1
|
Mohaghegh F, Shoushtarizadeh M, Tabatabaei ET, Derakhshan M, Ghadirian A. Multiple, giant lymphangectatic pilomatricomas: A rare clinical entity. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e9443. [PMID: 39290251 PMCID: PMC11407096 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.9443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This case highlights the rare and atypical presentation of giant, multiple pilomatricomas (PMs) with a pseudo-bullous appearance and lymphangiomatous pathology. It underscores the importance of considering PM in the differential diagnosis of atypical lesions, especially those mimicking cystic or hemorrhagic malignant conditions, to prevent misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohaghegh
- Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Shoushtarizadeh
- Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Isfahan Iran
| | - Elham Tavousi Tabatabaei
- Department of Dermatology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Ali Ghadirian
- Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Isfahan Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Beck CM, Onyekweli T, Ettinger RE, Boos MD. Facial Soft Tissue Lesions in Children. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2024; 36:247-263. [PMID: 38724424 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Facial soft tissue lesions in children are often classified based on their structure or cellular origin and can be benign or malignant. This review focuses on common facial soft tissue lesions in children, their clinical morphology, natural history, and medical and surgical management, with an emphasis on those considerations unique to soft tissue lesions present at this anatomic site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Beck
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue Box 359796, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Tito Onyekweli
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Russell E Ettinger
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Markus D Boos
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way Northeast, OC.9.833, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sidhu AS, Allende A, Gal A, Tumuluri K. Pilomatrixoma of the Periorbital Region: A Retrospective Review. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2024:00002341-990000000-00422. [PMID: 38984650 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pilomatrixoma is a benign cutaneous adnexal tumor that differentiates toward hair follicle cells. It infrequently occurs in the periorbital region. In the periorbital area, it is often located in the upper eyelid and eyebrow region. Periorbital pilomatrixoma is often misdiagnosed clinically and is less common than other benign skin tumors. In this retrospective review, we evaluate the demographic, clinical, and histopathological data of patients with periorbital pilomatrixoma, treated from 2010 to 2023. METHODS A retrospective analysis of periorbital pilomatrixoma cases treated during a period of 13 years was performed. Deidentified data in relation to the age at surgical excision, gender, location, size, histopathological features, treatment, and recurrence were collected. All histological slides were reviewed by an attending histopathologist. RESULTS A total of 77 cases of periorbital pilomatrixoma were diagnosed by histopathological examination and treated from 2010 to 2023. A slight female preponderance (56%) was noted, and the majority of cases (52%) were presented in the first 2 decades of life. The left periorbital region was involved in 45.5% of cases, and 54.5% in the right. The upper lid was the most affected site. Two cases of recurrence were reported. No malignant transformation was noted. CONCLUSIONS Pilomatrixoma is an uncommon benign periorbital tumor, commonly misdiagnosed clinically. Ophthalmologists and surgeons should suspect pilomatrixoma in the periorbital region, especially in children or young adults. Complete surgical excision is curative, and recurrence is rare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitouj S Sidhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney
| | - Alexandra Allende
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University
| | - Andrew Gal
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Histopath Diagnostic Services
| | - Krishna Tumuluri
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University
- Save Sight Institute, Central Clinical School, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao A, Kedarisetty S, Arriola AGP, Isaacson G. Pilomatrixoma and its Imitators. