Continuous oximetry recordings on the first post-operative night after pediatric adenotonsillectomy-a case-control study

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to Evaluate Discharge Delays of Postoperative Tonsillectomy Patients From the Medical-Surgical PICU

BACKGROUND

Discharge delays of Medical-Surgical Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) following tonsillectomy or tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy (T&A) negatively impact hospital bed availability.

AIM STATEMENT

This project identified process improvements to reduce discharge delays and increase PICU bed availability.

METHODS

A Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was implemented to identify care and process failures that result in discharge delays.

INTERVENTION

Through the FMEA, failure risk profile numbers with the highest impact were recognized for improvement (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2017; VHA National Center for Patient Safety, 2023).

RESULTS

Forty failure modes were identified. High-impact failures included not administering dexamethasone early for patient pain or desaturation, intervening for desaturations consistent with the patient's baseline, and not anticipating family needs for discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

The FMEA identified several actionable changes that if implemented, could promote timely discharge of patients with OSA following tonsillectomy or T&A.

Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Unanticipated Admission Following Nonotolaryngologic Pediatric Ambulatory Surgery

BACKGROUND

Approximately 2% of ambulatory pediatric surgeries require unanticipated postoperative admission, causing parental dissatisfaction and suboptimal use of hospital resources. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs in nearly 8% of children and is known to increase the risk of perioperative adverse events in children undergoing otolaryngologic procedures (eg, tonsillectomy). However, whether OSA is also a risk for unanticipated admission after nonotolaryngologic surgery is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the association of OSA with unanticipated admission after pediatric nonotolaryngologic ambulatory surgery and to explore trends in the prevalence of OSA in children undergoing nonotolaryngologic ambulatory surgery.

METHODS

We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) Database to evaluate a retrospective cohort of children (<18 years) undergoing nonotolaryngologic surgery scheduled as ambulatory or observation status from January 1, 2010, to August 31, 2022. We used International Classification of Diseases codes to identify patients with OSA. The primary outcome was unanticipated postoperative admission lasting ≥1 day. Using logistic regression models, we estimated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for unanticipated admission comparing patients with and without OSA. We then estimated trends in the prevalence of OSA during the study period using the Cochran-Armitage test.

RESULTS

A total of 855,832 children <18 years underwent nonotolaryngologic surgery as ambulatory or observation status during the study period. Of these, 39,427 (4.6%) required unanticipated admission for ≥1 day, and OSA was present in 6359 (0.7%) of these patients. Among children with OSA, 9.4% required unanticipated admission, compared to 5.0% among those without. The odds of children with OSA requiring unanticipated admission were more than twice that in children without OSA (adjusted OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.89-2.71; P < .001). The prevalence of OSA among children undergoing nonotolaryngologic surgery as ambulatory or observation status increased from 0.4% to 1.7% between 2010 and 2022 ( P trends < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Children with OSA were significantly more likely to require unanticipated admission after a nonotolaryngologic surgery scheduled as ambulatory or observation status than those without OSA. These findings can inform patient selection for ambulatory surgery with the goal of decreasing unanticipated admissions, increasing patient safety and satisfaction, and optimizing health care resources related to unanticipated admission.

Cost-minimisation analysis of polysomnography and pulse oximetry in a risk stratification protocol for paediatric adenotonsillectomy

BACKGROUND

Severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with increased risk of respiratory compromise in the post-operative period following adenotonsillectomy (AT). This study analyses the economic cost of polysomnography or overnight oximetry as part of pre-operative risk stratification in paediatric AT, supplementing previously published research demonstrating the efficacy of this protocol in predicting respiratory complications.

METHODS

This cost-minimisation analysis examines costs associated with pre-operative overnight oximetry and polysomnography in triaging paediatric patients older than 2 years old, with no major comorbidities except for OSA, undergoing AT for OSA (n = 1801) to either a secondary or quaternary Australian hospital. Decision analysis modelling via probability trees were utilized to estimate pre- and peri-operative costs. A third hypothetical 'no investigation' model based upon conducting all AT at a secondary hospital was performed. Costs are derived from the financial year 2020-2021, censored at discharge.

RESULTS

The total cost per patient of AT including pre-operative investigations of oximetry and polysomnography, and associated inpatient costs, were AUD4181.34 and 5013.99 respectively. This is more expensive compared to a hypothetical no-investigation model (AUD3958.98).

CONCLUSION

Within the scope of this partial economic evaluation, this study finds a small additional cost for a model of care involving overnight oximetry as a pre-operative triage tool, balanced by the reduced cost of care in a lower acuity centre for low-risk patients and potential high cost of complications if all children are treated in a low acuity centre. This supports oximetry in peri-operative risk stratification for paediatric AT from a financial perspective.

Polysomnography parameters as predictors of respiratory adverse events following adenotonsillectomy in children

STUDY OBJECTIVES

The first line treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children is adenotonsillectomy but this may result in perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs). The primary aim of this study is to examine whether the McGill oximetry score (MOS) and other polysomnography parameters can predict major PRAEs following adenotonsillectomy. We secondarily evaluated the MOS inter-rater reliability and correlation with other polysomnography parameters.

METHODS

This retrospective study included all children aged 0-18 years who underwent preoperative polysomnography between June 2010 and January 2016 prior to adenotonsillectomy at a tertiary pediatric institution. Oximetries from polysomnograms were assigned a MOS. Univariable and multivariable models for prediction of major PRAEs were constructed. MOS was correlated with polysomnography parameters and inter-rater reliability was evaluated.

RESULTS

This study included 106 children; 15 had a major PRAE. A multivariable prediction model that combined MOS and age showed evidence for the ability to predict major PRAEs with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.68 (95% confidence interval 0.52, 0.84), whereby increased MOS and younger age were associated with PRAEs, but apnea-hypopnea index was not. MOS had excellent inter-rater reliability (Kappa=0.95) and was highly correlated with oxygen saturation nadir and cumulative time percentage with oxygen saturation less than 90%.

CONCLUSIONS

A prediction model including MOS and age may predict PRAEs following adenotonsillectomy. This suggests that nocturnal oximetry provides the most essential information of polysomnography measures to direct postoperative monitoring following adenotonsillectomy.

Adenotonsillectomy for paediatric sleep disordered breathing in Australia and New Zealand

AIMS

To review the contributions of Australian and New Zealand research on adenotonsillectomy for the treatment of symptoms of obstructed breathing during sleep (sleep disordered breathing, SDB) in children.

METHODS

A search of the scientific literature was conducted using the MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed and Scopus databases in August 2020. The following search string was used: (tonsillectomy OR adenoidectomy OR adenotonsillectomy) AND (paediatric OR child) AND (Australia OR New Zealand). A focused internet search was additionally conducted on Google to identify grey literature.

RESULTS

Researchers from Australia and New Zealand have made important contributions to the understanding and improvement of adenotonsillectomy (AT), including its epidemiology, cost, surgical techniques and peri-operative safety. Rates of AT have fluctuated over the years, becoming the most common paediatric surgery today, with SDB becoming the most common indication. Research in Australia and New Zealand has also focussed on the impact of AT on quality of life, and behaviour, neurocognition and cardiovascular sequelae.

CONCLUSIONS

Australian and New Zealand researchers have played a significant role in understanding the epidemiology and improving the safety of AT. There are promising directions in research still to come, including better understanding of the reasons for geographical variation in surgery rates, developing more efficient pre-operative risk assessment tools and alternative treatment options for mild OSA.