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Bauer C, Lider LA, Ussenbayev AE, Seitkamzina DM, Zhanabayev AA, Maksimov P, Knaus M. Toxascaris leonina in dogs - A nematode species of high prevalence in some regions of Eurasia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 48:100986. [PMID: 38316504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
A recent meta-analysis of studies from around the world had shown a global prevalence of Toxascaris leonina in stray dogs of about 7%. However, studies from Eurasian regions, where higher percentages of positive dogs were often found, were under-represented in this meta-analysis. This prompted the present study. Its main objective was to examine free-roaming dogs from the capital city of Kazakhstan to obtain information on the current occurrence of T. leonina egg shedding compared to Toxocara spp. Faecal samples from 500 free-roaming dogs from the city of Astana and its suburbs were collected 1-2 days after admission to the municipal animal shelter during three time periods (May to October 2019, September 2020, and April 2021). Samples were examined by a saline flotation method. Nematode egg-positive samples were subjected to a modified McMaster method to determine the number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). Toxascaris leonina eggs were found in 53.8% and Toxocara spp. eggs in 14.8% of the dogs examined. The prevalence of T. leonina egg shedding was significantly associated with age class but not with sex: dogs aged between 6 months and 2 years were more likely to be T. leonina egg positive than puppies. The intensity of T. leonina egg shedding was also age dependent: dogs aged between 6 months and 2 years had significantly higher EPGs compared to younger or older animals. In contrast, the prevalence of Toxocara spp. egg shedding was associated with both age class and sex: dogs older than 2 years were less likely to shed Toxocara spp. eggs than puppies, and females were less likely to be Toxocara spp. egg positive compared to males. The present results confirm those of other studies in Eurasian regions. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the global prevalence of T. leonina infection has been underestimated and should be revised accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bauer
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Technology, 62 Zhenis Avenue, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Lyudmila A Lider
- S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Technology, 62 Zhenis Avenue, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Altay E Ussenbayev
- S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Technology, 62 Zhenis Avenue, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara M Seitkamzina
- S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Technology, 62 Zhenis Avenue, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Asylbek A Zhanabayev
- S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Technology, 62 Zhenis Avenue, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Knaus
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany
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2
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Dias-Correia TP, Neves LBD, Bittencourt-Oliveira F, Giglio GCB, Pereira TC, Almeida FBD, Rodrigues-Silva R. Diversity of helminths with zoonotic potential and molecular characterization of Toxocara canis infecting domestic dogs from locations of Amazon and Atlantic Forest Brazilian biomes. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e012723. [PMID: 38055439 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The coproparasitological examination of dogs (n=278) from two Brazilian biomes (Amazon [AZ] and Atlantic Forest [AF]) by centrifugal flotation demonstrated positivity values of 54.2% (AF) and 48.5% (AZ). The most prevalent parasites in AF were hookworms (81.0% - 47/58), Toxocara sp. (17.3% - 10/58) and Trichuris vulpis (12.1% - 7/58); while in AZ they were hookworms (86.7% - 72/83), Toxocara sp. (18.1% - 15/83), Dipylidium caninum (13.3% - 11/83) and T. vulpis (10.8% - 9/83). PCR was performed using the partial mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (pnad1) in 25 fecal samples positive for Toxocara sp. eggs and found one sample positive for pcox1 and six positives for pnad1. The sequencing of these samples was unsuccessful due to the difficulties inherent in copro-PCR+sequencing. The sequencing of 14 samples of T. canis adult helminths retrieved 11 sequences of 414 bp for pcox1 and nine sequences of 358 bp for pnad1. The phylogenetic trees of these sequences confirmed the species T. canis. Intraspecific genetic variation was only observed for pnad1. This is the second study involving molecular analysis of T. canis in dogs from Brazil and adds new information through the use of pnad1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Pedro Dias-Correia
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leandro Batista das Neves
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gabriella Cristina Balzana Giglio
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thiago Cordeiro Pereira
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Barbosa de Almeida
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Rodrigues-Silva
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Van Hemert C, Ballweber LR, Sinnett DR, Atwood TC, Fischbach A, Gustine DD, Pabilonia KL. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in resident wildlife species in Arctic Alaska. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 32:e00206. [PMID: 37692371 PMCID: PMC10482744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are zoonotic protozoan parasites that can infect humans and other taxa, including wildlife, often causing gastrointestinal illness. Both have been identified as One Health priorities in the Arctic, where climate change is expected to influence the distribution of many wildlife and zoonotic diseases, but little is known about their prevalence in local wildlife. To help fill information gaps, we collected fecal samples from four wildlife species that occur seasonally on the northern Alaska coastline or in nearshore marine waters-Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus)-and used immunofluorescence assays to screen for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. We detected Giardia cysts in 18.3% and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 16.5% of Arctic foxes (n = 109), suggesting that foxes may be potentially important hosts in this region. We also detected Giardia cysts in a single polar bear (12.5%; n = 8), which to our knowledge represents the first such report for this species. Neither parasite was detected in walruses or caribou.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lora R. Ballweber
- Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David R. Sinnett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture APHIS Wildlife Services, Palmer, AK, USA
| | - Todd C. Atwood
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - David D. Gustine
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Current affiliation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management—Polar Bears, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Kristy L. Pabilonia
- Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Uribe M, Brabec J, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, Hermosilla C. Neglected zoonotic helminthiases in wild canids: new insights from South America. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1235182. [PMID: 37635759 PMCID: PMC10450927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1235182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global threat of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitutes a public health issue in underdeveloped countries. Zoonotic helminthiases are the most common human NTD agents in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas, causing a global burden of disease that exceeds that of more recognized infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. Wild canids are well-known mammals that act as natural reservoirs of zoonotic-relevant helminthiasis worldwide, thus playing a pivotal role in their epidemiology and transmission to humans. Here we evaluate the occurrence of zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths in two Neotropical wild canid species from the Amazonian and Andean regions of Colombia, i.e., the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) and the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). We recovered tapeworm proglottids from bush dog fecal samples and identified them molecularly as the canine-specific lineage of Dipylidium caninum by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene sequences. Moreover, examination of a crab-eating fox during necropsy revealed the presence of non-embryonated eggs of the neglected nematode Lagochilascaris cf. minor, in addition to eggs and gravid proglottids of the cestode Spirometra mansoni. These findings represent the first report of zoonotic-relevant cestodes, i.e., D. caninum ("canine genotype"), S. mansoni, and the nematode L. cf. minor, in bush dogs and crab-eating foxes as final hosts. The occurrence of these zoonotic helminthiases in wild canid species calls for regular monitoring programs to better understand the epidemiology and transmission routes of neglected dipylidiasis, lagochilascariosis, and sparganosis in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Uribe
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
- CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jan Brabec
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
