1
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Hipper E, Diederichs T, Kaiser W, Lehmann F, Buske J, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Visible light triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species in monoclonal antibody formulations. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124392. [PMID: 38942184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Most monoclonal antibody formulations require the presence of a surfactant, such as polysorbate, to ensure protein stability. The presence of high concentrations of polysorbate have been shown to enhance photooxidation of certain protein drug products when exposed to visible light. The current literature, however, suggest that photooxidation of polysorbate only occurs when exposed to visible light in combination with UVA light. This is probable as peroxides present in polysorbate solutions can be cleaved homolytically in the UVA region. In the visible region, photooxidation is not expected to occur as cleavage of peroxides is not expected at these wavelengths. This report presents findings suggesting that the presence of one or more photosensitiser(s) in polysorbate must be a cause and is required to catalyse the aerobic oxidation of polysorbate solutions upon exposure to visible light. Our investigation aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) of polysorbate photooxidation and explore the kinetics and the identity of the generated radicals and their impact on monoclonal antibody (mAb) degradation. Our study reveals that when polysorbate solutions are exposed to visible light between 400 - 800 nm in the absence of proteins, discolouration, radical formation, and oxygen depletion occur. We discuss the initial formation of reactive species, most likely occurring directly after reaction of molecular oxygen, with the presence of a triplet state photosensitiser, which is generated by intersystem crossing of the excited singlet state. When comparing the photooxidation of PS20 and PS80 in varying quality grades, we propose that singlet oxygen possesses potential for reacting with unsaturated fatty acids in PS80HP, however, PS20HP itself exhibited no measurable oxidation under the tested conditions. The study's final part delves into the photooxidation behaviour of different PS grades, examining its influence on the integrity of a mAb in the formulation. Finally, we examined the effect of photooxidation on the integrity of monoclonal antibodies. Our findings show that the exposure to visible light in polysorbate-containing mAb solutions at high PS concentrations of 4 mg·ml-1 results in increased monoclonal antibody degradation, highlighting the need for cautious evaluation of the correct PS concentration to stabilise protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Florian Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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2
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Cappelletto E, Kwok SC, Sorret L, Fuentes N, Medina AM, Burleigh S, Fast J, Mackenzie IS, Fureby AM, Paulsson M, Wahlgren M, Elofsson U, Flynn A, Miolo G, Nyström L, De Laureto PP, De Paoli G. Impact of Post Manufacturing Handling of Protein-Based Biologic Drugs on Product Quality and User Centricity. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2055-2064. [PMID: 38810881 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This article evaluates the current gaps around the impact of post-manufacturing processes on the product qualities of protein-based biologics, with a focus on user centricity. It includes the evaluation of the regulatory guidance available, describes a collection of scientific literature and case studies to showcase the impact of post-manufacturing stresses on product and dosing solution quality. It also outlines the complexity of clinical handling and the need for communication, and alignment between drug providers, healthcare professionals, users, and patients. Regulatory agencies provide clear expectations for drug manufacturing processes, however, guidance supporting post-product manufacturing handling is less defined and often misaligned. This is problematic as the pharmaceutical products experience numerous stresses and processes which can potentially impact drug quality, safety and efficacy. This article aims to stimulate discussion amongst pharmaceutical developers, health care providers, device manufacturers, and public researchers to improve these processes. Patients and caregivers' awareness can be achieved by providing relevant educational material on pharmaceutical product handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley C Kwok
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Léa Sorret
- Drug Product Services, Lonza AG, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Fuentes
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Annette M Medina
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Stephen Burleigh
- Drug Product Services, Lonza AG, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, 4057 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Food Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Fast
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD, Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isla S Mackenzie
- MEMO Research, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mattias Paulsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Wahlgren
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Food Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulla Elofsson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Flynn
- MEMO Research, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Miolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova (UNIPD)
| | - Lina Nyström
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Giorgia De Paoli
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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3
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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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4
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Bramham JE, Wang Y, Moore SA, Golovanov AP. Assessing Photostability of mAb Formulations In Situ Using Light-Coupled NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9935-9943. [PMID: 38847283 PMCID: PMC11190875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), need to maintain their chemical and physical stability in formulations throughout their lifecycle. It is known that exposure of mAbs to light, particularly UV, triggers chemical and physical degradation, which can be exacerbated by trace amounts of photosensitizers in the formulation. Although routine assessments of degradation following defined UV dosages are performed, there is a fundamental lack of understanding regarding the intermediates, transient reactive species, and radicals formed during illumination, as well as their lifetimes and immediate impact post-illumination. In this study, we used light-coupled NMR spectroscopy to monitor in situ live spectral changes in sealed samples during and after UV-A illumination of different formulations of four mAbs without added photosensitizers. We observed a complex evolution of spectra, reflecting the appearance within minutes of transient radicals during illumination and persisting for minutes to tens of minutes after the light was switched off. Both mAb and excipient signals were strongly affected by illumination, with some exhibiting fast irreversible photodegradation and others exhibiting partial recovery in the dark. These effects varied depending on the mAb and the presence of excipients, such as polysorbate 80 (PS80) and methionine. Complementary ex situ high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis of the same formulations post-UV exposure in the chamber revealed significant loss of purity, confirming formulation-dependent degradation. Both approaches suggested the presence of degradation processes initiated by light but continuing in the dark. Further studies on photoreaction intermediates and transient reactive species may help mitigate the impact of light on biopharmaceutical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E. Bramham
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Yujing Wang
- Dosage
Form Design & Development, BioPharmaceutical
Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K.
| | - Stephanie A. Moore
- Dosage
Form Design & Development, BioPharmaceutical
Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K.
