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Dalhuisen I, Schutte C, Bramson B, Roelofs K, van Eijndhoven P, Tendolkar I. Studying additive effects of combining rTMS with cognitive control training: a pilot investigation. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1201344. [PMID: 37584029 PMCID: PMC10423931 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1201344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an effective treatment for depression that has been proposed to work via the enhancement of cognitive control. Cognitive control training (CCT) can also alleviate depression by relying on DLPFC activation. As the additive effects of rTMS and CCT are unclear, we set out to conduct a within-subject pilot study in healthy controls. Methods Seventeen participants received two sessions of individualized resting-state connectivity-guided high-frequency rTMS, while randomly performing CCT or a control task. After each session, a negative mood was induced. Results We found effects on mood and cognitive control after rTMS + CCT as well as rTMS + control, which were indiscriminative between conditions. Based on the statistical evidence for the absence of an additive effect of CCT, we did not perform a full study. Conclusion Our results demonstrate no differential effects of single sessions combining rTMS and CCT in a healthy population, even with the methodological improvement of individualized neuronavigation. The improvement in cognitive control seen in both conditions could indicate that a simple cognitive task is sufficient when studying additive rTMS effects. Future studies should focus on augmenting the effects of various cognitive tasks and compare the present interventions with rTMS or cognitive tasks alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dalhuisen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Céline Schutte
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bob Bramson
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Differences in Emotional Conflict Processing between High and Low Mindfulness Adolescents: An ERP Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052891. [PMID: 35270583 PMCID: PMC8910158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness is a state of concentration that allows individuals to focus on their feelings and thoughts without judgment. However, little is known regarding the underlying neural processes of mindfulness. This study used ERPs to investigate the differences between high and low trait mindfulness adolescents during emotional conflict processing. Nineteen low mindfulness adolescents (LMSs) and sixteen high mindfulness adolescent (HMSs) individuals were asked to complete a face Stroop task. The task superimposed emotional words on emotional faces to generate congruent (CC) and incongruent (IC) conditions. Continuous electroencephalogram data were recorded during the face Stroop task. Results revealed that for N450, the interaction of congruency and group was significant. The incongruent trials evoked a larger N450 than the congruent trials in the HMSs, whereas there were no significant differences between the two conditions in the LMSs. There were significant main effects of congruency for SP (slow potential). The incongruent trials evoked a larger SP than the congruent trials. The results suggest that mindfulness may only affect early conflict monitoring rather than later conflict resolution. The findings expand the neural basis of the effect of mindfulness on inhibitory control.
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Höller Y, Jónsdóttir ST, Hannesdóttir AH, Ólafsson RP. EEG-responses to mood induction interact with seasonality and age. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:950328. [PMID: 36016970 PMCID: PMC9396338 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.950328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The EEG is suggested as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). As a pre-clinical form of SAD, seasonality is operationalized as seasonal variation in mood, appetite, weight, sleep, energy, and socializing. Importantly, both EEG biomarkers and seasonality interact with age. Inducing sad mood to assess cognitive vulnerability was suggested to improve the predictive value of summer assessments for winter depression. However, no EEG studies have been conducted on induced sad mood in relation to seasonality, and no studies so far have controlled for age. We recorded EEG and calculated bandpower in 114 participants during rest and during induced sad mood in summer. Participants were grouped by age and based on a seasonality score as obtained with the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire (SPAQ). Participants with high seasonality scores showed significantly larger changes in EEG power from rest to sad mood induction, specifically in the alpha frequency range (p = 0.027), compared to participants with low seasonality scores. Furthermore, seasonality interacted significantly with age (p < 0.001), with lower activity in individuals with high seasonality scores that were older than 50 years but the opposite pattern in individuals up to 50 years. Effects of sad mood induction on brain activity are related to seasonality and can therefore be consider as potential predicting biomarkers for SAD. Future studies should control for age as a confounding factor, and more studies are needed to elaborate on the characteristics of EEG biomarkers in participants above 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Höller
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Sara Teresa Jónsdóttir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Abstract
Conflict-monitoring theory proposes that conflict between incompatible responses is registered by a dedicated monitoring system, and that this conflict signal triggers changes of attentional filters and adapts control processes according to the current task demands. Extending the conflict-monitoring theory, it has been suggested that conflict elicits a negative affective reaction, and that it is this affective signal that is monitored and then triggers control adaptation. This review article summarizes research on a potential signaling function of affect for cognitive control. First, we provide an overview of the conflict-monitoring theory, discuss neurophysiological and behavioral markers of monitoring and control adaptation, and introduce the affective-signaling hypothesis. In a second part, we review relevant studies that address the questions of (i) whether conflict elicits negative affect, (ii) whether negative affect is monitored, and (iii) whether affect modulates control. In sum, the reviewed literature supports the claim that conflict and errors trigger negative affect and provides some support for the claim that affect modulates control. However, studies on the monitoring of negative affect and the influence of phasic affect on control are ambiguous. On the basis of these findings, in a third part, we critically reassess the affective-signaling hypothesis, discuss relevant challenges to this account, and suggest future research strategies.
