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Fonseca MS, Santos AJ, Mendonça MA, Rodamilans GM, Marques FS, Biondi I, Lira-da-Silva RM, Aburjaile FF, Sokolonski AR, Soares RP, Meyer R, Portela RW. Trypanosoma sp. infection in Boa constrictor snakes: morphological, hematological, clinical biochemistry, molecular, and phylogenetic characteristics. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:21. [PMID: 38072845 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
There are few reports of Trypanosoma in snakes, as well as little information about its pathogenicity in these animals. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize Trypanosoma found in Boa constrictor snakes, to verify the influence of the parasitism on hematological and clinical biochemistry parameters, and to perform a phylogenetic study of the isolates. Blood samples from sixty-one boas were analyzed for the presence of trypanosomatids and by hematological and clinical biochemistry assays. The flagellates that were found in this analysis were used for cell culture, morphometry, and molecular analysis. Later, molecular typing phylogenetic studies were performed. Nine positive animals (14.75%) were identified by microscopy analysis. The hematological results showed that parasitized animals presented significantly lower levels of packed cell volume, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. In the leukogram, eosinophils and heterophils counts were higher in parasitized animals. Considering the molecular analyses, the isolates presented a higher identity of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene fragments with Trypanosoma serpentis. The phylogenetic tree, using the GAPDH, clustered all isolates with T. serpentis and Trypanosoma cascavelli. This is the first description of T. serpentis parasitizing boas and of the clinical changes caused by trypanosomatid infection in snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa S Fonseca
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Bahia State, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Anderson J Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Bahia State, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Mendonça
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Bahia State, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Rodamilans
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Bahia State, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Franciane S Marques
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Bahia State, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Ilka Biondi
- Laboratório de Animais Peçonhentos e Herpetologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia State, Feira de Santana, 44036-960, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Lira-da-Silva
- Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia e Animais Peçonhentos da Bahia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Flavia F Aburjaile
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana R Sokolonski
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Bahia State, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Bahia State, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Ricardo W Portela
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Bahia State, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil.
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2
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Hutson KS, Davidson IC, Bennett J, Poulin R, Cahill PL. Assigning cause for emerging diseases of aquatic organisms. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00031-8. [PMID: 36841735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the cause of disease (= aetiology) in aquatic organisms is a challenging but essential goal, heightened by increasing disease prevalence in a changing climate and an interconnected world of anthropogenic pathogen spread. Emerging diseases play important roles in evolutionary ecology, wildlife conservation, the seafood industry, recreation, cultural practices, and human health. As we emerge from a global pandemic of zoonotic origin, we must focus on timely diagnosis to confirm aetiology and enable response to diseases in aquatic ecosystems. Those systems' resilience, and our own sustainable use of seafood, depend on it. Synchronising traditional and recent advances in microbiology that span ecological, veterinary, and medical fields will enable definitive assignment of risk factors and causal agents for better biosecurity management and healthier aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Hutson
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, New Zealand; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Ian C Davidson
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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3
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Molecular Detection of Trypanosoma kaiowa in Tabanus triangulum (Diptera: Tabanidae) from the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:518-522. [PMID: 34196921 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The species of the genus Trypanosoma are carried and transmitted by horseflies parasitizing a high diversity of vertebrates. In the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, Tabanus triangulum is the most abundant species and, similarly to the other species of horseflies, there is little knowledge about its vector competence. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the field-collected T. triangulum for the presence of Trypanosoma, to estimate infectivity. METHODS Horseflies were sampled by the Malaise trap in the forest fragments at the coastal plain and DNA was extracted from whole body flies. The Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed. RESULTS Horseflies presented amplification of 18S ribosomal gene-specific of Trypanosoma species. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis positioned the strains in the Kaiowa clade with Trypanosoma kaiowa, associated with the crocodilian clade of Trypanosoma. CONCLUSION This study represents the first report of the presence of the Tr. kaiowa in T. triangulum and the expansion of the parasite's range further south in South America.
