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Sutar AD, Verma RK, Shukla R. Quality by Design in Pulmonary Drug Delivery: A Review on Dry Powder Inhaler Development, Nanotherapy Approaches, and Regulatory Considerations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:178. [PMID: 39095623 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are state-of-the-art pulmonary drug delivery systems. This article explores the transformative impact of nanotechnology on DPIs, emphasizing the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) with a focus on aerodynamic performance and particle characteristics. It navigates global regulatory frameworks, underscoring the need for safety and efficacy standards. Additionally, it highlights the emerging field of nanoparticulate dry powder inhalers, showcasing their potential to enhance targeted drug delivery in respiratory medicine. This concise overview is a valuable resource for researchers, physicians, and pharmaceutical developers, providing insights into the development and commercialization of advanced inhalation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dilip Sutar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Raebareli), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Lab, Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Raebareli), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India.
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Sun H, Yan S, Wu C, Ma J, Lu K, Cheng X, Yan W, Zhang S, Chen XD, Wu WD. Dandelion inspired microparticles with highly efficient drug delivery to deep lung. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 244:114134. [PMID: 39121569 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) embedded dry powder for inhalation (AeDPI) shows higher drug loading and delivery dose for directly treating various lung infections. Inspired by the dandelion, we propose a novel kind of AeDPI microparticle structure fabricated by spray freeze drying technology, which would potentially enhance the alveoli deposition efficiency. When inhaling, such microparticles are expected to be easily broken-up into fragments containing API that acts as 'seed' and could be delivered to alveoli aided by the low density 'pappus' composed of excipient. Herein, itraconazole (ITZ), a first-line drug for treating pulmonary aspergillosis, was selected as model API. TPGS, an amphiphilic surfactant, was used to achieve stable primary ITZ nanocrystal (INc) suspensions for spray freeze drying. A series of microparticles were prepared, and the dandelion-like structure was successfully achieved. The effects of feed liquid compositions and freezing parameters on the microparticle size, morphology, surface energy, crystal properties and in vitro aerosol performance were systematically investigated. The optimal sample (SF(-50)D-INc7Leu3-2) in one-way experiment showed the highest fine particle fraction of ∼ 68.96 % and extra fine particle fraction of ∼ 36.87 %, equivalently ∼ 4.60 mg and ∼ 2.46 mg could reach the lung and alveoli, respectively, when inhaling 10 mg dry powders. The response surface methodology (RSM) analysis provided the optimized design space for fabricating microparticles with higher deep lung deposition performance. This study demonstrates the advantages of AeDPI microparticle with dandelion-like structure on promoting the delivery efficiency of high-dose drug to the deep lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Sun
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China
| | - Shen Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.
| | - Chaojie Wu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China
| | - Jingye Ma
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China
| | - Kangwei Lu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China
| | - Wenqi Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China
| | - Xiao Dong Chen
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China
| | - Winston Duo Wu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.
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Banat H, Csóka I, Paróczai D, Burian K, Farkas Á, Ambrus R. A Novel Combined Dry Powder Inhaler Comprising Nanosized Ketoprofen-Embedded Mannitol-Coated Microparticles for Pulmonary Inflammations: Development, In Vitro-In Silico Characterization, and Cell Line Evaluation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:75. [PMID: 38256908 PMCID: PMC10818896 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammations such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis are widespread and can be fatal, especially when they are characterized by abnormal mucus accumulation. Inhaled corticosteroids are commonly used for lung inflammations despite their considerable side effects. By utilizing particle engineering techniques, a combined dry powder inhaler (DPI) comprising nanosized ketoprofen-embedded mannitol-coated microparticles was developed. A nanoembedded microparticle system means a novel advance in pulmonary delivery by enhancing local pulmonary deposition while avoiding clearance mechanisms. Ketoprofen, a poorly water-soluble anti-inflammatory drug, was dispersed in the stabilizer solution and then homogenized by ultraturrax. Following this, a ketoprofen-containing nanosuspension was produced by wet-media milling. Furthermore, co-spray drying was conducted with L-leucine (dispersity enhancer) and mannitol (coating and mucuactive agent). Particle size, morphology, dissolution, permeation, viscosity, in vitro and in silico deposition, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory effect were investigated. The particle size of the ketoprofen-containing nanosuspension was ~230 nm. SEM images of the spray-dried powder displayed wrinkled, coated, and nearly spherical particles with a final size of ~2 µm (nano-in-micro), which is optimal for pulmonary delivery. The mannitol-containing samples decreased the viscosity of 10% mucin solution. The results of the mass median aerodynamic diameter (2.4-4.5 µm), fine particle fraction (56-71%), permeation (five-fold enhancement), and dissolution (80% release in 5 min) confirmed that the system is ideal for local inhalation. All samples showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect and decreased IL-6 on the LPS-treated U937 cell line with low cytotoxicity. Hence, developing an innovative combined DPI comprising ketoprofen and mannitol by employing a nano-in-micro approach is a potential treatment for lung inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Banat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u.6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (H.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u.6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (H.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Dóra Paróczai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm Square 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Katalin Burian
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm Square 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Árpád Farkas
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u.6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (H.B.); (I.C.)
