (CESAM-RU), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.J.)
| | - Nicolas Clere
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (V.P.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (N.C.)
| | - Catherine Passirani
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (V.P.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (N.C.)
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