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Bouchard É, Schurer JM, Kolapo T, Wagner B, Massé A, Locke SA, Leighton P, Jenkins EJ. Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes ( Vulpes vulpes), coyotes ( Canis latrans) and wolves ( Canis lupus) in Québec, Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 16:126-137. [PMID: 34552844 PMCID: PMC8441108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Wild canids are hosts to a wide range of parasites and can play a role in transmission of zoonoses. As many parasites are transmitted through food webs, and wild canids are at high trophic levels, parasite prevalence and diversity in wild canids can serve as excellent indicators of ecosystem health. Our main objectives were to update knowledge on the composition of gastrointestinal helminths in wild canids from Québec, Canada, and to describe differences in parasite prevalence and diversity among canid species and regions. Hunters and trappers provided whole carcasses of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (N = 176), and intestinal tracts of coyotes (Canis latrans) (N = 77) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) (N = 23) harvested for non-research purposes over the winter of 2016-2017. A modified Stoll's centrifugation sucrose flotation on feces of 250 wild canids was used, and eggs of one family and eight genera of parasitic helminths were recovered: diphyllobothriids, Taenia/Echinococcus spp., Capillaria spp., Toxascaris sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., Uncinaria sp., and Metorchis sp. Adult Taenia spp. cestodes were recovered from 61 of 276 (22%) canids. Six different species (T. hydatigena, T. twitchelli, T. crassiceps, T. polyacantha, T. krabbei, and T. pisiformis-"like") were differentiated based on DNA sequenced from 65 individual adult cestodes using primers for the nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) mitochondrial DNA loci. Alaria sp. trematodes infected 89 of 276 canids (32%). A subset were identified as A. americana at the CO1 locus. The marine trematode Cryptocotyle lingua was reported for the first time in foxes in the province of Québec. These results help us understand more fully the predator-prey relationships within this group of canids. This baseline data in regional parasite prevalence and intensity is critical in order to detect future changes following ecological disturbances due to climate and landscape alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Bouchard
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.,Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Janna M Schurer
- University of Global Health Equity, Center for One Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Temitope Kolapo
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Brent Wagner
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ariane Massé
- Ministère des Forêts, de La Faune et des Parcs, 880 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1S 4X4, Canada.,Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sean A Locke
- University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Biology, Box 9000, Mayagüez 00681, 9000, Puerto Rico
| | - Patrick Leighton
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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Kvac M, Myskova E, Holubova N, Kellnerova K, Kicia M, Rajsky D, McEvoy J, Feng Y, Hanzal V, Sak B. Occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, wolves, jackals, and bears in central Europe. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 33543733 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 are one of the most common protistan parasites of vertebrates. Faecal samples from 179 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes [Linnaeus]), 100 grey wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus), 11 golden jackals (Canis aureus Linnaeus), and 63 brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) were collected in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy and PCR/sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU), actin and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes using the maximum likelihood method revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium tyzzeri Ren, Zhao, Zhang, Ning, Jian et al., 2012 (n = 1) and C. andersoni Lindsay, Upton, Owens, Morgan, Mead et Blackburn, 2000 (n = 2) in red foxes, C. canis Fayer, Trout, Xiao, Morgan, Lai et Dubey, 2001 (n = 2) and C. ubiquitum Fayer, Santín et Macarisin, 2010 (n = 2) in grey wolves, and C. galli Pavlásek, 1999 in brown bears (n = 1) and red foxes (n = 1). Subtyping of isolates of C. ubiquitum and C. tyzzeri based on sequence analysis of gp60 showed that they belong to the XIId and IXa families, respectively. The presence of specific DNA of C. tyzzeri, C. andersoni and C. galli, which primarily infect the prey of carnivores, is probably the result of their passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the carnivores. Finding C. ubiquitum XIId in wolves may mean broadening the host spectrum of this subtype, but it remains possible this is the result of infected prey passing through the wolf - in this case deer, which is a common host of this parasite. The dog genotype of C. canis was reported for the first time in wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kvac
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Myskova
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Holubova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Kellnerova
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dusan Rajsky
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vladimir Hanzal
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Jian Y, Zhang X, Li X, Schou C, Charalambidou I, Ma L, Karanis P. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wild birds from Qinghai Lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:615-628. [PMID: 33415392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important intestinal zoonotic pathogens that can infect various hosts and cause diarrhoeal diseases. There are few reports of the epidemiological prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wild birds around Qinghai Lake and in the surrounding areas on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Northwest China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis genotypes and their epidemiological prevalence in wild birds by PCR amplification. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a variety of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis infections in wild birds from that area, with overall prevalence rates of 8.98% (61/679) and 3.39% (23/679), respectively. Furthermore, PCR sequencing confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium baileyi (n = 3), Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 58), and G. duodenalis assemblage B (n = 19) and E (n = 4) in wild birds from the areas around Qinghai Lake. The results of the present study demonstrated the wide distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia among wild birds, which has potential public health significance. Moreover, the study findings also provided useful molecular epidemiological data for monitoring and investigating the two parasitic protozoa in wild animals and surrounding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Jian
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chad Schou
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iris Charalambidou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Liqing Ma
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China. .,Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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8
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Li X, Nguyen T, Xiao C, Levy A, Akagi Y, Silkie S, Atwill ER. Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium in Wildlife Populations Co-Located in a Protected Watershed in the Pacific Northwest, 2013 to 2016. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060914. [PMID: 32560295 PMCID: PMC7357093 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Between October 2013 and May 2016, 506 scat samples were collected from 22 species of wildlife located in a protected watershed of a major municipal water supply in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the wildlife scat was 13.8% (70/506), with 15 species of wildlife found positive for Cryptosporidium. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium varied among species of wildlife, with higher prevalences observed in cougars (50.0%), mountain beavers (40.0%), and bobcats (33.3%), but none of these species are riparian-dependent. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium by sequencing PCR amplicons from the 18S rRNA gene were successful for seven species of wildlife, including bobcat, unknown predator, black-tailed deer, deer mouse, snowshoe hare, mountain beaver, and western spotted skunk. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses indicated that multiple species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium were present, with some isolates possibly co-circulating within and between wildlife populations in this protected watershed. Evidence of oocyst exchange between infected prey and their predators was also found. During the study period, several zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes that are uncommon in humans were detected in bobcat (99.58% identical to Cryptosporidium felis), unknown predator (100% identical to Cryptosporidium canis), snowshoe hare (100% identical to Cryptosporidium sp. skunk genotype), and mountain beaver (100% identical to Cryptosporidium ubiquitum). Novel sequences were also found in mountain beaver. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a unique genotype or species of Cryptosporidium in mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunde Li
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.L.); (T.N.); (C.X.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tran Nguyen
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.L.); (T.N.); (C.X.)