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2024; 103:183-189. [PMID: 34549614 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211044778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pilomatrixomas are benign neoplasms derived from hair follicle matrix cells. They are among the most common soft tissue head and neck tumors of childhood. Pilomatrixomas are typically isolated, slow-growing, firm, nontender masses that are adherent to the epidermis but mobile in the subcutaneous plane. This clinical presentation is so characteristic that many experienced surgeons will excise suspected pilomatrixomas without prior imaging. We reviewed the results of this approach to determine whether physical examination alone differentiates pilomatrixomas from other similar soft tissue lesions of the pediatric head and neck. Methods: Computerized review of all pilomatrixomas over a 20-year period in a single academic pediatric otolaryngology practice. Results: 18 patients presented to our pediatric otolaryngology practice between 2001 and 2021 with historical and physical findings consistent with pilomatrixoma. Of the 18 patients, 7 were male and 11 were female. Ages ranged from 1.5 to 14 years, with a mean of 7.5 years. Most of the lesions (12) were located in the head and face, while the rest (6) were found in the neck. All patients were treated with complete surgical excision. Pathology confirmed pilomatrixoma in 15 patients. The remaining 3 children were found to have an epidermal inclusion cyst, a ruptured trichilemmal cyst, and a giant molluscum contagiosum lesion, respectively. One additional patient presented with a small lesion of the auricular helix that was thought to be a dermoid cyst, but proved to be a pilomatrixoma on histologic examination. Discussion: As pilomatrixomas are common and have a very characteristic presentation, surgical excision without prior diagnostic imaging will lead to correct treatment in the majority of cases. High resolution ultrasonography can help to confirm the diagnosis preoperatively, but is not definitive in large case series. Most of the cystic lesions that imitate pilomatrixoma will ultimately require surgical excision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Zhao
- Departments of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suraj Kedarisetty
- Departments of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aileen Grace P Arriola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Glenn Isaacson
- Departments of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gimeno-Hernández J, Merino-Menéndez S, Alarcón-García L, Iglesias-Moreno MC. Cervical pilomatricoma: An unusual ent diagnosis. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2024; 75:61-63. [PMID: 37391166 DOI: 10.1016/j.otoeng.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gimeno-Hernández
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y Otorrinolaringología, Facultadd de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - María Cruz Iglesias-Moreno
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y Otorrinolaringología, Facultadd de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rabai NA, Alrababah A, Ba-Shammakh SA, Aloqaily A, Saleh SW, Al-Oqaily MM. Pilomatrixoma of the Arm: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e45768. [PMID: 37872911 PMCID: PMC10590536 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pilomatrixoma (PMX), also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a rare benign neoplasm that arises from the hair matrix cells, commonly in the head, neck, and upper trunk regions, infrequently affecting upper and lower extremities. It has to two peaks of presentation: under 20 years of age or between 50 and 65 years of age, slightly more common in females. The neoplasm exhibits diverse clinical manifestations and is frequently subject to misdiagnosis with alternative dermatological diseases. We present an atypical case of PMX affecting the upper extremity of a 62-year-old female patient. Surgical removal of the affected tissue under local anesthesia was performed, and subsequent histopathological analysis confirmed the presence of PMX. Based on the literature search we performed, we found out that this pathology is underreported in Jordan, with only one study published describing this tumor in the maxillofacial region. Physicians should be aware of this condition and its different presentations to include it in the differential diagnosis of suspected cases to provide the appropriate management and follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimah A Rabai
- Department of General Surgery, Princess Basma Teaching Hospital, Irbid, JOR
| | - Arqam Alrababah
- Department of General Surgery, Princess Basma Teaching Hospital, Irbid, JOR
| | | | - Ayat Aloqaily
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JOR
| | - Siwar W Saleh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JOR
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei X, Cheng D, Shao C, Pang K, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Wu M, Zhang L, Ni P, Zhang F. A comparative study of pilomatricoma and epidermoid cyst with ultrasound. Clin Radiol 2023; 78:e582-e589. [PMID: 37183139 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore and compare the ultrasonic (US) features of pilomatricoma (PM) and epidermoid cyst (EC) in the differential diagnosis and improve the accuracy of US diagnosis of PM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred and nine patients who underwent US examination before surgery with a histopathological diagnosis of PM or EC after surgery were analysed retrospectively. The patients were categorised into the training and validation sets according to the inspection times. Univariate analysis was undertaken on the US and clinical features of PM and statistically significant variables (p<0.05) were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to establish a diagnostic model. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the multivariate logistic regression model for PM was statistically significant (p<0.001). The risk factors included posterior echo attenuation and hypoechoic halos (odds ratio [OR] = 9.277, 10.254) and the protective factors included age, diameter thickness, and posterior echo enhancement (OR=0.936, 0.302, 0.156). The performance of the diagnostic model was tested using the training set (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.974, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.955-0.994) and the validation set (AUC = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.926-1.000), which demonstrated good discriminant ability. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic accuracy for PM was higher than that for EC when the nodule is characterised by posterior echo attenuation, hypoechoic halos, smaller thickness, and younger age. The US diagnostic model developed may be used to guide the diagnosis of PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Wei
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - D Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Jinan Fourth People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - C Shao
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - K Pang
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - J Xiao
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - M Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - P Ni
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - F Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McInerney N, Nae A, Brennan S, Kennedy S, Mackle T. Pilomatricoma of the external auditory canal. OTOLARYNGOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xocr.2023.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
|
9
|
Yang J, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Wang J. Periocular pilomatrixoma in childhood: Clinical feature and differential diagnosis. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:495-500. [PMID: 36759243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the clinical characteristics, imaging features, and differential diagnosis of periocular pilomatrixoma in children and provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics, preliminary diagnosis, imaging features, treatment, and follow-up of the cases of pediatric periocular pilomatrixoma treated at our hospital. RESULTS A total of 59 patients from 4 months to 13 years of age (median age 4 years) were collected; 18 cases (30.51%) were misdiagnosed as other diseases in preliminary diagnoses. Seven cases underwent computed tomography (CT) examination, with CT value ranging from 63.4 Hounsfield Units (HU) to 952.0 HU (median value 151.0 HU). Six cases underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination; two patients underwent an enhanced scan. The results showed that the rim of the lesion was enhanced, but the contents were not enhanced. All patients underwent surgical treatment. No recurrence was found from 1 month to 5 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Periocular pilomatrixoma is a relatively common tumor in children, which can easily be misdiagnosed clinically as other diseases, such as sebaceous and dermoid cysts. Although not generally recommended, CT can be of significant value in the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. MRI is of little value in the diagnosis of this disease. If CT images show high or density, the possibility of pilomatrixoma should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province 054001, China.
| | - Y Zhao
- Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province 054001, China
| | - H Zhang
- Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province 054001, China
| | - J Wang
- Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province 054001, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hong KW, Saulino D, Ching J, Tung P. A Frequently Missed Diagnosis of a Firm, Blue-Tinged Mass. Pediatr Rev 2023; 44:e1-e4. [PMID: 36587024 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2021-005149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica Ching
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu N, Zhang M, Chen C, Liang Z, Meng T, Pan D, Zhang H, Zhang Q. Giant pilomatrixoma with bullous appearance on the back: a case report and discussion of misdiagnosis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4245-4248. [PMID: 35332644 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pilomatrixoma is a benign asymptomatic skin tumor that forms from hair follicle matrix cells. Most are under 3 cm in diameter and occur on the head, face, or neck. Bullous appearance is very rare in pilomatrixoma. In this case report, we present a case of bullous pilomatrixoma of unusual size, region, symptoms, and patient age. It had been misdiagnosed as a keloid and as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Early treatments were ineffective. The patient approached our outpatient facility and underwent excision. He was then diagnosed with pilomatrixoma by pathological examination. The clinical appearance of this case was quite difficult to diagnose, even MRI and B-ultrasonic examinations provided limited diagnostic evidence. Given the revelations from this case, we reemphasize the importance of performing a biopsy (if patients refused operation or preferred conservative treatment) before any invasive treatment to minimize economic or time loss of patients who have difficulties in diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanze Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyun Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Meng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Deli Pan