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Su BX, Wang JF, Yang TB, Hide G, Lai DH, Lun ZR. A new species of mammalian trypanosome, Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) bubalisi sp. nov., found in the freshwater leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:253-264. [PMID: 34863800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leeches have long been considered potential vectors for the aquatic lineage of trypanosomes, while bloodsucking insects are generally considered as the vectors for the terrestrial lineage of trypanosomes. The freshwater leech, Hirudinaria manillensis, is a widely distributed species in southern China and could potentially act as the vector for trypanosomes. Prior to this study, no trypanosomes had been reported from this leech. However, in this study, leeches were collected from three different places in Guangdong province, China, and a large number of flagellates were isolated and successfully cultured in vitro. Based on morphology, these flagellates looked like a typical trypanosome species. Analysis was carried out on the molecular sequences of the 18S rRNA gene and the glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) gene. To our surprise, these flagellates were identified as likely to be a mammalian trypanosome belonging to the clade containing Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri but they are significantly different from the typical TthI and TthII stocks. Analyses of blood composition indicated that the source of the blood meal in these leeches was from the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). To further test if this flagellate from the freshwater leech was indeed a mammalian trypanosome, we transferred the trypanosomes cultured at 27-37 °C and they were able to successfully adapt to this mammalian body temperature, providing further supporting evidence. Due to the significant genetic differences from other related trypanosomes in the subgenus Megatrypanum, we propose that this flagellate, isolated from H. manillensis, is a new species and have named it Trypanosoma bubalisi. Our results indicate that freshwater leeches may be a potential vector of this new mammalian trypanosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xiu Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Bao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China
| | - Geoff Hide
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China; Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK.
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5
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Attias M, Vidal JC, Takata CSA, Campaner M, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG, De Souza W. Remarkable kinetoplast, cytostome-cytopharynx complex, and storage-related structures as dissected by three-dimensional reconstruction of Trypanosoma sp. 858 isolated from a toad (Amphibia: Anura). Micron 2021; 152:103180. [PMID: 34798356 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, the Trypanosoma sp. 858 was isolated from a toad (Anura: Bufonidae: Rhinella ictericus) and successfully maintained in cultures. We previously demonstrated that this trypanosome is different but tightly clustered phylogenetically with other trypanosomes from anurans. In this study, we addressed the ultrastructural features of cultured epimastigotes of this new trypanosome. Our results showed very long and thin free motile forms exhibiting a long flagellum and remarkable large and loose K-DNA network. In addition, the anterior portion contained many acidocalcisomes and a well-developed spongiome tubules-contractile vacuole system. One of the main morphological features of this anuran trypanosome was the presence of a complex cytostome-cytopharynx with a specialized membrane coating at the entrance, which is often hidden by the flagellum. Other conspicuous features are the presence of lipid-like droplets, lamellar membrane limited inclusions, and one very large reservosome, all at the posterior portion of the cell body. This new trypanosome may constitute an excellent model for organelles studies related to endocytosis and lipid storage, as demonstrated herein using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional models obtained by either electron microscopy tomography or dual-beam slice and view series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Attias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens-INBEB, and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem-CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Juliana C Vidal
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carmem S A Takata
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Wanderley De Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens-INBEB, and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem-CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ21941-902, Brazil
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6
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Borges AR, Engstler M, Wolf M. 18S rRNA gene sequence-structure phylogeny of the Trypanosomatida (Kinetoplastea, Euglenozoa) with special reference to Trypanosoma. Eur J Protistol 2021; 81:125824. [PMID: 34352687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the order Trypanosomatida are known due to their medical relevance. Despite the progress made in the past decades on understanding the evolution of this group of organisms, there are still many open questions that require robust phylogenetic markers to increase the resolution of trees. Using two known 18S rRNA gene template structures (from Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 and Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer and Bradford, 1899), individual 18S rRNA gene secondary structures were predicted by homology modeling. Sequences and their secondary structures, automatically encoded by a 12-letter alphabet (each nucleotide with its three structural states, paired left, paired right, unpaired), were simultaneously aligned. Sequence-structure trees were generated by neighbor joining and/or maximum likelihood. The reconstructed trees allowed us to discuss not only the big picture of trypanosomatid phylogeny but also a comprehensive sampling of trypanosomes evaluated in the context of trypanosomatid diversity. The robust support (bootstrap > 75) for well-known clades and critical branches suggests that the simultaneous use of 18S rRNA sequence and secondary structure data can reconstruct robust phylogenetic trees and can be used by the trypanosomatid research community for future analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wolf