| | - Chengling Xiao
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.L.); (T.N.); (C.X.)
| | - Ann Levy
- Portland Water Bureau, Portland, OR 97227, USA; (A.L.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Yone Akagi
- Portland Water Bureau, Portland, OR 97227, USA; (A.L.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Silkie
- Portland Water Bureau, Portland, OR 97227, USA; (A.L.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Edward R. Atwill
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.L.); (T.N.); (C.X.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-754-2154; Fax: +1-530-752-5845
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9
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Bradbury RS, Panicker IS. Toxocara seroprevalence in Canada-Climate, environment and culture. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:291-316. [PMID: 32381203 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human infection with larvae of canine and feline roundworms belonging to the genus Toxocara can lead to devastating visceral, neural or ocular larvae migrans disease. However, such overt disease represents a fraction of cases. Far more common is covert toxocariasis, a less severe, but clinically symptomatic form of disease, and those who are exposed to infective larvae and seroconvert, but appear to be asymptomatic. Canada represents a unique epidemiological environment for Toxocara infection and exposure. Although the freezing conditions of the vast Arctic Tundra region of the North are thought unlikely to support the lifecycle of Toxocara spp., exposure and seroconversion does occur in people belonging to Inuit communities of this region. Further south, in the sub-Arctic of northern Quebec and Saskatchewan, there is a higher seroprevalence in many Canadian First Nations communities. The epidemiology of these infections is different to that seen in the non-Indigenous communities of the Humid Continental region. Poverty and climate play a major part in the risk of Toxocara seropositive status in Canada, but other factors such as unique cultural practices, population density of humans and reservoir hosts, and contact with wildlife are also factors in exposure and subsequent seroconversion in Canadian communities. This review discusses previous Toxocara seroprevalence studies performed in Canada, summarizes the data for domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxocara vitulorum and the closely related helminth, Toxascaris leonina. It also discusses how the unique and varied aspects of climate, culture and environment impacts human Toxocara exposure in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bradbury
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia.
| | - Indu S Panicker
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Toxocara spp. (T. canis and T. cati) are the dominant ascarids of domestic dogs and cats, respectively, in populated regions of southern Canada, where they pose animal and public health concerns. A review of the published literature indicated that prevalence of both parasites is declining in more recent studies (post 2000), likely due to changes in animal husbandry as well as use of anthelmintics. Geographically, prevalence was higher in the east (Atlantic), and in more southerly locations, possibly due to more favourable climate conditions for egg survival and development. At northern latitudes and in wild felids and canids in general, the non-zoonotic ascarid Toxascaris leonina appears to outcompete Toxocara spp.; however, T. leonina is rare in domestic cats in Canada. Prevalence of Toxocara spp. was higher in cats than dogs, shelter/rural/remote/feral/stray vs owned animals, and young vs adult animals, as has been observed in many other studies and regions of the world. While the regional prevalences in this review should be interpreted carefully in light of variation in diagnostic methods and study populations, they generally follow the same trends observed in a recent national study of shelter animals. This review is a timely summary of the state of the published knowledge on prevalence of Toxocara spp. in Canada, and highlights knowledge gaps to be addressed, including the northern distributional limits of these species in Canada, the potential for transmission to and from wildlife hosts, and the public health significance of the parasite in the mainstream Canadian population.