- Department of Radiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Huangdao district of Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nistel M, Lee SH, Born H, Greinwald JH, Abdaljaleel M, Sobolewski B. The Girl With the Bleeding Earlobe Mass. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e1718-e1720. [PMID: 30907848 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pilomatrixomas, also known as epithelioma calcificans, are benign tumors of hair follicle matrix cells that are often mistaken for other lesions, especially cutaneous abscesses. We report an illustrative case in which a teenage girl developed a red, swollen earlobe that required multiple care visits and interventions until definitive diagnosis and treatment were provided. Although the lesion was initially treated as an abscess, it continued to progress in size and discomfort. The correct diagnosis was established after imaging and complete excision with pathologic examination. Ultimately, our patient was subjected to avoidable procedures that carried the risk of potentially negative cosmetic sequelae before the proper intervention. Although abscesses are common, it is important for clinicians to avoid incision and drainage of lesions, unless the diagnosis is certain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Nistel
- From the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jeong J, Kim Y, Choi HS. Nodular Mass in the Earlobe of an 18-Month-Old Girl. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 147:824-825. [PMID: 34236393 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yeejeong Kim
- Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clinical and ultrasound characteristics of pediatric lateral neck masses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251563. [PMID: 33979396 PMCID: PMC8115835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral neck masses (LNM) often present a diagnostic challenge in the practice of pediatric plastic surgeon. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical and ultrasound (US) characteristics of pediatric LNM in order to make mutual comparison between their entities and enable the most accurate preoperative diagnosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 pediatric patients treated by surgical excision or sclerotherapy in our institution in the period from July 2009 to June 2019. Lymphatic malformation was the most frequent congenital LNM (60.9%), while reactive or granulomatous lymphadenitis was the most frequent acquired LNM (47%). Congenital anomalies were significantly more often localized in the upper half of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle region, and had more often soft consistency than acquired ones. Congenital LNM had a 32.37 (3.44–304.63) times higher likelihood of incorrect (p = 0.002) and 5.86 (1.35–25.48) times higher likelihood of undetermined (p = 0.018) than correct US findings, respectively. Acquired LNM were significantly more often localized in the region behind the SCM muscle and more often had solid US appearance in comparison to the congenital ones. Association of the clinical and US findings is very important in determining the most accurate preoperative diagnosis without exposing the children to unnecessary utilizing ionizing radiation or anesthesia. Although they are mostly benign, extreme caution is necessary due to malignancies which were found in 16.4% of all our patients.
Collapse
|
15
|
Płachta I, Kleibert M, Czarnecka AM, Spałek M, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Rutkowski P. Current Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasms with Follicular Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4759. [PMID: 33946233 PMCID: PMC8125718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplasms derived from follicular tissue are extremely rare. Clinically, they are reported as non-symptomatic, slow-growing nodules. These lesions are mainly benign, but the malignant type can occur. Mainly middle-aged people (50-60 years of age) are affected. These carcinomas are mainly localized on the head and neck or torso. They can be locally aggressive and infiltrate surrounding tissue and metastasize to regional lymph nodes. In the minority of cases, distant metastases are diagnosed. Quick and relevant diagnosis is the basis of a treatment for all types of tumors. The patient's life expectancy depends on multiple prognostic factors, including the primary tumor size and its mitotic count. Patients should be referred to a specialized skin cancer center to receive optimal multidisciplinary treatment. This article tries to summarize all the information that is currently available about pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment methods of follicular tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iga Płachta
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kleibert
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Mateusz Spałek
