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Haraguchi A, Nagasawa J, Kuramochi K, Tsuchida S, Kobayashi A, Hatabu T, Sasai K, Ikadai H, Ushida K, Matsubayashi M. Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 25:100967. [PMID: 39220322 PMCID: PMC11362645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The Japanese rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta japonica) is an herbivorous species of partridges that inhabits only alpine zones. Alpine plants are their main source of food. These alpine plants contain toxic compounds to deter herbivores from consuming them. A previous analysis of the alpine plants frequently consumed by Japanese rock ptarmigans revealed the presence of a unique mixture of secondary metabolites and a novel compound. Additionally, wild Japanese rock ptarmigans are often infected by two species of Eimeria parasites. When these parasites were experimentally administered to Svalbard rock ptarmigans (Lagopus muta hyperborean), which do not feed on alpine plants, the birds exhibited symptoms, such as diarrhea and depression, and in some cases, they died. Although little is known about the pathogenesis of these parasites in wild Japanese rock ptarmigans, it was hypothesized that compounds found in alpine plants, their main food source, may reduce the pathogenicity of Eimeria parasites. In the present study, we evaluated the anticoccidial activity of the compounds derived from alpine plants in vitro using Eimeria tenella, which infects chickens belonging to the same pheasant family, as an experimental model. Twenty-seven natural components were extracted from eight alpine plants. The natural components were added to E. tenella sporozoites and incubated for 24 h to evaluate their direct effect. Additionally, Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells were incubated with sporozoites and natural components for 24 h to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the components on sporozoite cell invasion. Six compounds from four alpine plants decreased sporozoite viability by up to 88.3%, and two compounds inhibited sporozoite invasion into the cells. Although further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of these components against Eimeria infections in vivo, our findings suggest that these alpine plants may reduce the degree of infection by decreasing the number of sporozoites in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Haraguchi
- Department of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Jyunki Nagasawa
- Department of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Shin-etsu Nature Conservation Office, Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Environment, Nagano, 380-0846, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hatabu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ikadai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
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KABIR MHB, KATO K. Examining the molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Eimeria species in Japan: a comprehensive review. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:563-574. [PMID: 38556324 PMCID: PMC11144535 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, animals and humans suffer from diarrheal illnesses due to protozoan parasites such as Giardia and Eimeria species. The molecular epidemiology of these parasites in Japan is summarized in this review. In humans, researchers found only one main species of Giardia, which is most referred to as G. lamblia, but it's also known by different names like G. duodenalis or G. intestinalis. However, within this species, six assemblages (A, B, C, D, E, and F) were found in animals, and assemblage B was frequently recorded in human and monkey populations, whereas assemblages A and E were predominant in calves. Assemblage A was found in sika deer and assemblages A, C, D, and F were predominant in dogs, cats, and ferret. Eimeria bovis, E. zuernii, and other species found in animals made up the group of species known as Eimeria spp., with E. bovis and E. zuernii being the most common in cattle. Our review highlighted a notable lack of data investigations regarding these two pathogens in water and environmental sources. Giardia cysts were found in the few studies that have been done on water sources, suggesting that water may play a significant role in the transmission of Giardia species. Our review suggests that further research is necessary to fully comprehend the molecular diversity and dynamics of transmission of Giardia spp. and Eimeria spp. in humans, animals, and environmental sources in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hazzaz Bin KABIR
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kentaro KATO