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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7
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Coêlho TA, Souza DCDE, Kawashita-Ribeiro RA, Corrêa LL. First record of Trypanosoma sp. (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) parasiting Rhinella major in the Brazilian Amazon. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190467. [PMID: 34133529 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinella major is one of the component species of the Rhinella granulosa group and is distributed in the neotropical region of the South American continent, being found in anthropized environments. The occurrence of trypanosomes in anurans involves a yet unknown diversity of species and hosts. In the present study, we aimed to describe the first record of Trypanosoma sp. at R. major as a new host. Of the species captured, four were positive for trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma sp. The morphometry of the trypomastigote forms revealed parasitemia by only one morphotype. There is a need for reports and studies of parasite-host relationships in anurans and a lack of records regarding hemoparasite diversity linked to the Rhinella granulosa group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássio A Coêlho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade/PPGBEES, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Darlison C DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade/PPGBEES, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Kawashita-Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade/PPGBEES, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará/UFOPA, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Lincoln L Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade/PPGBEES, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará/UFOPA, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
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8
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A new subspecies of Trypanosoma cyclops found in the Australian terrestrial leech Chtonobdella bilineata. Parasitology 2021; 148:1125-1136. [PMID: 33843511 PMCID: PMC8311967 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was suggested that haemadipsid leeches represent an important vector of trypanosomes amongst native animals in Australia. Consequently, Chtonobdella bilineata leeches were investigated for the presence of trypanosome species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and in vitro isolation. Phylogenetic analysis ensued to further define the populations present. PCR targeting the 28S rDNA demonstrated that over 95% of C. bilineata contained trypanosomes; diversity profiling by deep amplicon sequencing of 18S rDNA indicated the presence of four different clusters related to the Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri. Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle slopes with liquid overlay were used to isolate trypanosomes into culture that proved similar in morphology to Trypanosoma cyclops in that they contained a large numbers of acidocalcisomes. Phylogeny of 18S rDNA/GAPDH/ND5 DNA sequences from primary cultures and subclones showed the trypanosomes were monophyletic, with T. cyclops as a sister group. Blood-meal analysis of leeches showed that leeches primarily contained blood from swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolour), human (Homo sapiens) or horse (Equus sp.). The leech C. bilineata is a host for at least five lineages of Trypanosoma sp. and these are monophyletic with T. cyclops; we propose Trypanosoma cyclops australiensis as a subspecies of T. cyclops based on genetic similarity and biogeography considerations.
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Kostygov AY, Karnkowska A, Votýpka J, Tashyreva D, Maciszewski K, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses. Open Biol 2021; 11:200407. [PMID: 33715388 PMCID: PMC8061765 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglenozoa is a species-rich group of protists, which have extremely diverse lifestyles and a range of features that distinguish them from other eukaryotes. They are composed of free-living and parasitic kinetoplastids, mostly free-living diplonemids, heterotrophic and photosynthetic euglenids, as well as deep-sea symbiontids. Although they form a well-supported monophyletic group, these morphologically rather distinct groups are almost never treated together in a comparative manner, as attempted here. We present an updated taxonomy, complemented by photos of representative species, with notes on diversity, distribution and biology of euglenozoans. For kinetoplastids, we propose a significantly modified taxonomy that reflects the latest findings. Finally, we summarize what is known about viruses infecting euglenozoans, as well as their relationships with ecto- and endosymbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Y Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Karnkowska
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daria Tashyreva
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Kacper Maciszewski
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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10
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Nakamura Y, Hayashida K, Delesalle V, Qiu Y, Omori R, Simuunza M, Sugimoto C, Namangala B, Yamagishi J. Genetic Diversity of African Trypanosomes in Tsetse Flies and Cattle From the Kafue Ecosystem. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:599815. [PMID: 33585616 PMCID: PMC7873289 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.599815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We clarified the genetic diversity of Trypanosoma spp. within the Kafue ecosystem, using PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 and the cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (CatL) sequences. The overall prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle and tsetse flies was 12.65 and 26.85%, respectively. Cattle positive for Trypanosoma vivax had a significantly lower packed cell volume, suggesting that T. vivax is the dominant Trypanosoma spp. causing anemia in this area. Among the 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of T. vivax CatL sequences detected, one was from a known T. vivax lineage, two OTUs were from known T. vivax-like lineages, and nine OTUs were considered novel T. vivax-like lineages. These findings support previous reports that indicated the extensive diversity of T. vivax-like lineages. The findings also indicate that combining CatL PCR with next generation sequencing is useful in assessing Trypanosoma spp. diversity, especially for T. vivax and T. vivax-like lineages. In addition, the 5.42% prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense found in cattle raises concern in the community and requires careful monitoring of human African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nakamura