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Jiang Y, Li W, Wang Z, Lu J. Lipid-Based Nanotechnology: Liposome. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 38258045 PMCID: PMC10820119 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, liposomes have been extensively developed and used for various clinical applications such as in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and dietetic fields, due to its versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as the ability to enhance the therapeutic index of free drugs. However, some challenges remain unsolved, including liposome premature leakage, manufacturing irreproducibility, and limited translation success. This article reviews various aspects of liposomes, including its advantages, major compositions, and common preparation techniques, and discusses present U.S. FDA-approved, clinical, and preclinical liposomal nanotherapeutics for treating and preventing a variety of human diseases. In addition, we summarize the significance of and challenges in liposome-enabled nanotherapeutic development and hope it provides the fundamental knowledge and concepts about liposomes and their applications and contributions in contemporary pharmaceutical advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Jiang
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Track, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (Y.J.); (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wenpan Li
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Track, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (Y.J.); (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Track, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (Y.J.); (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jianqin Lu
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Track, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (Y.J.); (W.L.); (Z.W.)
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Program, NCI-Designated University of Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Negi A, Nimbkar S, Moses JA. Engineering Inhalable Therapeutic Particles: Conventional and Emerging Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2706. [PMID: 38140047 PMCID: PMC10748168 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respirable particles are integral to effective inhalable therapeutic ingredient delivery, demanding precise engineering for optimal lung deposition and therapeutic efficacy. This review describes different physicochemical properties and their role in determining the aerodynamic performance and therapeutic efficacy of dry powder formulations. Furthermore, advances in top-down and bottom-up techniques in particle preparation, highlighting their roles in tailoring particle properties and optimizing therapeutic outcomes, are also presented. Practices adopted for particle engineering during the past 100 years indicate a significant transition in research and commercial interest in the strategies used, with several innovative concepts coming into play in the past decade. Accordingly, this article highlights futuristic particle engineering approaches such as electrospraying, inkjet printing, thin film freeze drying, and supercritical processes, including their prospects and associated challenges. With such technologies, it is possible to reshape inhaled therapeutic ingredient delivery, optimizing therapeutic benefits and improving the quality of life for patients with respiratory diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Negi
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management—Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur 613005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shubham Nimbkar
- Food Processing Business Incubation Centre, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management—Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur 613005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyan Arthur Moses
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management—Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur 613005, Tamil Nadu, India
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Celi SS, Fernández-García R, Afonso-Urich AI, Ballesteros MP, Healy AM, Serrano DR. Co-Delivery of a High Dose of Amphotericin B and Itraconazole by Means of a Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation for the Treatment of Severe Fungal Pulmonary Infections. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2601. [PMID: 38004579 PMCID: PMC10675812 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a considerable rise in the incidence and prevalence of pulmonary fungal infections, creating a global health problem due to a lack of antifungal therapies specifically designed for pulmonary administration. Amphotericin B (AmB) and itraconazole (ITR) are two antifungal drugs with different mechanisms of action that have been widely employed in antimycotic therapy. In this work, microparticles containing a high dose of AmB and ITR (20, 30, and 40% total antifungal drug loading) were engineered for use in dry powder inhalers (DPIs) with an aim to improve the pharmacological effect, thereby enhancing the existing off-label choices for pulmonary administration. A Design of Experiment (DoE) approach was employed to prepare DPI formulations