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Sirakaya M, Vydianath S. Pilomatrixoma of the head and neck: Typical presentation of a rare lesion. ULTRASOUND (LEEDS, ENGLAND) 2020; 28:51-53. [PMID: 32063995 PMCID: PMC6987501 DOI: 10.1177/1742271x19867113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pilomatrixomas are benign tumours of primitive hair follicles, usually presenting as painless lumps in the head and neck region in children. As they are uncommon, they are often misdiagnosed clinically. We discuss a case of a five-year-old boy presenting with a five-month history of a pre-auricular lump. The initial clinical differential diagnosis was of a dermoid or a branchial cleft cyst. However, on ultrasonography the lesion was typical of a pilomatrixoma. The imaging literature is reviewed to illustrate the sonographic appearances of pilomatrixomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mert Sirakaya
- Mert Sirakaya, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals
NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park J, Jeon H, Choi HY. Pilomatrixoma of the upper eyelid in a 10-month-old baby. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1510-1513. [PMID: 31544052 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.09.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jungyul Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Hyeshin Jeon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen HC, Brownstein S, Tang T, Grynspan D, Belliveau MJ, El Demellawy D, O'Connor M. Pilomatrixoma of the ocular adnexa: report of 3 cases with variations in the histopathological findings. Can J Ophthalmol 2019; 54:413-416. [PMID: 31358136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the clinical and variations in the histopathological features of pilomatrixoma of the ocular adnexa in 3 young individuals. DESIGN A retrospective case series was performed with clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis. PARTICIPANTS Case 1 is an 18-year-old male who presented with a reddish-blue swelling under the left eyebrow. The lesion measured 2 × 1 cm. Case 2 is a 2-year-old female who presented with a reddish-blue nodule inferior to the right eyebrow with telangiectatic vessels. The lesion measured 6 × 4 × 4 mm. Case 3 is a 14-year-old female who presented with a subcutaneous lesion under the right upper eyebrow with fluctuating inflammation. The lesion measured 12 × 3 × 2 mm. Histopathological examination of case 1 disclosed peripheral basaloid cells and central shadow cells containing calcific foci, separated by a transition zone. In case 2, histopathological analysis revealed central calcific foci in islands of shadow cells with more peripheral basaloid cells. In case 3, we observed numerous clusters of shadow cells with focal calcifications, as well as basaloid cells in a disorganized configuration. CONCLUSION Pilomatrixoma is an uncommon benign skin neoplasm originating from the matrix of the hair root. We describe a spectrum of histopathological findings in pilomatrixoma of the ocular adnexal in 3 young individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry C Chen
- Departments of Ophthalmology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Seymour Brownstein
- Departments of Ophthalmology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont..
| | - Tina Tang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - David Grynspan
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Michel J Belliveau
- Departments of Ophthalmology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Dina El Demellawy
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Michael O'Connor
- Departments of Ophthalmology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Çevik HB, Erkan M, Kayahan S, Bulut G, Gümüştaş SA. A skin tumor from an orthopedic oncology perspective: Pilomatrixoma in extremities (11 years experience with 108 cases). Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e13004. [PMID: 31241214 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pilomatrixoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a benign skin neoplasm originating from hair follicle matrix cells. Pilomatrixoma is a common skin neoplasm that is often misdiagnosed as another type of skin condition. The aim of our study is to review 11 years' worth of experience in examining clinical and histopathological presentations, imaging findings, management approaches, and treatment outcomes of pilomatrixoma at a tertiary hospital. A review of the pathology database revealed that 108 extremity pilomatrixomas were excised between 2007 and 2018. Hospital charts, and pathology and orthopedic clinic records, were reviewed for patient data such as age, gender, clinical and histopathological presentations, preoperative diagnosis and imaging results, management approach, recurrence, and treatment outcomes. The main presenting symptom was a hard, subcutaneous, slowly growing mass. The preoperative diagnosis was accurate and consistent with the pathological diagnosis of pilomatrixoma in only 35 cases (32%). The optimal diagnostic tool for pilomatrixoma seems to be ultrasound imaging of superficial tissue, and the optimal first-line treatment might be surgical excision with clear margins. However, pilomatrixoma is a benign tumor, with atypical forms, and there no tumor-specific diagnostic tool is available other than careful histopathological examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Bilgehan Çevik
- Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Research and Training Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Erkan
- Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Kayahan
- Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Güven Bulut
- Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Research and Training Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyit Ali Gümüştaş
- Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Research and Training Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Busbait S, Al-Babtain A, Tawfeeq Y, AlJehani Y, Al-Buainain H. Turcot's syndrome presenting as an acute abdomen. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
22
|
Richet C, Maza A, Dreyfus I, Bourrat E, Mazereeuw-Hautier J. Childhood pilomatricomas: Associated anomalies. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:548-551. [PMID: 29962097 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pilomatricoma is a common benign tumor in children. We present a review of the literature with the aim of helping clinicians manage these patients. A detailed review of the literature was performed in the PubMed database using an exhaustive list of Medical Subject Heading words. One thousand four hundred fifty-eight children were described in retrospective series and case reports. An associated disease was found in 32 children (2.2%), most of whom had several pilomatricomas (n = 23); 9 had a single lesion. Based on this literature review, we recommend reassuring the family and then conducting a detailed interview regarding past medical and family history and a thorough clinical examination for signs of Turner syndrome, constitutional mismatch repair deficiency, Kabuki syndrome, Steiner's myotonic dystrophy, or Gardner syndrome. Regular long-term clinical follow-up is recommended. Specific paraclinical examinations should be performed only in cases of other clinical anomalies or a positive family history. Pilomatricoma requires management because it may be associated with other potentially serious diseases, especially when multiple lesions are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camile Richet
- Larrey Hospital, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Maza
- Larrey Hospital, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
[Solitary node without symptoms on the cheek of a 3-year-old boy]. Hautarzt 2016; 68:170-171. [PMID: 27878309 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-016-3899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
Bozkurt P, Kolsuz ME, Günhan Ö, Erdem E, Orhan K. Preauricular pilomatricoma: An uncommon entity in a dental pediatric patient. Int J Surg Case Rep 2016; 30:62-65. [PMID: 27907820 PMCID: PMC5134083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pilomatricomas are common lesions although rarely encountered in dental practice. Dental professionals especially oral surgeons and pediatric dentists should be aware of the condition during their practice. Common differential diagnosis of preauricular pilomatricoma does not involve temporomandibular joint disease. This condition should be added to differential diagnosis. Meticulous examinations should be made and misdiagnosis with temporomandibular joint disease should be eliminated.
Introduction Pilomatricomas are benign follicular skin appendage tumors, commonly occurring in children and young adults. Most patients admit to dermatologists to seek treatment and are well known by them; however, dental professionals, especially pediatric dentists are not familiar with these tumors. Presentation of case This report presents a 16-year-old female with preauricular pilomatricoma, located beneath the overlying skin of the temporomandibular region. Clinical examination revealed an asymptomatic lump, the overlying skin revealed no abnormalities. Patient was unaware of the lesion. Discussion Pilomatricomas are commonly encountered in the maxillofacial region, although not considered in differential diagnosis by dental professionals. They usually present as, asymptomatic, subcutaneous masses; although symptomatic cases have been reported. In literature, common differential diagnosis for head and neck pilomatricoma includes sebaceous cyst, ossifying hematoma, giant cell tumor, chondroma, dermoid cyst, foreign body reaction, degenerating fibroxanthoma, metastatic bone formation, and osteoma cutis. We are of the opinion that temporomandibular joint disease should also be considered in differential diagnosis for preauricular pilomatricoma. Conclusion Pediatric dentists should be aware of the condition and consider it in the differential diagnosis of pediatric conditions involving the temporomandibular joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poyzan Bozkurt
- Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Emniyet Mahallesi, İncitaş Sokak Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Eray Kolsuz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Maxillofacial Radiology Department, Emniyet Mahallesi, İncitaş Sokak Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ömer Günhan
- Oral Pathology, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Erdem
- Head of Department, Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Emniyet Mahallesi, İncitaş Sokak Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Maxillofacial Radiology Department, Emniyet Mahallesi, İncitaş Sokak Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|