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Irie T, Uraguchi K, Ito T, Yamazaki A, Takai S, Yagi K. First report of Sarcocystis pilosa sporocysts in feces from red fox, Vulpes vulpes schrencki, in Hokkaido, Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 11:29-31. [PMID: 31879592 PMCID: PMC6920301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocysts of various Sarcocystis spp. are highly prevalent in wild sika deer, Cervus nippon yesoensis, in Hokkaido, Japan, and four species have been identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics: S. ovalis, S. pilosa, S. tarandi-like, and S. truncata-like. The definitive hosts of S. ovalis are corvids, but the hosts of the other species have not yet been identified. Aiming to determine the definitive hosts of these species, we collected 65 red fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki) fecal samples in eastern Hokkaido and examined them for fecal sporocysts using a modified sucrose flotation method. One fecal sample contained typical Sarcocystis sporocysts, which were identified as S. pilosa based on 18S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences. This is the first identification of S. pilosa sporocysts in the wild. These findings indicate that red foxes serve as a definitive host of S. pilosa, and that red foxes constitute a source of S. pilosa infection for deer in Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Irie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, North 19, West 12, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kohji Uraguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, North 19, West 12, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Takuya Ito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, North 19, West 12, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kinpei Yagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, North 19, West 12, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan
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12
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Myšková E, Brož M, Fuglei E, Kvičerová J, Mácová A, Sak B, Kváč M, Ditrich O. Gastrointestinal parasites of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and sibling voles (Microtus levis) in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3409-3418. [PMID: 31729572 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), an apex predator with an omnipresent distribution in the Arctic, is a potential source of intestinal parasites that may endanger people and pet animals such as dogs, thus posing a health risk. Non-invasive methods, such as coprology, are often the only option when studying wildlife parasitic fauna. However, the detection and identification of parasites are significantly enhanced when used in combination with methods of molecular biology. Using both approaches, we identified unicellular and multicellular parasites in faeces of arctic foxes and carcasses of sibling voles (Microtus levis) in Svalbard, where molecular methods are used for the first time. Six new species were detected in the arctic fox in Svalbard, Eucoleus aerophilus, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, Eimeria spp., and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the latter never found in the arctic fox species before. In addition, only one parasite was found in the sibling vole in Svalbard, the Cryptosporidium alticolis, which has never been detected in Svalbard before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Myšková
- Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Brož
- Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postbox 6606 Langnes, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jana Kvičerová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mácová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Ditrich
- Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Li X, Chase JA, Bond RF, Lor P, Fernandez K, Nguyen TH, Partyka ML, Thiptara A, Atwill ER. Microbiological safety of popular recreation swimming sites in Central California. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:456. [PMID: 31230187 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the microbiological safety of popular recreational swimming sites in Central California. Water samples were collected from eleven monitoring sites across the lower reaches of two watersheds for two consecutive swimming seasons (2012-2013), and levels of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were determined. Data on ambient weather and water chemistry were collected for analyzing their associations with microorganisms in water. All water samples were positive for indicator E. coli with mean concentrations per site ranging from 3.07 to 216.11 MPN/100 ml in 2012 and 13.4 to 226.97 MPN/100 ml in 2013. Mean E. coli concentrations in 27% and 36% samplings sites exceeded the EPA 2012 Recreational Water Quality Criteria recommended mean concentration of ≤ 126 CFU/100 ml of E. coli, in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in all water samples from all sampling sites, with an overall prevalence of 50% and mean concentrations of 0.08 oocysts/l in 2012 and 0.19 oocysts/l in 2013. Giardia spp. cysts were detected at eight sites, with an overall prevalence of 28.8% and mean concentration of 0.2 cysts/l in both years. The majority of the detected Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts appeared damaged under microscopy. E. coli O157:H7 was detected in 9% of water samples, with positive samples limited to three sites. Salmonella spp. were detected in all but one site across the two years, with mean concentrations of 0.94 MPN/l in 2012 and 1.85 MPN/l in 2013. Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst concentrations were negatively associated with 30-day mean wind speed and cumulative precipitation and dissolved oxygen in water. Giardia spp. cyst concentrations were positively associated with turbidity and pH of water and negatively associated with E. coli concentrations and 24-h mean air temperature. Salmonella spp. concentrations were positively associated with 30-day mean air temperature. The occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 was positively associated with previous 30-day cumulative precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4207 Vet Med 3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chase
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ronald F Bond
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Panachon Lor
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kristine Fernandez
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Trân H Nguyen
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Melissa L Partyka
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Anyarat Thiptara
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4207 Vet Med 3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Rodent population cycle as a determinant of gastrointestinal nematode abundance in a low-arctic population of the red fox. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 9:36-41. [PMID: 30976515 PMCID: PMC6441723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed an 11-year time series (2005-2015) of parasite abundance for three intestinal nematode species in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a function of the multi-annual rodent population cycle in low-arctic Norway, while correcting for other potential covariates that could influence prevalence and abundance. Rodents are paratenic and facultative intermediate hosts for the two Ascarididae species Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis, respectively and key prey for the red fox. Still the relative importance of indirect transmission through rodents and direct transmission through free-living stages is unclear. Abundance of these Ascarididae species in individual red foxes (N = 612) exhibited strongly cyclic dynamics that closely mirrored the 4-year rodent cycle. Negative binomial models provided evidence for a direct proportional increase in Ascarididae abundance with rodent density suggesting that predator functional response to rodent prey is the key transmission mechanism. In contrast, no cycles and constantly very low abundance were apparent for Uncinaria stenocephala - a third nematode species recorded without paratenic or intermediate stages.
