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Yildirim I, Lapidot R, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB, Hinderstein S, Lee H, Klevens M, Grant L, Arguedas Mohs AG, Cane A, Madoff L, Johnson H, Ivanof C, Burns M, Pelton S. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease After 2 Decades of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Use. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023063039. [PMID: 38087952 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-063039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to describe the evolving epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children in Massachusetts, United States, over the last 2 decades during which sequential 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7) and 13-valent PCVs (PCV13) were implemented. METHODS Cases of IPD in children aged <18 years were detected between 2002 and 2021 through an enhanced population-based, statewide surveillance system. Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from normally sterile sites were serotyped and evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility. IPD incidence rates and rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS We identified 1347 IPD cases. Incidence of IPD in children aged <18 years declined 72% over 2 decades between 2002 and 2021 (incidence rate ratios 0.28, 95% CI 0.18-0.45). IPD rates continued to decline after replacement of PCV7 with PCV13 (incidence rate ratios 0.25, 95% CI 0.16-0.39, late PCV7 era [2010] versus late PCV13 era [2021]). During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic years, 2020 to 2021, the rate of IPD among children aged <18 years reached 1.6 per 100 000, the lowest incidence observed over the 20 years. In PCV13 era, approximately one-third of the IPD cases in children aged >5 years had at least 1 underlying condition (98, 30.3%). Serotypes 19A and 7F contributed 342 (48.9%) of all cases before implementation of PCV13 (2002-2010). Serotype 3 (31, 8.6%), and non-PCV13 serotypes 15B/C (39, 10.8%), 33F (29, 8.0%), 23B (21, 0.8%), and 35B (17, 4.7%) were responsible for 37.8% of cases in PCV13 era (2011-2021). Penicillin nonsusceptibility continued to decline (9.8% vs 5.3% in pre-/late PCV13 era, P = .003), however has become more common among non-PCV13 serotypes compared with vaccine serotypes (14.8% vs 1.4%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Robust ongoing surveillance networks are critical for identifying emerging serotypes and development of next-generation vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven; Connecticut
- Yale Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rotem Lapidot
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University, Chobanian and Averdisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yazdani Basha Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University, Chobanian and Averdisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Hinderstein
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hanna Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Monina Klevens
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Larry Madoff
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hillary Johnson
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caryn Ivanof
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meagan Burns
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Pelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University, Chobanian and Averdisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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