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Victoire Delesalle
- Melindika, Non-governmental Organization of International Solidarity, Itezhi-Tezhi, Zambia
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Boniface Namangala
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Goodrich I, McKee C, Kosoy M. Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) diversity in rodents and lagomorphs of New Mexico with a focus on epizootological aspects of infection in Southern Plains woodrats (Neotoma micropus). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244803. [PMID: 33382847 PMCID: PMC7775056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma infect a broad diversity of vertebrates and several species cause significant illness in humans. However, understanding of the phylogenetic diversity, host associations, and infection dynamics of Trypanosoma species in naturally infected animals is incomplete. This study investigated the presence of Trypanosoma spp. in wild rodents and lagomorphs in northern New Mexico, United States, as well as phylogenetic relationships among these parasites. A total of 458 samples from 13 rodent and one lagomorph species collected between November 2002 and July 2004 were tested by nested PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA). Trypanosoma DNA was detected in 25.1% of all samples, with the highest rates of 50% in Sylvilagus audubonii, 33.1% in Neotoma micropus, and 32% in Peromyscus leucopus. Phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma sequences revealed five haplotypes within the subgenus Herpetosoma (T. lewisi clade). Focused analysis on the large number of samples from N. micropus showed that Trypanosoma infection varied by age class and that the same Trypanosoma haplotype could be detected in recaptured individuals over multiple months. This is the first report of Trypanosoma infections in Dipodomys ordii and Otospermophilus variegatus, and the first detection of a haplotype phylogenetically related to T. nabiasi in North America in S. audubonii. This study lends important new insight into the diversity of Trypanosoma species, their geographic ranges and host associations, and the dynamics of infection in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Goodrich
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Clifton McKee
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Kosoy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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12
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Galen SC, Borner J, Perkins SL, Weckstein JD. Phylogenomics from transcriptomic "bycatch" clarify the origins and diversity of avian trypanosomes in North America. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240062. [PMID: 33031471 PMCID: PMC7544035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic blood parasite genus Trypanosoma includes several important pathogens of humans and livestock, but has been understudied in wildlife broadly. The trypanosomes that infect birds are in particular need of increased attention, as these parasites are abundant and globally distributed, yet few studies have addressed their evolutionary origins and diversity using modern molecular and analytical approaches. Of specific interest are the deep evolutionary relationships of the avian trypanosomes relative to the trypanosome species that are pathogenic in humans, as well as their species level diversity in regions where they have been understudied such as North America. Here, we address these unresolved areas of study using phylogenomic data for two species of avian trypanosomes that were isolated as “bycatch” from host transcriptome assemblies, as well as a large 18S DNA barcode sequence dataset that includes 143 novel avian Trypanosoma 18S sequences from North America. Using a phylogenomic approach, we find that the avian trypanosomes are nested within a clade of primarily mammalian trypanosomes that includes the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi, and are paraphyletic with respect to the ruminant trypanosome Trypanosoma theileri. DNA barcode sequences showed that T. avium and an unidentified small, non-striated trypanosome that was morphologically similar to T. everetti are each represented by highly abundant and divergent 18S haplotypes in North America. Community-level sampling revealed that additional species-level Trypanosoma lineages exist in this region. We compared the newly sequenced DNA barcodes from North America to a global database, and found that avian Trypanosoma 18S haplotypes generally exhibited a marked lack of host specificity with at least one T. avium haplotype having an intercontinental distribution. This highly abundant T. avium haplotype appears to have a remarkably high dispersal ability and cosmopolitan capacity to evade avian host immune defenses, which warrant further study.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bayes Theorem
- Biological Evolution
- Birds/genetics
- Birds/parasitology
- Contig Mapping
- DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/metabolism
- Databases, Factual
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- North America
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/classification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Trypanosoma/classification
- Trypanosoma/genetics
- Trypanosoma/pathogenicity
- Trypanosoma cruzi/classification
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C. Galen
- Department of Ornithology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
- Biology Department, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Janus Borner