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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Matsubayashi M, Tsuchida S, Shibahara T, Ushida K, Fuglei E, Pedersen ÅØ, Nielsen ÓK, Duszynski DW, Skírnisson K. Comparative molecular analyses of Eimeria Schneider (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) species from rock ptarmigan in Iceland, Svalbard-Norway, and Japan. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:31. [PMID: 38642205 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-024-10159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) has a Holarctic breeding distribution and is found in arctic and sub-arctic regions. Isolated populations and glacial relicts occur in alpine areas south of the main range, like the Pyrenees in Europe, the Pamir mountains in Central Asia, and the Japanese Alps. In recent decades considerable effort has been made to clarify parasite infections in the rock ptarmigan. Seven Eimeria spp. have been reported parasitizing rock ptarmigan. Two of those species, E. uekii and E. raichoi parasitizing rock ptarmigan (L. m. japonica) in Japan, have been identified genetically. Here we compare partial sequences of nuclear (18S rRNA) and mitochondrial (COI) genes and we detail the morphology of sporulated oocysts of E. uekii and E. raichoi from Japan, E. muta and E. rjupa, from the rock ptarmigan (L. m. islandorum) in Iceland, and two undescribed eimerian morphotypes, Eimeria sp. A, and Eimeria sp. B, from rock ptarmigan (L. m. hyperborea) in Norway (Svalbard in the Norwegian Archipelago). Two morphotypes, ellipsoidal and spheroidal, are recognized for each of the three host subspecies. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that the ellipsoidal oocyst types, E. uekii, E. muta, and Eimeria sp. A (Svalbard-Norway) are identical and infects rock ptarmigan in Japan, Iceland, and Svalbard-Norway, respectively. Eimeria uekii was first described in Japan in 1981 so that E. muta, described in Iceland in 2007, and Eimeria sp. A in Svalbard-Norway are junior synonyms of E. uekii. Also, phylogenetic analysis shows that the spheroidal oocyst types, E. rjupa and Eimeria sp. B (Svalbard-Norway), are identical, indicating that rock ptarmigan in Iceland and Svalbard-Norway are infected by the same Eimeria species and differ from E. raichoi in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Fram Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Åshild Ø Pedersen
- Fram Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ólafur K Nielsen
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Urriðaholtsstræti 6-8, 210, Garðabær, Iceland
| | - Donald W Duszynski
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Karl Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, 112, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Matsubayashi M, Kinoshita M, Tsuchida S, Kobayashi A, Tamura N, Shibahara T, Kido Y, Kaneko A, Sasai K, Ushida K. Experimental evaluation of pathogenicity and acquired immunity of Eimeria species, E. uekii and E. raichoi, infecting Japanese rock ptarmigans in a subspecies of the birds. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:167-174. [PMID: 37876909 PMCID: PMC10590809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Japanese rock ptarmigans (Lagopus muta japonica) are birds that inhabit only alpine regions of central Honshu Island, Japan, known as the Japanese Alps. The number of these birds has recently declined, and in situ and ex situ national conservation programs for Japanese rock ptarmigans have been initiated. The infections of Eimeria spp. as protozoan parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa, E. uekii and E. raichoi, were frequently reported in the birds. However, the virulence of these Eimeria parasites has not been determined. Here, we analyzed the pathogenicity of these Eimeria parasites using experimental infections of a subspecies model of Japanese rock ptarmigans, Svalbard rock ptarmigans (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus), and evaluated acquired protective immunity against challenge in birds tolerant of low-dose inoculation with Eimeria parasites. Following inoculation with two Eimeria parasites derived from Japanese rock ptarmigans (dose range of 4 × 104 to 4 × 102 for E. uekii and 1.7 × 104 to 4 × 101 for E. raichoi), oocysts were detected at 6-8 days post-inoculation (PI), and the maximum number of oocysts per gram of feces was observed 7-10 days PI and then gradually decreased. The mortality rate and reduction in weight gain of chicks increased following high-dose inoculation of oocysts with abnormal feces (soft and diarrhea). Developmental zoites were detected histopathologically in epithelial tissues and sometimes the lamina propria from the duodenum to the colon. Chicks that survived low-dose inoculation did not show clear clinical symptoms after challenge inoculation. Our results suggest that the pathological characteristics of Eimeria parasites infecting Japanese rock ptarmigans include abnormal feces and reduction in weight gain, resulting in mortality in cases of heavy infection due to high-dose inoculation. These findings provide helpful data for Japanese rock ptarmigan conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Moemi Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Shin-etsu Nature Conservation Office, Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Environment, Nagano, 380-0846, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Departments of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545 -8585, Japan
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Departments of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545 -8585, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