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SIYADATPANAH A, GHOLAMI S, DARYANI A, SARVI S, SHARIF M, SEGUEL M, BOUNDENGA L, AMOUEI A, PAGHEH AS, RAHIMI MT, HOSSEINI SA, ANVARI D. The Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths in Free-Ranging Canids of Mazandaran, Northern Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 14:563-571. [PMID: 32099559 PMCID: PMC7028244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the current knowledge on the epidemiology of importance zoonotic parasitic diseases in free-ranging canids of Mazandaran, north of Iran. METHODS Overall, 63 small intestinal samples of animals (20 stray dogs and 43 golden jackals) were collected from April 2017 to May 2018. The intestine contents were studied to detect and identify helminth infections. Additionally, 274 fecal samples (130 dogs, 35 fox, 90 golden jackal and 19 wolf) were examined by Sheather's flotation method for detection of Taenia eggs. RESULTS Sixty (95.2%) animals were infected with at least one species of intestinal helminth. the intestinal helminths were found in dogs and golden jackals included: Dipylidium caninum (25.3%), Uncinaria stenocephala (52.3%), Ancylostoma caninum (41.2%), Mesocestoides spp. (33.3%) and Toxocara canis (14.2%). In fecal examination, 2.5% of samples contained Taenia eggs, and through a species-specific PCR, 1.09% of these samples were confirmed positive for Echinococcus granulosus. CONCLUSION There is a high prevalence and clear risks of zoonotic helminths in free-ranging carnivores in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Therefore, understanding the epidemiology of zoonotic parasite infection is useful for health care access both domestic animals and humans health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem SIYADATPANAH
- Ferdows Paramedical School, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran, Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shirzad GHOLAMI
- Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad DARYANI
- Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin SARVI
- Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi SHARIF
- Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mauricio SEGUEL
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Larson BOUNDENGA
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Group Evolution and Interspecies Transmission of Parasites, International Centre for Medical Research, Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Afsaneh AMOUEI
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar PAGHEH
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi RAHIMI
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah HOSSEINI
- Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Davood ANVARI
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran,Correspondence
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Moreno-Torres KI, Sinnott DM, Wolfe BA, Marsh AE, Saville WJA, Moritz M, Garabed RB. Risk of environmental exposure to small coccidia from wild canid feces in rural Ohio. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:1179-1187. [PMID: 30372156 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.11.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of environmental exposure to heteroxenous coccidia from wild canid feces in southeastern Ohio. SAMPLE 285 presumed wild canid fecal samples collected across an ecological system in southeastern Ohio. PROCEDURES Morphological classification and molecular analysis were used to determine the canid genus for collected fecal samples. Microscopic and molecular analysis were used to detect coccidian oocysts and DNA. Several variables were analyzed for associations with coccidian DNA detection or prevalence. RESULTS Coccidian DNA was detected in 51 of 285 (17.9%) fecal samples. Of those positive samples, 1% (95% confidence interval, 0.4% to 3%) had positive results for Hammondia heydorni and none had positive results for Neospora caninum, for an estimated environmental N caninum prevalence of 0% (95% confidence interval, 0% to 7%)/1-km2 hexagonal area evaluated. Morphological classification revealed that 78.9% (225/285) of fecal samples were from coyotes and 17.2% (49/285) were from foxes. No difference in proportions of coccidian DNA-positive fecal samples was identified among canid species. Environmental temperature and fecal freshness were associated with coccidian DNA detection. Land use type, relative canid density, and cattle density were not associated with the prevalence of coccidian DNA-positive samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The low prevalence of coccidia shed in wild canid feces in this study, including the estimated 0% environmental prevalence of N caninum, suggested that the role of the oocyst environmental phase in coccidia transmission to ruminants is likely minor in rural southeastern Ohio.
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Abstract
Climate change is expected to impact across every domain of society, including health. The majority of the world's population is susceptible to pathological, infectious disease whose life cycles are sensitive to environmental factors across different physical phases including air, water and soil. Nearly all so-called neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) fall into this category, meaning that future geographic patterns of transmission of dozens of infections are likely to be affected by climate change over the short (seasonal), medium (annual) and long (decadal) term. This review offers an introduction into the terms and processes deployed in modelling climate change and reviews the state of the art in terms of research into how climate change may affect future transmission of NTDs. The 34 infections included in this chapter are drawn from the WHO NTD list and the WHO blueprint list of priority diseases. For the majority of infections, some evidence is available of which environmental factors contribute to the population biology of parasites, vectors and zoonotic hosts. There is a general paucity of published research on the potential effects of decadal climate change, with some exceptions, mainly in vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Booth
- Newcastle University, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Scioscia NP, Gos ML, Denegri GM, Moré G. Molecular characterization of Sarcocystis spp. in intestine mucosal scrapings and fecal samples of Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus). Parasitol Int 2017. [PMID: 28624295 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocystis spp. are obligatory intracellular protozoan parasites which can infect humans and animals. Most of Sarcocystis species were identified based on the detection of muscle cysts in different intermediate hosts (IH). Regarding to natural infection in definitive host, there are few reports which have reached to determining species of Sarcocystis. The present work was aimed to studying the occurrence of Sarcocystis spp. (oocysts and sporocysts) in mucosal scrapings of small intestine and fecal samples of one the most abundant wild canids from South America, Lycalopex gymnocercus (Pampas fox), and to identify the Sarcocystis spp. using molecular tools. A total of 131 free-living L. gymnocercus were sampled in rural areas located in several departments from Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Fecal samples from all the animals and 33 small intestines were analyzed. Fecal and mucosal scrapings samples were analyzed by sugar flotation method and once oocysts or sporocysts were detected, sedimentation was performed and DNA extracted with a commercial kit. A PCR was conducted using primers targeting a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene and the amplicons were purified and sequenced. Of the total Pampas foxes analyzed, 23 (17.6%) had Sarcocystis spp. oocysts/sporocysts in fecal and/or mucosal samples. Sarcocystis spp. sporocysts were detected in 13.0% (17/131) of fecal samples and in 39.4% (13/33) of mucosal samples by the initial sugar flotation. Twenty one L. gymnocercus samples were processed by DNA extraction and PCR. Molecular identification of Sarcocystis spp. infection was successfully achieved in 14 foxes and was distributed as follows: 4.6% S. cruzi (6/131), 3.8% Sarcocystis spp. using birds as IH (S. albifronsi and S. anasi among others, 5/131), 0.8% S. tenella (1/131) and 1.5% (2/131) with low homology (97%) with S. miescheriana. In one fecal sample with spherical oocysts, the sequencing results showed a 100% sequence identity with Hammondia heydorni. The results show that the mucosal scrapings are the eligible sample to identify prevalence and to proceed with species identification. Lycalopex gymnocercus is suggested as definitive host for S. cruzi, S. tenella and probably various Sarcocystis spp. using birds as intermediate hosts as well as for H. heydorni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Paula Scioscia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP, Funes, 3350 Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - María Laura Gos