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susan L. Perkins
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
- Division of Science, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Weckstein
- Department of Ornithology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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13
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Jaimes-Dueñez J, Cantillo-Barraza O, Triana-Chávez O, Mejia-Jaramillo AM. Molecular surveillance reveals bats from eastern Colombia infected with Trypanosoma theileri and Trypanosoma wauwau-like parasites. Prev Vet Med 2020; 184:105159. [PMID: 33038611 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several species of trypanosomes can infect bats (Chiroptera), but current information about bat trypanosomes in Colombia is scarce. The objectives of this study were to estimate the infection rate and to characterize the trypanosome species infecting bats from three rural regions near the municipality of Cumaribo in Vichada, Colombia. Blood samples were collected from 39 bats. DNA was extracted from the blood samples and analyzed using nuclear genetic markers (SSU rDNA, ITS rDNA, and cathepsin genes) to discriminate among trypanosome species. Trypanosomes were detected in 66.7 % (26/39) of blood samples using PCR; 61.5 % (24/39) of infections were identified as Trypanosoma theileri and 5.1 % (2/39) as T. wauwau-like parasites. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that our T. theileri sequences were associated with the TthIIB genotype from cattle in Brazil and Venezuela. The T. wauwau-like parasites represent a new genotype of the species and were found in Molossus molossus and Platyrrhinus helleri bats. These data represent the first evidence of this trypanosome in both Colombia, and in these species of bats. Bat infections with T. theileri suggest an important role of these hosts in maintaining this genotype, probably acquired by ingesting insect vectors. The T. wauwau-like genotype in new mammalian host species supports the 'bat seeding' hypothesis of the T. cruzi clade. The epidemiological and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Calle 30 No. 33-51, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | | | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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14
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Charruau P, Oceguera-Figueroa A, Cedeño-Vázquez JR, Pérez-Rivera SD. Record of Haementeria acuecueyetzin (Oceguera-Figueroa, 2008) in Morelet's Crocodiles from Quintana Roo, Mexico. COMP PARASITOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Charruau
- Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad, A.C., Calle Centenario del Instituto Juárez S/N, Colonia Reforma, Villahermosa 86080, Tabasco, México (e-mail: )
| | - Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, México (e-mail: )
| | - José R. Cedeño-Vázquez
- Departamento de Sistemática y Ecología Acuática, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Avenida Centenario km 5.5, Chetumal 77014, Quintana Roo, México (e-mail: )
| | - Sergio D. Pérez-Rivera
- Dirección General de Pesca y Acuacultura, Secretaría de Desarrollo Económico, Avenida Boulevard Bahía S/N, Zona de Granjas, Chetumal 77079, Quintana Roo, México (e-mail: )
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15
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Rodrigues CMF, Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Pereira DL, Pereira CL, Viola LB, Neves L, Camargo EP, Gibson W, Teixeira MMG. Expanding our knowledge on African trypanosomes of the subgenus Pycnomonas: A novel Trypanosoma suis-like in tsetse flies, livestock and wild ruminants sympatric with Trypanosoma suis in Mozambique. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104143. [PMID: 31837483 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the subgenera of African tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock, the least known is the subgenus Pycnomonas, which contains a single species, Trypanosoma suis (TSU), a pathogen of domestic pigs first reported in 1905 and recently rediscovered in Tanzania and Mozambique. Analysis by Fluorescent Fragment Length Barcoding (FFLB) revealed an infection rate of 20.3% (108 out of 530 tsetse flies) in a recent study in the Gorongosa and Niassa wildlife reserves in Mozambique, and demonstrated two groups of Pycnomonas trypanosomes: one (14.1%, 75 flies) showing an FFLB profile identical to the reference TSU from Tanzania, and the other (6.2%, 33 flies) differing slightly from reference TSU and designated Trypanosoma suis-like (TSU-L). Phylogenetic analyses tightly clustered TSU and TSU-L from Mozambique with TSU from Tanzania forming the clade Pycnomonas positioned between the subgenera Trypanozoon and Nannomonas. Our preliminarily exploration of host ranges of Pycnomonas trypanosomes revealed TSU exclusively in warthogs while TSU-L was identified, for the first time for a member of the subgenus Pycnomonas, in ruminants (antelopes, Cape buffalo, and in domestic cattle and goats). The preferential blood meal sources of tsetse flies harbouring TSU and TSU-L were wild suids, and most of these flies concomitantly harboured the porcine trypanosomes T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, and T. godfreyi. Therefore, our findings support the link of TSU with suids while TSU-L remains to be comprehensively investigated in these hosts. Our results greatly expand our knowledge of the diversity, hosts, vectors, and epidemiology of Pycnomonas trypanosomes. Due to shortcomings of available molecular diagnostic methods, a relevant cohort of trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies to ungulates, especially suids, has been neglected or most likely misidentified. The method employed in the present study enables an accurate discrimination of trypanosome species and genotypes and, hence, a re-evaluation of the "lost" subgenus Pycnomonas and of porcine trypanosomes in general, the most neglected group of African trypanosomes pathogenic to ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Herakles A Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Lopes Pereira
- National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC), Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Luis Neves
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil.