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
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5
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Weber J, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P, Diederichs T. Oxidation of polysorbates - An underestimated degradation pathway? Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100202. [PMID: 37680877 PMCID: PMC10480556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure the stability of biologicals over their entire shelf-life, non-ionic surface-active compounds (surfactants) are added to protect biologics from denaturation and particle formation. In this context, polysorbate 20 and 80 are the most used detergents. Despite their benefits of low toxicity and high biocompatibility, specific factors are influencing the intrinsic stability of polysorbates, leading to degradation, loss in efficacy, or even particle formation. Polysorbate degradation can be categorized into chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation. Under pharmaceutical relevant conditions, hydrolysis is commonly originated from host cell proteins, whereas oxidative degradation may be caused by multiple factors such as light, presence of residual metal traces, peroxides, or temperature, which can be introduced upon manufacturing or could be already present in the raw materials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on polysorbates with a focus on oxidative degradation. Subsequently, degradation products and key characteristics of oxidative-mediated polysorbate degradation in respect of different types and grades are summarized, followed by an extensive comparison between polysorbate 20 and 80. A better understanding of the radical-induced oxidative PS degradation pathway could support specific mitigation strategies. Finally, buffer conditions, various stressors, as well as appropriate mitigation strategies, reagents, and alternative stabilizers are discussed. Prior manufacturing, careful consideration and a meticulous risk-benefit analysis are highly recommended in terms of polysorbate qualities, buffers, storage conditions, as well as mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weber
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
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6
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Schöneich C. Primary Processes of Free Radical Formation in Pharmaceutical Formulations of Therapeutic Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1142. [PMID: 37509177 PMCID: PMC10376966 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation represents a major pathway for the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical formulations. Few specific details are available on the mechanisms that trigger oxidation reactions in these formulations, specifically with respect to the formation of free radicals. Hence, these mechanisms must be formulated based on information on impurities and stress factors resulting from manufacturing, transportation and storage. In more detail, this article focusses on autoxidation, metal-catalyzed oxidation, photo-degradation and radicals generated from cavitation as a result of mechanical stress. Emphasis is placed on probable rather than theoretically possible pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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7
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Pope NJ, Denton ML. Differential effects of 808-nm light on electron transport chain enzymes in isolated mitochondria: Implications for photobiomodulation initiation. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:15-24. [PMID: 36371074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation is a term for using low-power red to near-infrared light to stimulate a variety of positive biological effects. Though the scientific and clinical acceptance of PBM as a therapeutic intervention has increased dramatically in recent years, the molecular underpinnings of the effect remain poorly understood. The putative chromophore for PBM effects is cytochrome c oxidase. It is postulated that light absorption at cytochrome c oxidase initiates a signaling cascade involving ATP and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently results in improved cellular robustness. However, this hypothesis is largely based on inference and indirect evidence, and the precise molecular mechanisms that govern how photon absorption leads to these downstream effects remain poorly understood. We conducted low-power PBM-type light exposures of isolated mitochondria to 808 nm NIR light, at a number of irradiances. NIR exposure was found to enhance the activity of complex IV, depress the activity of complex III, and had no effect on the activity of complex II. Further, examining the dose-response of complex IV we found NIR enhancement did not exhibit irradiance reciprocity, indicating the effect on complex IV may not have direct photochemical basis. In summary, this research presents a novel method to interrogate the earliest stages of PBM in the mitochondria, and a unique window into the corresponding molecular mechanism(s) of induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L Denton
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Bioeffects Division, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, United States.
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8
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Hipper E, Lehmann F, Kaiser W, Hübner G, Buske J, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Protein photodegradation in the visible range? Insights into protein photooxidation with respect to protein concentration. Int J Pharm X 2022; 5:100155. [PMID: 36798831 PMCID: PMC9926095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible light (400-800 nm) can lead to photooxidation of protein formulations, which might impair protein integrity. However, the relevant mechanism of photooxidation upon visible light exposure is still unclear for therapeutic proteins, since proteinogenic structures do not absorb light in the visible range. Here, we show that exposure of monoclonal antibody formulations to visible light, lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently induce specific protein degradations. The formation of ROS and singlet oxygen upon visible light exposure is investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We describe the initial formation of ROS, most likely after direct reaction of molecular oxygen with a triplet state photosensitizer, generated from intersystem crossing of the excited singlet state. Since these radicals affect the oxygen content in the headspace of the vial, we monitored photooxidation of these mAb formulations. With increasing protein concentrations, we found (i) a decreasing headspace oxygen content in the sample, (ii) a higher relative number of radicals in solution and (iii) a higher protein degradation. Thus, the protein concentration dependence indicates the presence of higher concentration of a currently unknown photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Florian Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Göran Hübner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, ADB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany,Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany,Corresponding author at: Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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9
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Schöneich C. Advanced Oxidation Processes in Pharmaceutical Formulations: Photo-Fenton Degradation of Peptides and Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158262. [PMID: 35897838 PMCID: PMC9332834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulations of therapeutic proteins are sensitive to photo-degradation by near UV and visible light. Mechanistically, especially the processes leading to protein modification under visible light exposure are not understood. Potentially, these processes may be triggered by a ligand to metal charge transfer in excipient-metal complexes. This article summarizes recent analytical and mechanistic work on such reactions under experimental conditions relevant to pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Simons Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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10
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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