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Sun CK, Harmon-Jones E. Supine body posture reduces cognitive conflict processing: Evidence from N450 Stroop interference. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13693. [PMID: 32996615 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has revealed that a supine body posture, as compared to a sitting upright posture, decreases approach motivation and cognitive dissonance reduction. The present research was designed to test whether a supine body posture would decrease cognitive conflict processing, the process that occurs prior to cognitive dissonance reduction. Previous research using the Stroop task has found event-related potentials (N450, error-related negativity [ERN]) that are associated with cognitive conflict processing. In the current experiment, participants (N = 35) completed a color-naming Stroop task while sitting upright or supine (within-subjects, counterbalanced). Results revealed that as compared to the upright posture, the supine posture reduced the N450 Stroop interference effect but not the ERN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Sun
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Oh VYS, Tong EMW. Sadness, but not anger or fear, mediates the long-term leisure-cognition link: an emotion-specific approach. Cogn Emot 2020; 34:1357-1369. [PMID: 32174232 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1743237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Past research has provided some evidence of positive relationships between leisure and cognitive functioning, but questions remain regarding their mechanisms. We argue that specific negative emotions may provide promising theoretical mechanisms for the leisure-cognition link. Guided by theories of leisure and emotion-specificity, we used a large-sample, longitudinal dataset of adult participants (N = 3536; 1940 females; M age = 56.16) to examine the leisure-cognition link over about a decade and to test whether sadness, anger, or fear would be supported as emotion-specific mediators of the leisure-cognition link. Analyses were performed using observed variable path analyses and latent variable structural equation modelling. Controlling for demographics (age, gender, education level) and baseline cognitive functioning, leisure predicted better episodic memory and executive function a decade later. Moreover, both observed variable and latent variable mediational analyses supported sadness as a mediator of the link between leisure and episodic memory as well as executive function, such that leisure predicted reduced sadness, in turn predicting improved cognitive functioning. In contrast, neither fear nor anger were supported as mediators of the leisure-cognition link. Thus, the results support long-term links between leisure and cognitive functioning and also support sadness as an emotion-specific mediator of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Y S Oh
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eddie M W Tong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Gu H, Fan R, Zhao J, Chen Y, Chen Q, Li X. Inhibitory control of emotional interference in children with learning disorders: Evidence from event-related potentials and event-related spectral perturbation analysis. Brain Res 2019; 1718:252-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Emotional prosody Stroop effect in Hindi: An event related potential study. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019. [PMID: 31196434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Prosody processing is an important aspect of language comprehension. Previous research on emotional word-prosody conflict has shown that participants are worse when emotional prosody and word meaning are incongruent. Studies with event-related potentials have shown a congruency effect in N400 component. There has been no study on emotional processing in Hindi language in the context of conflict between emotional word meaning and prosody. We used happy and angry words spoken using happy and angry prosody. Participants had to identify whether the word had a happy or angry word meaning. The results showed a congruency effect with worse performance in incongruent trials indicating an emotional Stroop effect in Hindi. The ERP results showed that prosody information is detected very early, which can be seen in the N1 component. In addition, there was a congruency effect in N400. The results show that prosody is processed very early and emotional meaning-prosody congruency effect is obtained with Hindi. Further studies would be needed to investigate similarities and differences in cognitive control associated with language processing.