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16
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Fermino BR, Paiva F, Viola LB, Rodrigues CMF, Garcia HA, Campaner M, Takata CSA, Sheferaw D, Kisakye JJ, Kato A, Jared CAGS, Teixeira MMG, Camargo EP. Shared species of crocodilian trypanosomes carried by tabanid flies in Africa and South America, including the description of a new species from caimans, Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 31088523 PMCID: PMC6515670 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 is constituted by terrestrial and aquatic phylogenetic lineages both harboring understudied trypanosomes from reptiles including an increasing diversity of crocodilian trypanosomes. Trypanosoma clandestinus Teixeira & Camargo, 2016 of the aquatic lineage is transmitted by leeches to caimans. Trypanosoma grayi Novy, 1906 of the terrestrial lineage is transmitted by tsetse flies to crocodiles in Africa, but the vectors of Neotropical caiman trypanosomes nested in this lineage remain unknown. Results Our phylogenetic analyses uncovered crocodilian trypanosomes in tabanids from South America and Africa, and trypanosomes other than T. grayi in tsetse flies. All trypanosomes found in tabanids clustered in the crocodilian clade (terrestrial lineage) forming six clades: Grayi (African trypanosomes from crocodiles and tsetse flies); Ralphi (trypanosomes from caimans, African and Brazilian tabanids and tsetse flies); Terena (caimans); Cay03 (caimans and Brazilian tabanids); and two new clades, Tab01 (Brazilian tabanid and tsetse flies) and Kaiowa. The clade Kaiowa comprises Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. and trypanosomes from African and Brazilian tabanids, caimans, tsetse flies and the African dwarf crocodile. Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. heavily colonises tabanid guts and differs remarkably in morphology from other caiman trypanosomes. This species multiplied predominantly as promastigotes on log-phase cultures showing scarce epimastigotes and exhibited very long flagellates in old cultures. Analyses of growth behavior revealed that insect cells allow the intracellular development of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. Conclusions Prior to this description of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp., no crocodilian trypanosome parasitic in tabanid flies had been cultured, morphologically examined by light, scanning and transmission microscopy, and phylogenetically compared with other crocodilian trypanosomes. Additionally, trypanosomes thought to be restricted to caimans were identified in Brazilian and African tabanids, tsetse flies and the dwarf crocodile. Similar repertoires of trypanosomes found in South American caimans, African crocodiles and tabanids from both continents support the recent diversification of these transcontinental trypanosomes. Our findings are consistent with trypanosome host-switching likely mediated by tabanid flies between caimans and transoceanic migrant crocodiles co-inhabiting South American wetlands at the Miocene. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3463-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R Fermino
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Paiva
- Biological Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Herakles A Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen S A Takata
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - John J Kisakye
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agapitus Kato
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
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17
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Costa-Martins AG, Lima L, Alves JMP, Serrano MG, Buck GA, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG. Genome-wide identification of evolutionarily conserved Small Heat-Shock and eight other proteins bearing α-crystallin domain-like in kinetoplastid protists. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206012. [PMID: 30346990 PMCID: PMC6197667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Heat-Shock Proteins (sHSPs) and other proteins bearing alpha-crystallin domains (ACD) participate in defense against heat and oxidative stress and play important roles in cell cycle, cytoskeleton dynamics, and immunological and pathological mechanisms in eukaryotes. However, little is known about these proteins in early-diverging lineages of protists such as the kinetoplastids. Here, ACD-like proteins (ACDp) were investigated in genomes of 61 species of 12 kinetoplastid genera, including Trypanosoma spp. (23 species of mammals, reptiles and frogs), Leishmania spp. (mammals and lizards), trypanosomatids of insects, Phytomonas spp. of plants, and bodonids. Comparison of ACDps based on domain architecture, predicted tertiary structure, phylogeny and genome organization reveals a kinetoplastid evolutionarily conserved repertoire, which diversified prior to trypanosomatid adaptation to parasitic life. We identified 9 ACDp orthologs classified in 8 families of TryACD: four previously recognized (HSP20, Tryp23A, Tryp23B and ATOM69), and four characterized for the first time in kinetoplastids (TryACDP, TrySGT1, TryDYX1C1 and TryNudC). A single copy of each ortholog was identified in each genome alongside TryNudC1/TrypNudC2 homologs and, overall, ACDPs were under strong selection pressures at main phylogenetic lineages. Transcripts of all ACDPs were identified across the life stages of T. cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania spp., but proteomic profiles suggested that most ACDPs may be species- and stage-regulated. Our findings establish the basis for functional studies, and provided evolutionary and structural support for an underestimated repertoire of ACDps in the kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- André G Costa-Martins
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lima
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,INCT-EpiAmO-Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Myrna G Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Buck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,INCT-EpiAmO-Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,INCT-EpiAmO-Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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18