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Matsubayashi M, Tsuchida S, Kobayashi A, Shibahara T, Teramoto I, Kido Y, Kaneko A, Nakamura H, Hasegawa M, Sasai K, Ushida K. Evaluation of the host specificity of Eimeria uekii and Eimeria raichoi for Japanese rock ptarmigans by oocyst transfer to taxonomically related birds. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07875-7. [PMID: 37264281 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eimeria spp. are protozoan parasites that are commonly found in a broad range of vertebrate hosts. These parasites generally exhibit strict host specificity, but some Eimeria spp. can infect groups of closely related species such as species within a genus or family. Compared with Eimeria spp. that infect livestock, limited information is available about such infections in wild animals including data on host specificity, virulence, and prevalence. The Japanese rock ptarmigan, Lagopus muta japonica, is an endangered bird belonging to the family Phasianidae, order Galliformes, and inhabits only alpine areas of Japan. In conservation efforts for these birds, two Eimeria spp., E. uekii and E. raichoi, were frequently detected. Here, we examined cross-transmission of the parasites to other bird species to characterize their infectivity as well as the development of experimental bird models to contribute to conservation programs by the oocyst transfer. Consequently, among the examined eight bird species (chickens, Japanese pheasants, turkeys, chukar partridges, quails, helmeted guineafowls and ducks), only turkeys (family Phasianidae, order Galliformes) could be infected with E. raichoi. However, the number of oocysts per feces was relatively low, and few parasites in the intestinal mucosa could be found by histopathological analyses. These results might indicate that E. uekii and E. raichoi are highly adapted to Japanese rock ptarmigans that inhabit the alpine zone although further studies are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- Departments of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Shin-Etsu Nature Conservation Office Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Environment, Nagano, 380-0846, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Departments of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Isao Teramoto
- Departments of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Departments of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Research Center of Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Departments of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Research Center of Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- General Foundation Hiroshi Nakamura International Institute for Ornithology, Nakagosho, Nagano, 380-0934, Japan
| | - Masami Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Departments of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.
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Balard A, Heitlinger E. Shifting focus from resistance to disease tolerance: A review on hybrid house mice. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8889. [PMID: 35571751 PMCID: PMC9077717 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have been proposed to modulate the fitness of hybridizing hosts in part based on observations in the European house mouse hybrid zone (HMHZ), a tension zone in which hybrids show reduced fitness. We here review evidence (1) for parasite load differences in hybrid versus parental mice and (2) for health and fitness effects of parasites promoting or preventing introgression and hybridization. The question of relative resistance or susceptibility of hybrids to parasites in the HMHZ has long been controversial. Recent field studies found hybrids to be more resistant than mice from parental subspecies against infections with pinworms and protozoans (Eimeria spp.). We argue that the field studies underlying the contradictory impression of hybrid susceptibility have limitations in sample size, statistical analysis and scope, focusing only on macroparasites. We suggest that weighted evidence from field studies indicate hybrid resistance. Health is a fitness component through which resistance can modulate overall fitness. Resistance, however, should not be extrapolated directly to a fitness effect, as the relationship between resistance and health can be modulated by tolerance. In our own recent work, we found that the relationship between health and resistance (tolerance) differs between infections with the related species E. falciformis and E. ferrisi. Health and tolerance need to be assessed directly and the choice of parasite has made this difficult in previous experimental studies of house mice. We discuss how experimental Eimeria spp. infections in hybrid house mice can address resistance, health and tolerance in conjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Balard
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute for BiologyHumboldt University Berlin (HU)BerlinGermany
- Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite‐Host InteractionsLeibniz‐Institut for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.BerlinGermany
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute for BiologyHumboldt University Berlin (HU)BerlinGermany
- Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite‐Host InteractionsLeibniz‐Institut for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.BerlinGermany