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Liang Z, Dong C, Liu X, Gong S. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIASED COGNITIVE PROCESSING IN ACCIDENTALLY INJURED PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH LEVELS. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2017; 13:33-37. [PMID: 28487891 PMCID: PMC5416642 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i5.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various studies have assessed the negative and/or positive changes in the aftermath of traumatic events. Accidental injuries (such as accidents, injuries, etc.), for its high incidence and disability rate, is easy to cause serious psychological problems and hinder the physical and psychological rehabilitation of the patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS To explore the characteristics of attention bias in accidentally injured patients with different levels of Posttraumatic growth (PTG), total score of PTG was adopted to screen out 15 high-PTG group and low-PTG group respectively among accidentally injured patients. Dot probe task was used with positive, negative and neutral facial expression pictures as experimental materials. An experimental design of 2 (facial expression: positive and negative)x2 (consistency of probe point and facial expression: consistent and inconsistent)×2 (PTG level: high and low) was employed. RESULTS Patients with low PTG level had attention bias toward the negative emotional stimuli, and difficulty in distraction from the negative emotional pictures. The value of D and DI were both significantly greater than 0 (p<0.05). Patients with high PTG level did not demonstrate significant attention bias toward positive or negative emotional stimuli. The responding time of patients with high PTG level was significantly shorter than that in patients with low PTG level in the incongruent task (p<0.05). CONCLUSION There are different characteristics of implicit cognitive processing in patients with different level of PTG, suggesting the necessity of psychological intervention on the accidentally injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenHong Liang
- School of medicine, TaiZhou University, TaiZhou, 317000, PR China
| | - ChaoQun Dong
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - XiaoHong Liu
- The Second Military Medical University, ShangHai, PR China
| | - ShuMei Gong
- The Second Military Medical University, ShangHai, PR China
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Zhou A, Jiang Y, Chen J, Wei J, Dang B, Li S, Xu Q. Neural Mechanisms of Selective Attention in Children with Amblyopia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125370. [PMID: 26067259 PMCID: PMC4465898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that amblyopia might affect children's attention. We recruited amblyopic children and normal children aged 9-11 years as study subjects and compared selective attention between the two groups of children. Chinese characters denoting colors were used in the Stroop task, and the event-related potential (ERP) was analyzed. The results show that the accuracy of both groups in the congruent condition was higher than the incongruent condition, and the reaction time (RT) of amblyopic children was longer. The latency of the occipital P1 in the incongruent condition was shorter than the neutral condition for both groups; the peak of the occipital P1 elicited by the incongruent stimuli in amblyopic children was higher. In both groups, the N1 peak was higher in the occipital region than frontal and central regions. The N1 latency of normal children was shorter in the congruent and neutral conditions and longer in the incongruent condition; the N1 peak of normal children was higher. The N270 latencies of normal children in the congruent and neutral conditions were shorter; the N270 peak was higher in parietal and occipital regions than frontal and central regions for both groups. The N450 latency of normal children was shorter; in both groups, the N450 average amplitude was significantly higher in the parietal region than central and frontal regions. The accuracy was the same for both groups, but the response of amblyopic children was significantly slower. The two groups showed differences in both stages of the Stroop task. Normal children showed advantages in processing speed on both stimulus and response conflict stages.Brain regions activated during the Stroop task were consistent between groups, in line with their age characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanfei Jiang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Rehabilitation Hospital Center of Gansu, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianlan Wei