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Borges AR, Toledo DA, Fermino BR, de Oliveira JC, Silber AM, Elias MC, D'Avila H, Scopel KKG. In Vitro Cellular Division of Trypanosoma abeli Reveals Two Pathways for Organelle Replication. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:385-392. [PMID: 30076737 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the observation of the great pleomorphism of fish trypanosomes, in vitro culture has become an important tool to support taxonomic studies investigating the biology of cultured parasites, such as their structure, growth dynamics, and cellular cycle. Relative to their biology, ex vivo and in vitro studies have shown that these parasites, during the multiplication process, duplicate and segregate the kinetoplast before nucleus replication and division. However, the inverse sequence (the nucleus divides before the kinetoplast) has only been documented for a species of marine fish trypanosomes on a single occasion. Now, this previously rare event was observed in Trypanosoma abeli, a freshwater fish trypanosome. Specifically, from 376 cultured parasites in the multiplication process, we determined the sequence of organelle division for 111 forms; 39% exhibited nucleus duplication prior to kinetoplast replication. Thus, our results suggest that nucleus division before the kinetoplast may not represent an accidental or erroneous event occurring in the main pathway of parasite reproduction, but instead could be a species-specific process of cell biology in trypanosomes, such as previously noticed for Leishmania. This "alternative" pathway for organelle replication is a new field to be explored concerning the biology of marine and freshwater fish trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Toledo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno R Fermino
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - José Carlos de Oliveira
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ariel Mariano Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps - LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Elias
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Kézia K G Scopel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
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Spodareva VV, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Losev A, Votýpka J, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V, Kostygov AY. Diversity and evolution of anuran trypanosomes: insights from the study of European species. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:447. [PMID: 30071897 PMCID: PMC6090815 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amphibian trypanosomes were the first ever described trypanosomatids. Nevertheless, their taxonomy remains entangled because of pleomorphism and high prevalence of mixed infections. Despite the fact that the first species in this group were described in Europe, virtually none of the trypanosomes from European anurans was analyzed using modern molecular methods. Methods In this study, we explored the diversity and phylogeny of trypanosomes in true frogs from Europe using light microscopy and molecular methods. Results A comparison of observed morphotypes with previous descriptions allowed us to reliably identify three Trypanosoma spp., whereas the remaining two strains were considered to represent novel taxa. In all cases, more than one morphotype per blood sample was observed, indicating mixed infections. One hundred and thirty obtained 18S rRNA gene sequences were unambiguously subdivided into five groups, correspondent to the previously recognized or novel taxa of anuran trypanosomes. Conclusions In this work we studied European frog trypanosomes. Even with a relatively moderate number of isolates, we were able to find not only three well-known species, but also two apparently new ones. We revealed that previous assignments of multiple isolates from distant geographical localities to one species based on superficial resemblance were unjustified. Our work also demonstrated a high prevalence of mixed trypanosome infections in frogs and proposed a plausible scenario of evolution of the genus Trypanosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria V Spodareva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Losev
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia. .,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia. .,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexei Yu Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.
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20
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Rodrigues CM, Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Costa-Martins AG, Pereira CL, Pereira DL, Bengaly Z, Neves L, Camargo EP, Hamilton PB, Teixeira MM. New insights from Gorongosa National Park and Niassa National Reserve of Mozambique increasing the genetic diversity of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma vivax-like in tsetse flies, wild ungulates and livestock from East Africa. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:337. [PMID: 28716154 PMCID: PMC5513381 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax is a major pathogen of livestock in Africa and South America (SA), and genetic studies limited to small sampling suggest greater diversity in East Africa (EA) compared to both West Africa (WA) and SA. METHODS Multidimensional scaling and phylogenetic analyses of 112 sequences of the glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) gene and 263 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA (ITS rDNA) were performed to compare trypanosomes from tsetse flies from Gorongosa National Park and Niassa National Reserve of Mozambique (MZ), wild ungulates and livestock from EA, and livestock isolates from WA and SA. RESULTS Multidimensional scaling (MDS) supported Tvv (T. vivax) and TvL (T. vivax-like) evolutionary lineages: 1) Tvv comprises two main groups, TvvA/B (all SA and WA isolates plus some isolates from EA) and TvvC/D (exclusively from EA). The network revealed five ITS-genotypes within Tvv: Tvv1 (WA/EA isolates), Tvv2 (SA) and Tvv3-5 (EA). EA genotypes of Tvv ranged from highly related to largely different from WA/SA genotypes. 2) TvL comprises two gGAPDH-groups formed exclusively by EA sequences, TvLA (Tanzania/Kenya) and TvLB-D (MZ). This lineage contains more than 11 ITS-genotypes, seven forming the lineage TvL-Gorongosa that diverged from T. vivax Y486 enough to be identified as another species of the subgenus Duttonella. While gGAPDH sequences were fundamental for classification at the subgenus, major evolutionary lineages and species levels, ITS rDNA sequences permitted identification of known and novel genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results corroborate a remarkable diversity of Duttonella trypanosomes in EA, especially in wildlife conservation areas, compared to the moderate diversity in WA. Surveys in wilderness areas in WA may reveal greater diversity. Biogeographical and phylogenetic data point to EA as the place of origin, diversification and spread of Duttonella trypanosomes across Africa, providing relevant insights towards the understanding of T. vivax evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mf Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Herakles A Garcia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Patología Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André G Costa-Martins