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, Calle 60 y, 118 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo María Denegri
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP, Funes, 3350 Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Gastón Moré
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, Calle 60 y, 118 La Plata, Argentina
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Oudni-M'rad M, Chaâbane-Banaoues R, M'rad S, Trifa F, Mezhoud H, Babba H. Gastrointestinal parasites of canids, a latent risk to human health in Tunisia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:280. [PMID: 28583158 PMCID: PMC5460421 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although data on the parasite environmental contamination are crucial to implement strategies for control and treatment, information about zoonotic helminths is very limited in Tunisia. Contamination of areas with canid faeces harboring infective parasite elements represents a relevant health-risk impact for humans. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental contamination with eggs and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and wild canids in Tunisia with special attention to those that can be transmitted to humans. RESULTS One thousand two hundred and seventy faecal samples from stray dogs and 104 from wild canids (red foxes and golden jackals) were collected from different geographical regions throughout Tunisia. The helminth eggs and protozoan oocysts were concentrated by sucrose flotation and identified by microscopic examination. The most frequently observed parasites in dog samples were Toxocara spp. (27.2%), E. granulosus (25.8%), and Coccidia (13.1%). For wild canid faeces, the most commonly encountered parasites were Toxocara spp. (16.3%) followed by Capillaria spp. (9.6%). The parasite contamination of dog faeces varied significantly from one region to another in function of the climate. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the study highlights for the first time in Tunisia a serious environmental contamination by numerous parasitic stages infective to humans. Efforts should be made to increase the awareness of the contamination risk of such parasites in the environment and implement a targeted educational program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Oudni-M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Raja Chaâbane-Banaoues
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Selim M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Trifa
- Laboratory of Biomass Valorisation and Production of Eukaryotic Proteins, Center of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Habib Mezhoud
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EPS F. Bourguiba, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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Sinnott D, Torres KM, Wolfe B, Garabed R, Marsh AE. Detection of Hammondia heydorni DNA in feces collected in and around an Ohio Wildlife Conservation Center. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 6:31-34. [PMID: 28529982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify DNA attributed to Hammondia heydorni oocysts in the feces of wild canids in and around an Ohio wildlife conservation center. Two hundred and eighty-five wild canid fecal samples were analyzed using PCR with melting curve analysis to detect coccidian DNA. Coccidia-positive samples were further subjected to H. heydorni-specific and N. caninum-specific PCR assays. Samples positive by the H. heydorni-specific assay were additionally analyzed with a PCR assay to distinguish H. heydorni from Hammondia triffittae. Coccidian DNA was detected in 51 of the 285 (17.9%) wildlife samples. H. heydorni DNA was detected in three of the coccidia-positive wildlife samples (1.1%) and N. caninum was detected in none. Determining the presence of H. heydorni in wild canids will contribute to a greater understanding of the role these hosts play in the ecology of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sinnott
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K Moreno Torres
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - B Wolfe
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Morris Animal Foundation, 720 S. Colorado Blvd., Suite 174A Denver, CO 80246, USA
| | - R Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - A E Marsh
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bugmyrin SV, Tirronen KF, Panchenko DV, Kopatz A, Hagen SB, Eiken HG, Kuznetsova AS. Helminths of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Kola Peninsula. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1755-1760. [PMID: 28484854 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present data on the species composition of helminths in brown bears (Ursus arctos) from the Murmansk Region, Russia. The absence of any information about helminths of brown bear in the region necessitated the conduct of these studies. Samples were collected in 2014 and 2015 in the southern part of the Kola Peninsula from the White Sea coastal habitats. Annually, in the study area, 1-3 bears are legally hunted and biological samples for examination are very difficult to obtain. Therefore, we used fecal samples. We studied 93 feces and identified parasite eggs identified in 43 of them by morphometric criteria. The surveys revealed eggs of the following helminths: Dicrocoelium sp., Diphyllobothrium sp., Anoplocephalidae, Capillariidae, Baylisascaris sp., Strongylida 1, and Strongylida 2. These results represent the first reconnaissance stage, which allowed characterizing the taxonomic diversity and prevalence of parasites of brown bears of the Kola Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Bugmyrin
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), Petrozavodsk, Russia.
| | - K F Tirronen
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), Petrozavodsk, Russia.
| | - D V Panchenko
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - A Kopatz
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Svanhovd, Svanvik, Norway
| | - S B Hagen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Svanhovd, Svanvik, Norway
| | - H G Eiken
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Svanhovd, Svanvik, Norway
| | - A S Kuznetsova
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), Petrozavodsk, Russia
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Mateo M, de Mingo MH, de Lucio A, Morales L, Balseiro A, Espí A, Barral M, Lima Barbero JF, Habela MÁ, Fernández-García JL, Bernal RC, Köster PC, Cardona GA, Carmena D. Occurrence and molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild mesocarnivores in Spain. Vet Parasitol 2017; 235:86-93. [PMID: 28215875 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a surprisingly scarce amount of epidemiological and molecular data on the prevalence, frequency, and diversity of the intestinal protozoan parasites Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife in general and mesocarnivore species in particular. Consequently, the extent of the cyst/oocyst environmental contamination attributable to these wild host species and their potential implications for public veterinary health remain largely unknown. In this molecular epidemiological survey a total of 193 individual faecal samples from badgers (Meles meles, n=70), ferrets (Mustela putorius furo, n=2), genets (Genetta genetta, n=6), Iberian lynxes (Lynx pardinus, n=6), beech martens (Martes foina, n=8), mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon, n=2), otters (Lutra lutra, n=2), polecats (Mustela putorius, n=2), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n=87), wildcats (Felis silvestris, n=2), and wolves (Canis lupus, n=6) were obtained from road-killed, hunted, and accidentally found carcasses, and from camera-trap surveys or animals entering rescue shelters, during the period December 2003-April 2016. Investigated specimens were collected in five Spanish autonomous regions including Andalusia (n=1), Asturias (n=69), Basque Country (n=49), Castile-La Mancha (n=38), and Extremadura (n=36). The presence of cysts/oocysts was confirmed by PCR-based methods targeting the small subunit (ssu) ribosomal RNA gene of these parasite species. Genotyping of the obtained isolates were attempted at appropriate markers including the glutamate dehydrogenase (G. duodenalis) and the 