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Matsubayashi M, Kobayashi A, Kaneko M, Kinoshita M, Tsuchida S, Shibahara T, Hasegawa M, Nakamura H, Sasai K, Ushida K. Distribution of Eimeria uekii and Eimeria raichoi in cage protection environments for the conservation of Japanese rock ptarmigans ( Lagopus muta japonica) in the Japanese Alps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:225-230. [PMID: 34159052 PMCID: PMC8196045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Japanese rock ptarmigans, Lagopus muta japonica, are classified as an endangered species in Japan and are found only in the Japanese Alps. The number of birds has decreased in the last half century and cage protection projects have been undertaken as in situ conservation strategies (one of the projects for the recovery plan of Japanese rock ptarmigan) in the mountains. During the period with cage protections, some chicks died and two Eimeria spp., E. uekii and E. raichoi, were identified in the chicks. Here, we examined the soil within the cages and in the surrounding environment to assess potential sources of infection between July to August 2020. We found high numbers of oocysts in the cages, especially at the back sides where the ptarmigan family frequently congregated, but soils in other areas outside the cages were less contaminated or not contaminated at all. The time required for more than 50% of the oocysts to sporulate at 15, 20 and 25 °C for E. uekii was 20, 11, and 5 h, respectively, and 72, 48 and 18 h, respectively, for E. raichoi. Our results cast some doubt that coprophagia by chicks is the source of infection because chicks consumed fresh cecal feces (approximately within 1 h) as far as we know, and instead, the protected chicks might be directly or indirectly infected by oocysts in soils or the environment. Cage protection is effective for protecting chicks of Japanese rock ptarmigans. Soils at the back sides in the cages were highly contaminated with Eimeria spp. E. uekii can rapidly be sporulated at 15 °C in timber regions. Protected chicks might be infected by oocysts in soils or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Shin-etsu Nature Conservation Office, Environmental Ministry Japan, Nagano 380-0846, Japan
| | - Minemitsu Kaneko
- Japan Wildlife Research Center, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8606, Japan
| | - Moemi Kinoshita
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masami Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- General Foundation Hiroshi Nakamura International Institute for Ornithology, Nakagosho, Nagano 380-0934, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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Matsubayashi M, Kinoshita M, Kobayashi A, Tsuchida S, Shibahara T, Hasegawa M, Nakamura H, Sasai K, Ushida K. Parasitic development in intestines and oocyst shedding patterns for infection by Eimeria uekii and Eimeria raichoi in Japanese rock ptarmigans, Lagopus muta japonica, protected by cages in the Southern Japanese Alps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:19-24. [PMID: 32368488 PMCID: PMC7186262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The population of Japanese rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta japonica), an endangered species with a habitat above the timberline of the southern Japanese Alps, has declined. As one of the recent conservation strategies for this species, cage protection for broods (hens and chicks) has been introduced in their habitats. Two species of Eimeria have frequently been detected in these birds, but little is known about the parasitic circulation in the region, including among birds and in the environment. Here, we conducted histopathology examinations of dead chicks collected under cage protection in 2018, and examined the feces of the hens and chicks of three broods and environmental soils for parasites in 2019 in order to assess the potential sources of infection and pathogenicity. Developmental zoites were found in the epithelial mucosa and/or the submucosa from the duodenum to the colon of all dead chicks. Fecal examination revealed oocysts of E. uekii and/or E. raichoi in all hens and chicks. Oocysts of Eimeria spp. per gram of feces in chicks increased within 2 weeks after hatching and then gradually deceased. Following infection of the chicks, oocysts could accumulate within the cage areas, and oocyst density exceeded more than 1000 oocysts per gram of cage soils. Based on having sporulated morphologies, oocysts could be infective and therefore, be direct or indirect potential sources of infection. However, based on our findings that not all chicks were clinically affected by the infections, other factors such as microbial flora in the chicks established by coprophagy or from the habitat environment, including climate, might be associated with the pathogenicity of Eimeria spp., although further studies are needed to assess these correlations. Cage protection is effective on conservation of Japanese rock ptarmigans. Hens caring chicks were highly infected with Eimeria spp. and shedded the oocysts. Potential sources of the infection could be contaminated soils but not coprophagy behaviors of chicks. Pathogenicity of Eimeria might be also associated with factors like establishment of gut microbiota or habitat conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Moemi Kinoshita
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masami Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- General Foundation Hiroshi Nakamura International Institute for Ornithology, Nakagosho, Nagano, 380-0934, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
- Corresponding author. Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.
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