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos L Pereira
- National Administration of Conservation Areas, Ministry of Tourism, Maputo, Mozambique.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Niassa National Reserve, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick B Hamilton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marta Mg Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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21
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Kaufer A, Ellis J, Stark D, Barratt J. The evolution of trypanosomatid taxonomy. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:287. [PMID: 28595622 PMCID: PMC5463341 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are protozoan parasites of the class Kinetoplastida predominately restricted to invertebrate hosts (i.e. possess a monoxenous life-cycle). However, several genera are pathogenic to humans, animals and plants, and have an invertebrate vector that facilitates their transmission (i.e. possess a dixenous life-cycle). Phytomonas is one dixenous genus that includes several plant pathogens transmitted by phytophagous insects. Trypanosoma and Leishmania are dixenous genera that infect vertebrates, including humans, and are transmitted by hematophagous invertebrates. Traditionally, monoxenous trypanosomatids such as Leptomonas were distinguished from morphologically similar dixenous species based on their restriction to an invertebrate host. Nonetheless, this criterion is somewhat flawed as exemplified by Leptomonas seymouri which reportedly infects vertebrates opportunistically. Similarly, Novymonas and Zelonia are presumably monoxenous genera yet sit comfortably in the dixenous clade occupied by Leishmania. The isolation of Leishmania macropodum from a biting midge (Forcipomyia spp.) rather than a phlebotomine sand fly calls into question the exclusivity of the Leishmania-sand fly relationship, and its suitability for defining the Leishmania genus. It is now accepted that classic genus-defining characteristics based on parasite morphology and host range are insufficient to form the sole basis of trypanosomatid taxonomy as this has led to several instances of paraphyly. While improvements have been made, resolution of evolutionary relationships within the Trypanosomatidae is confounded by our incomplete knowledge of its true diversity. The known trypanosomatids probably represent a fraction of those that exist and isolation of new species will help resolve relationships in this group with greater accuracy. This review incites a dialogue on how our understanding of the relationships between certain trypanosomatids has shifted, and discusses new knowledge that informs the present taxonomy of these important parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Kaufer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Joel Barratt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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Pérez-Flores J, Rueda-Calderon H, Kvist S, Siddall ME, Oceguera-Figueroa A. From the Worm in a Bottle of Mezcal: iDNA Confirmation of a Leech Parasitizing the Antillean Manatee. J Parasitol 2016; 102:553-555. [DOI: 10.1645/16-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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23
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Attias M, Sato LH, Ferreira RC, Takata CSA, Campaner M, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG, de Souza W. Developmental and Ultrastructural Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Trypanosoma herthameyeri
n. sp. of Brazilian Leptodactilydae Frogs. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:610-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Attias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Lyslaine H. Sato
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Robson C. Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carmen S. A. Takata
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Erney P. Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia; Qualidade e Tecnologia-Inmetro; Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Bernal XE, Pinto CM. Sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting túngara frogs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2016; 5:40-7. [PMID: 26977404 PMCID: PMC4781969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are a diverse group of protozoan parasites of vertebrates transmitted by a variety of hematophagous invertebrate vectors. Anuran trypanosomes and their vectors have received relatively little attention even though these parasites have been reported from frog and toad species worldwide. Blood samples collected from túngara frogs (Engystomops pustulosus), a Neotropical anuran species heavily preyed upon by eavesdropping frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp.), were examined for trypanosomes. Our results revealed sexual differences in trypanosome prevalence with female frogs being rarely infected (<1%). This finding suggests this protozoan parasite may be transmitted by frog-biting midges that find their host using the mating calls produced by male frogs. Following previous anuran trypanosome studies, we examined 18S ribosomal RNA gene to characterize and establish the phylogenetic relationship of the trypanosome species found in túngara frogs. A new species of giant trypanosome, Trypanosoma tungarae n. sp., is described in this study. Overall the morphometric data revealed that the trypomastigotes of T. tungarae n. sp. are similar to other giant trypanosomes such as Trypanosoma rotatorium and Trypanosoma ranarum. Despite its slender and long cell shape, however, 18S rRNA gene sequences revealed that T. tungarae n. sp. is sister to the rounded-bodied giant trypanosome, Trypanosoma chattoni. Therefore, morphological convergence explains similar morphology among members of two non-closely related groups of trypanosomes infecting frogs. The results from this study underscore the value of coupling morphological identification with molecular characterization of anuran trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena E. Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama
- Corresponding author. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - C. Miguel Pinto
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
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