60-kDa glycoprotein (C. parvum and C. ubiquitum) loci. Overall, G. duodenalis was detected in 8% (7/87) of red foxes, a single beech marten, and a single wolf, respectively. Cryptosporidium was identified in 3% (2/70) of badgers, 8% (7/87) of red foxes, a single genet, and a single mongoose, respectively. None of the nine G. duodenalis isolates generated could be genotyped at the assemblage/sub-assemblage level. Out of the nine Cryptosporidium isolates successfully characterized, three were identified as C. canis (one in a mongoose and two in red foxes), and three as C. parvum (one in a badger and three in red foxes). The remaining three isolates were assigned to C. felis (in a red fox), C. hominis (in a badger), and C. ubiquitum (in a red fox), respectively. Two additional Cryptosporidium isolates infecting a badger and a genet, respectively, were untypable. The red fox was confirmed as a suitable host of potentially zoonotic Cryptosporidium species, mainly C. parvum and C. ubiquitum. The high mobility and wide home range of red foxes, together with their increasing presence in urban and peri-urban settings, may led to the overlapping of sylvatic and domestic cycles of the parasite, and consequently, to an increased risk of cryptosporidiosis in production animals and humans. The detection of C. hominis oocysts in a badger raises the question of whether this finding represents a true infection or a sporadic event of mechanical passage of C. hominis oocyst of anthroponotic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mateo
- Veterinary Faculty, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avenida Universidad 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández de Mingo
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Morales
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology (SERIDA), Camino de Rioseco 1225, La Olla, Deva, 33394 Gijón, Spain
| | - Alberto Espí
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology (SERIDA), Camino de Rioseco 1225, La Olla, Deva, 33394 Gijón, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Francisco Lima Barbero
- SaBio Working Group, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; SABIOTec Spin Off, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Habela
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Sciences Faculty, Extremadura University, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José L Fernández-García
- Area of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Veterinary Sciences Faculty, Extremadura University, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero Bernal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Fuendeverde Centre for Environmental Education and Natural History, Pilón Alto, s/n, 50142 Fuendetodos, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo A Cardona
- Livestock Laboratory, Regional Government of Álava, Ctra. de Azua 4, 01520 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Vizcaychipi KA, Rinas M, Irazu L, Miyagi A, Argüelles CF, DeMatteo KE. Neotropical Zoonotic Parasites in Bush Dogs (Speothos venaticus) from Upper Paraná Atlantic Forests in Misiones, Argentina. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:664-72. [PMID: 27603553 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildlife remains an important source of zoonotic diseases for the most vulnerable groups of humans, primarily those living in rural areas or coexisting with forest. The Upper Paraná Atlantic forest of Misiones, Argentina is facing ongoing environmental and anthropogenic changes, which affect the local biodiversity, including the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), a small canid considered Near Threatened globally and Endangered locally. This project aimed to expand the knowledge of zoonotic parasites present in the bush dog and the potential implications for human health and conservation medicine. From May to August 2011, a detection dog located 34 scats that were genetically confirmed as bush dog and georeferenced to northern Misiones. Of these 34 scats, 27 had sufficient quantity that allowed processing for zoonotic parasites using morphological (sedimentation and flotation) and antigen (coproantigen technique) analyses. Within these 27 scats, we determined that the parasitic prevalence was 63.0% (n = 17) with 8 (47.1%) having mixed infections with 2-4 parasitic genera. No significant differences (p > 0.05) between sampling areas, sex, and parasite taxa were found. We were able to summarize the predominant nematodes (Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis, and Lagochilascaris spp.), cestodes (Taenia spp. and Spirometra spp.), and apicomplexa (Cystoisospora caninum) found in these bush dogs. With the copro-ELISA technique, 14.8% (n = 4) of the samples were positive for Echinococcus spp. This study represents the first comprehensive study about parasitic fauna with zoonotic potential in the free-ranging bush dog. This information combined with the innovative set of techniques used to collect the samples constitute a valuable contribution that can be used in control programs, surveillance of zoonotic diseases, and wildlife conservation, both regionally and across the bush dog's broad distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina A Vizcaychipi
- 1 Servicio Inmunología Parasitaria , Dpto. de Parasitología INEI- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G Malbrán," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Rinas
- 2 Ministerio de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables , Misiones, Argentina
| | - Lucia Irazu
- 1 Servicio Inmunología Parasitaria , Dpto. de Parasitología INEI- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G Malbrán," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Miyagi
- 3 UOCCB ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G Malbrán," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Karen E DeMatteo
- 5 Department of Biology, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri.,6 Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute , St. Louis, Missouri
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Elmore SA, Huyvaert KP, Bailey LL, Iqbal A, Su C, Dixon BR, Alisauskas RT, Gajadhar AA, Jenkins EJ. Multi-scale occupancy approach to estimate Toxoplasma gondii prevalence and detection probability in tissues: an application and guide for field sampling. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:563-70. [PMID: 27155329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, birds are recognised as important hosts for the ubiquitous parasite Toxoplasma gondii, although little experimental evidence exists to determine which tissues should be tested to maximise the detection probability of T. gondii. Also, Arctic-nesting geese are suspected to be important sources of T. gondii in terrestrial Arctic ecosystems, but the parasite has not previously been reported in the tissues of these geese. Using a domestic goose model, we applied a multi-scale occupancy framework to demonstrate that the probability of detection of T. gondii was highest in the brain (0.689, 95% confidence interval=0.486, 0.839) and the heart (0.809, 95% confidence interval=0.693, 0.888). Inoculated geese had an estimated T. gondii infection probability of 0.849, (95% confidence interval=0.643, 0.946), highlighting uncertainty in the system, even under experimental conditions. Guided by these results, we tested the brains and hearts of wild Ross's Geese (Chen rossii, n=50) and Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens, n=50) from Karrak Lake, Nunavut, Canada. We detected 51 suspected positive tissue samples from 33 wild geese using real-time PCR with melt-curve analysis. The wild goose prevalence estimates generated by our multi-scale occupancy analysis were higher than the naïve estimates of prevalence, indicating that multiple PCR repetitions on the same organs and testing more than one organ could improve T. gondii detection. Genetic characterisation revealed Type III T. gondii alleles in six wild geese and Sarcocystis spp. in 25 samples. Our study demonstrates that Arctic nesting geese are capable of harbouring T. gondii in their tissues and could transport the parasite from their southern overwintering grounds into the Arctic region. We demonstrate how a multi-scale occupancy framework can be used in a domestic animal model to guide resource-limited sample collection and tissue analysis in wildlife. Secondly, we confirm the value of traditional occupancy in optimising T. gondii detection probability in tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Elmore
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Kathryn P Huyvaert
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Larissa L Bailey