consisting of AmB-ITR encapsulated within γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) alongside functional excipients, such as mannitol and leucine. In vitro deposition indicated a favourable lung deposition pattern characterised by an upper ITR distribution (mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) ~ 6 µm) along with a lower AmB deposition (MMAD ~ 3 µm). This offers significant advantages for treating fungal infections, not only in the lung parenchyma but also in the upper respiratory tract, considering that Aspergillus spp. can cause upper and lower airway disorders. The in vitro deposition profile of ITR and larger MMAD was related to the higher unencapsulated crystalline fraction of the drug, which may be altered using a higher concentration of γ-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé S. Celi
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernández-García
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreina I. Afonso-Urich
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Paloma Ballesteros
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dolores R. Serrano
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Banat H, Ambrus R, Csóka I. Drug combinations for inhalation: Current products and future development addressing disease control and patient compliance. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123070. [PMID: 37230369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery is an alternative route of administration with numerous advantages over conventional routes of administration. It provides low enzymatic exposure, fewer systemic side effects, no first-pass metabolism, and concentrated drug amounts at the site of the disease, making it an ideal route for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Owing to the thin alveolar-capillary barrier, and large surface area that facilitates rapid absorption to the bloodstream in the lung, systemic delivery can be achieved as well. Administration of multiple drugs at one time became urgent to control chronic pulmonary diseases such as asthma and COPD, thus, development of drug combinations was proposed. Administration of medications with variable dosages from different inhalers leads to overburdening the patient and may cause low therapeutic intervention. Therefore, products that contain combined drugs to be delivered via a single inhaler have been developed to improve patient compliance, reduce different dose regimens, achieve higher disease control, and boost therapeutic effectiveness in some cases. This comprehensive review aimed to highlight the growth of drug combinations by inhalation over time, obstacles and challenges, and the possible progress to broaden the current options or to cover new indications in the future. Moreover, various pharmaceutical technologies in terms of formulation and device in correlation with inhaled combinations were discussed in this review. Hence, inhaled combination therapy is driven by the need to maintain and improve the quality of life for patients with chronic respiratory diseases; promoting drug combinations by inhalation to a higher level is a necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Banat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Hungary.
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Wang J, Wang J, Wang X, Wang Z. Effect of Amphotericin B on the Thermodynamic Properties and Surface Morphology of the Pulmonary Surfactant Model Monolayer during Respiration. Molecules 2023; 28:4840. [PMID: 37375395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the treatment of pulmonary fungal infection faced noteworthy challenges. Amphotericin B has shown promising therapeutic effects as an inhalation treatment for pulmonary fungal infections, especially those associated with the COVID-19 virus, due to its rare resistance. However, because the drug frequently produces renal toxicity, its effective dose is limited in clinical use. In this work, the DPPC/DPPG mixed monolayer was used as the pulmonary surfactant monolayer to study the interaction between amphotericin B and the pulmonary surfactant monolayer during inhalation therapy using the Langmuir technique and atomic force microscopy. The effects of different molar ratios of AmB on the thermodynamic properties and surface morphology of the pulmonary surfactant monolayer at different surface pressures was evaluated. The results showed that when the molar ratio of AmB to lipids in the pulmonary surfactant was less than 1:1, the main intermolecular force was attractive at a surface pressure greater than 10 mN/m. This drug had little effect on the phase transition point of the DPPC/DPPG monolayer, but decreased the height of the monolayer at 15 mN/m and 25 mN/m. When the molar ratio of AmB to lipids was greater than 1:1, the intermolecular force was mainly repulsive at a surface pressure greater than 15 mN/m, and AmB increased the height of the DPPC/DPPG monolayer at both 15 mN/m and 25 mN/m. These results are helpful in understanding the interaction between the pulmonary surfactant model monolayer and different doses of drugs at various surface tensions during respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Xinzhong Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
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