- Rehabilitation Hospital Center of Gansu, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baobao Dang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiongying Xu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Moore C, Sambrook J, Walker M, Tolkien Z, Kaptoge S, Allen D, Mehenny S, Mant J, Di Angelantonio E, Thompson SG, Ouwehand W, Roberts DJ, Danesh J. The INTERVAL trial to determine whether intervals between blood donations can be safely and acceptably decreased to optimise blood supply: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:363. [PMID: 25230735 PMCID: PMC4177700 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ageing populations may demand more blood transfusions, but the blood supply could be limited by difficulties in attracting and retaining a decreasing pool of younger donors. One approach to increase blood supply is to collect blood more frequently from existing donors. If more donations could be safely collected in this manner at marginal cost, then it would be of considerable benefit to blood services. National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant in England currently allows men to donate up to every 12 weeks and women to donate up to every 16 weeks. In contrast, some other European countries allow donations as frequently as every 8 weeks for men and every 10 weeks for women. The primary aim of the INTERVAL trial is to determine whether donation intervals can be safely and acceptably decreased to optimise blood supply whilst maintaining the health of donors. Methods/Design INTERVAL is a randomised trial of whole blood donors enrolled from all 25 static centres of NHS Blood and Transplant. Recruitment of about 50,000 male and female donors started in June 2012 and was completed in June 2014. Men have been randomly assigned to standard 12-week versus 10-week versus 8-week inter-donation intervals, while women have been assigned to standard 16-week versus 14-week versus 12-week inter-donation intervals. Sex-specific comparisons will be made by intention-to-treat analysis of outcomes assessed after two years of intervention. The primary outcome is the number of blood donations made. A key secondary outcome is donor quality of life, assessed using the Short Form Health Survey. Additional secondary endpoints include the number of ‘deferrals’ due to low haemoglobin (and other factors), iron status, cognitive function, physical activity, and donor attitudes. A comprehensive health economic analysis will be undertaken. Discussion The INTERVAL trial should yield novel information about the effect of inter-donation intervals on blood supply, acceptability, and donors’ physical and mental well-being. The study will generate scientific evidence to help formulate blood collection policies in England and elsewhere. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN24760606, 25 January 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
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Sperduti M, Martinelli P, Kalenzaga S, Devauchelle AD, Lion S, Malherbe C, Gallarda T, Amado I, Krebs MO, Oppenheim C, Piolino P. Don't be Too Strict with Yourself! Rigid Negative Self-Representation in Healthy Subjects Mimics the Neurocognitive Profile of Depression for Autobiographical Memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:41. [PMID: 23734107 PMCID: PMC3659304 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) comprises representation of both specific (episodic) and generic (semantic) personal information. Depression is characterized by a shift from episodic to semantic AM retrieval. According to theoretical models, this process ("overgeneralization"), would be linked to reduced executive resources. Moreover, "overgeneral" memories, accompanied by a negativity bias in depression, lead to a pervasive negative self-representation. As executive functions and AM specificity are also closely intricate among "non-clinical" populations, "overgeneral" memories could result in depressive emotional responses. Consequently, our hypothesis was that the neurocognitive profile of healthy subjects showing a rigid negative self-image would mimic that of patients. Executive functions and self-image were measured and brain activity was recorded, by means of fMRI, during episodic AMs retrieval in young healthy subjects. The results show an inverse correlation, that is, a more rigid and negative self-image produces lower performances in both executive and specific memories. Moreover, higher negative self-image is associated with decreased activity in the left ventro-lateral prefrontal and in the anterior cingulate cortex, repeatedly shown to exhibit altered functioning in depression. Activity in these regions, on the contrary, positively correlates with executive and memory performances, in line with their role in executive functions and AM retrieval. These findings suggest that rigid negative self-image could represent a marker or a vulnerability trait of depression by being linked to reduced executive function efficiency and episodic AM decline. These results are encouraging for psychotherapeutic approaches aimed at cognitive flexibility in depression and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sperduti
- Laboratoire Mémoire et Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris DescartesBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Pénélope Martinelli
- Laboratoire Mémoire et Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris DescartesBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Sandrine Kalenzaga
- Laboratoire Mémoire et Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris DescartesBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Lion
- INSERM U894, Service d’Imagerie, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Caroline Malherbe
- INSERM U894, Service d’Imagerie, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Thierry Gallarda
- INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Catherine Oppenheim
- INSERM U894, Service d’Imagerie, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Pascale Piolino
- Laboratoire Mémoire et Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris DescartesBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
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