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Asma Iqbal
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, M409 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Brent R Dixon
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ray T Alisauskas
- Prairie and Northern Research Centre, Environment Canada, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Alvin A Gajadhar
- Centre for Food-Borne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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Zhang XX, Cong W, Ma JG, Lou ZL, Zheng WB, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ. First report of Cryptosporidium canis in farmed Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in China. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:126. [PMID: 26934975 PMCID: PMC4776383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is an important genus of enteric zoonotic parasites, which can infect a wide range of animals including foxes. Little information is available concerning the prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in farmed Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in China. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Arctic foxes in China using nested PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Findings The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Arctic foxes was 15.9 % (48/302), with 12.9 % in male (18/139) and 18.4 % in female (30/163) foxes, respectively. The prevalence in different farms varied from 0 to 31.43 %. The prevalence of infection in different age groups varied from 14.1 % to 19.0 %. Foxes from Hebei Province (7.8 %, 11/141) had a significantly lower Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence than those from Heilongjiang Province (22.9 %, 16/70) and Jilin Province (23.1 %, 21/91) (P= 0.0015). Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene indicated that all the 48 isolates represented C. canis. Conclusions This is the first report of C. canis infection in farmed Arctic foxes in China, which also provides foundation data for preventing and controlling Cryptosporidium infection in foxes, other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Wei Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Jian-Gang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Long Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
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Elmore S, Samelius G, Fernando C, Alisauskas R, Jenkins E. Evidence for Toxoplasma gondii in migratory vs. nonmigratory herbivores in a terrestrial arctic ecosystem. CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is currently unclear how Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle and Manceaux, 1908) persists in arctic tundra ecosystems in the absence of felid definitive hosts. To investigate potential transmission routes of T. gondii in a terrestrial arctic food web, we collected samples from two migratory herbivores, Ross’s Geese (Chen rossi (Cassin, 1861)) and Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens (L., 1758)), and from two resident herbivores, Nearctic brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson, 1825)) and collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill, 1823)), trapped at Karrak Lake, Nunavut, Canada. Antibodies were detected in 76 of 234 (32.4%) serum samples from Ross’s Geese and 66 of 233 (28.3%) serum samples from Lesser Snow Geese. We did not detect T. gondii antibodies in filter-paper eluate tested from thoracic fluid samples collected from 84 lemmings. We did not detect T. gondii DNA in brain tissue from these lemmings. Although a small sample size, our findings suggest that lemmings in this terrestrial arctic ecosystem are not exposed to, or infected with, the parasite. This suggests that oocysts are not introduced into the terrestrial arctic ecosystem at Karrak Lake via freshwater runoff from temperate regions. This study demonstrated that live adult arctic-nesting geese are exposed to T. gondii and therefore migratory herbivorous hosts are potential sources of T. gondii infection for predators in terrestrial arctic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Elmore
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - G. Samelius
- Snow Leopard Trust, 4649 Sunnyside Avenue North, Suite 325, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - C. Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - R.T. Alisauskas
- Environment Canada, Prairie and Northern Wildlife Research Centre, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - E.J. Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Åsbakk K, Mørk T, Fuglei E. A serosurvey for Trichinella in Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Svalbard. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Montecino-Latorre D, Li X, Xiao C, Atwill ER. Elevation and vegetation determine Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding by yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:171-7. [PMID: 25834788 PMCID: PMC4365143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Yellow-bellied marmots of Sierra Nevada Mountain shed Cryptosporidium oocysts. Oocysts loads are low compared to other mammals in California. Shedding of oocysts is associated with altitude and vegetation type. Cryptosporidium oocysts were 99.9%–100% match to Cryptosporidium parvum.
Wildlife are increasingly recognized as important biological reservoirs of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium that might contaminate water and cause human exposure to this protozoal parasite. The habitat range of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) overlaps extensively with the watershed boundaries of municipal water supplies for California communities along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study to estimate the fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts by yellow-bellied marmots and to quantify the environmental loading rate and determine risk factors for Cryptosporidium fecal shedding in this montane wildlife species. The observed proportion of Cryptosporidium positive fecal samples was 14.7% (33/224, positive number relative to total number samples) and the environmental loading rate was estimated to be 10,693 oocysts animal-1 day-1. Fecal shedding was associated with the elevation and vegetation status of their habitat. Based on a portion of the 18s rRNA gene sequence of 2 isolates, the Cryptosporidium found in Marmota flaviventris were 99.88%–100% match to multiple isolates of C. parvum in the GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Montecino-Latorre
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Current address: Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Chengling Xiao
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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29
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Prakas P, Liaugaudaitė S, Kutkienė L, Sruoga A, Švažas S. Molecular identification of Sarcocystis rileyi sporocysts in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Lithuania. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1671-6. [PMID: 25656464 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that Sarcocystis rileyi is one of the earliest described species of the genus Sarcocystis forming macrocysts in ducks, the life cycle of this species is still unknown in Europe. Sarcocystis spp. oocysts/sporocysts were observed in faeces of four of 23 (17.4 %) and in small intestine mucosal scrapings of four of 20 (20.0 %) red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and in small intestine mucosal scrapings of seven of 13 (53.8 %) raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) hunted in Lithuania. A very small number of Sarcocystis sporocysts measuring 11.9 × 8.3 μm (n = 5) was found in faecal samples, whereas considerably more sporulated Sarcocystis oocysts and free sporocysts were detected in the small intestines of red foxes and raccoon dogs. These sporocysts measured 12.9 × 8.1 μm (n = 16) and 12.1 × 8.1 μm (n = 54) in red foxes and raccoon dogs, respectively. Using species-specific PCR and subsequent sequencing, internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region partial sequences of oocysts/sporocysts from small intestine mucosal scrapings of six raccoon dogs and three red foxes were identified as belonging to S. rileyi. The present study provides strong evidence showing that the red fox and the raccoon dog can serve as final hosts of S. rileyi in Europe; however, transmission experiments are needed for the ultimate approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petras Prakas
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania,
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