Impact of blend properties and process variables on the blending performance

A framework for the in silico assessment of the robustness of an MPC in a CDC line in function of process variability

The shift from batch manufacturing towards continuous manufacturing for the production of oral solid dosages requires the development and implementation of process models and process control. Previous work focused mainly on developing deterministic models for the investigated system. Furthermore, the in silico tuning and analysis of a control strategy are mostly done based on deterministic models. This deterministic approach could lead to wrong actions in diversion strategies and poor transferability of the controller performance if the system behaves differently than the deterministic model. This work introduces a framework that explicitly includes the process variability which is characteristic of powder handling processes and tests it on a novel continuous feeding-blending unit (i.e., the FE continuous processing system (CPS)), followed by a tablet press (i.e., the FE 55). It employs a stochastic model by allowing the model parameters to have a probability distribution. The performance of a model predictive control (MPC), steering the feed rate of the main excipient feeder to compensate for the feed rate deviations of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) feeder to keep the API concentration close to the desired value, is evaluated and the impact of process variability is assessed in a Monte Carlo (MC) analysis. Next to the process variability, a model for the prediction error of the chemometric model and realistic feed rate disturbances were included to increase the transferability of the results to the real system. The obtained results show that process variability is inherently present and that wrong conclusions can be drawn if it is not taken into account in the in silico analysis.

Continuous direct compression of a commercially batch-manufactured tablet formulation with two different processing lines

The transfer from batch-based to continuous tablet manufacturing increases the quality and efficiency of processes. Nonetheless, as in the development of a batch process, the continuous process design requires optimization studies to ensure a robust process. In this study, processing of a commercially batch-manufactured tablet product was tested with two continuous direct compression lines while keeping the original formulation composition and tablet quality requirements. Tableting runs were conducted with different values of process parameters. Changes in parameter settings were found to cause differences in tablet properties. Most of these quality properties could be controlled and maintained within the set limits effortlessly already at this stage of studies. However, the API content and content uniformity seemed to require more investigation. The observed content uniformity challenges were traced to individual tablets with a high amount of API. This was suspected to be caused by API micro-agglomerates since tablet weight variability did not explain the issue. This could be solved by adding a mill between two blenders in the process line. Overall, this case study produced promising results with both tested manufacturing lines since many tablet properties complied with the test result limits without optimization of process parameter settings.

Batch vs. continuous direct compression - a comparison of material processability and final tablet quality

In this study, an in-depth comparison was made between batch and continuous direct compression using similar compression set-ups. The overall material processability and final tablet quality were compared and evaluated. Correlations between material properties, process parameters and final tablet properties were made via multivariate data analyses. In total, 10 low-dosed (1% w/w) and 10 high-dosed (40% w/w) formulations were processed, using a total of 10 different fillers/filler combinations. The trials indicated that the impact of filler type, drug load or process settings was similar for batch and continuous direct compression. The main differentiator between batch and continuous was the flow dynamics in the operating system, where properties related to flow, compressibility and permeability played a crucial role. The less consistent flow throughout a batch process resulted in a significantly higher variability within the tablet press (σCF) and for the tablet quality responses (σMass, σTS). However, the better controlled blending procedure prior to batch processing was reflected in a more consistent API concentration variability. Overall, the comparison showed the benefits of selecting appropriate excipients and process settings to achieve a specific outcome, keeping in mind some key differentiators between both processes.

Cleaning of direct compression continuous manufacturing equipment through displacement of API residues by excipients

This feasibility study evaluates a cleaning process designed to avoid the use of detergents and reduce operator exposure to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The continuous manufacturing equipment was cleaned using excipients to displace ibuprofen residues from the system. The cleaning process was performed using 3.0 kg of Prosolv® and 3.0 kg of Tablettose® 70. The impact of different volumetric feed rates of the cleaning excipient was assessed. The displacement of API and blend residues was evaluated with in-line near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to evaluate the cleaning progress as the Prosolv® flowed through the feeder, mixer and stream sampler. In-place Raman spectra were acquired from the material sticking to detect the ibuprofen residues. The study showed that Prosolv® and Tablettose® can remove ibuprofen residues effectively from the hopper, feeder screw, mixer paddles, shaft and stream sampler. The Process Analytical Technology (PAT) system can be utilized to detect API displacement during the cleaning process. However, dismantling and manual cleaning was required to remove material sticking at the surfaces adjacent to the rotating feeder screws and mixer paddles.

Lubricant Sensitivity of Direct Compression Grades of Lactose in Continuous and Batch Tableting Process

Modern pharmaceutical manufacturing based on Quality by Design and digitalisation is revolutionising the pharmaceutical industry. Continuous processes are promoted as they increase efficiency and improve quality control. Compared to batch blending, continuous blending is easier to scale and provides advantages for achieving blend homogeneity. One potential challenge of continuous blending is the risk of over-lubrication. In this study, blending homogeneity and lubricant sensitivity are investigated for both batch and continuous processes. Given their distinct chemical structures and morphologies, anhydrous lactose and granulated lactose are expected to exhibit varying sensitivities to changes in process settings across both technologies. The findings suggest that both lactose grades provide highly stable blends that can be safely utilised in both batch and continuous modes. Optimisation should focus on process variables, such as the quality of loss-in-weight feeders used for dosing low doses of ingredients. The most significant process parameter for lubricant sensitivity was the type of lactose used. Anhydrous lactose produced harder tablets than the more porous granulated lactose but was more sensitive to lubrication at the same settings. The magnesium stearate content and its interaction with the type of lactose are also critical factors, with magnesium stearate having a counterproductive impact on tabletability.

Reviewing the Impact of Powder Cohesion on Continuous Direct Compression (CDC) Performance

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a paradigm shift towards continuous processing from batch, where continuous direct compression (CDC) is considered to offer the most straightforward implementation amongst powder processes due to the relatively low number of unit operations or handling steps. Due to the nature of continuous processing, the bulk properties of the formulation will require sufficient flowability and tabletability in order to be processed and transported effectively to and from each unit operation. Powder cohesion presents one of the greatest obstacles to the CDC process as it inhibits powder flow. As a result, there have been many studies investigating potential manners in which to overcome the effects of cohesion with, to date, little consideration of how these controls may affect downstream unit operations. The aim of this literature review is to explore and consolidate this literature, considering the impact of powder cohesion and cohesion control measures on the three-unit operations of the CDC process (feeding, mixing, and tabletting). This review will also cover the consequences of implementing such control measures whilst highlighting subject matter which could be of value for future research to better understand how to manage cohesive powders for CDC manufacture.

In-depth analysis of the long-term processability of materials during continuous feeding

This study determined the feasibility of long-term continuous powder feeding and its effect on the overall process performance. Additionally, quantitative relationships were established between material properties, process settings and screw feeding responses during gravimetric feeding. Twelve divergent raw materials were processed over longer periods using a GEA Compact Feeder integrated in a continuous direct compression line (ConsiGma™ CDC-50). The resulting gravimetric feeding responses were combined with the material properties and process settings into an overall PLS model. The model elucidated the impact of the material descriptors for density; powder flow; particle size; compressibility; permeability and wall friction angle on the feeding process. Furthermore, long-term processing of the materials exhibited challenges related to the processability and refill consistency where a significant impact of the compressibility and cohesive/adhesive properties of the materials was observed. Overall, this approach provided insights into the feasibility of long-term continuous feeding which is not possible through 'short-term' feeding trials. Additionally, throughout this study, the need for material-specific adjustments of the feeding and refill equipment was highlighted.