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Nagesh PKB, Monette S, Shamu T, Giralt S, Jean SCS, Zhang Z, Fuks Z, Kolesnick R. Anti-ceramide Single-Chain Variable Fragment Mitigates Gastrointestinal-Acute Radiation Syndrome and Improves Marrow Reconstitution, Rendering Near-Normal 90-Day Autopsies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023:S0360-3016(23)07728-3. [PMID: 37815783 PMCID: PMC10947531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE After September 11, 2001, nuclear threat prompted government agencies to develop medical countermeasures to mitigate two syndromes, the hematopoietic-acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) and the higher-dose gastrointestinal-acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS), both lethal within weeks. While repurposing leukemia drugs that enhance bone marrow repopulation successfully treats H-ARS, no mitigator potentially deliverable under mass casualty conditions preserves the GI tract. We recently reported that anti-ceramide single-chain variable fragment (scFv) mitigates GI-ARS lethality, abrogating ongoing small intestinal endothelial apoptosis to rescue Lgr5+ stem cells. Here, we examine long-term consequences of prevention of acute GI-ARS lethality. METHODS AND MATERIALS For these studies, C57BL/6J male mice were treated with 15 Gy whole body irradiation, the 90% GI-ARS lethal dose for this mouse strain. RESULTS Mice irradiated with 15 Gy alone or with 15 Gy + bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or anti-ceramide scFv, succumb to an ARS within 8 to 10 days. Autopsies reveal only mice receiving anti-ceramide scFv at 24 hours post-whole body irradiation display small intestinal rescue. No marrow reconstitution occurs in any group with attendant undetectable circulating blood elements. Mice receiving 15 Gy + BMT + scFv, however, normalize blood counts by day 12, suggesting that scFv also improves marrow reconstitution, a concept for which we provide experimental support. We show that at 14 Gy, the upper limit dose for H-ARS lethality before transition to GI-ARS lethality, anti-ceramide scFv markedly improves marrow take, reducing the quantity of marrow-conferring survival by more than 3-fold. Consistent with these findings, mice receiving 15 Gy + BMT + scFv exhibit prolonged survival. At day 90, before sacrifice, they display normal appearance, behavior, and serum biochemistries, and surprisingly, at full autopsy, near-normal physiology in all 42 tissues examined. CONCLUSIONS Anti-ceramide scFv mitigates GI-ARS lethality and improves marrow reconstitution rendering prolonged survival with near normal autopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K B Nagesh
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tambudzai Shamu
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sergio Giralt
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Adult BMT Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Samantha C St Jean
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zvi Fuks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Champalimaud Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Richard Kolesnick
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Espinal A, Epperly MW, Mukherjee A, Fisher R, Shields D, Wang H, Huq MS, Hamade DF, Vlad AM, Coffman L, Buckanovich R, Yu J, Leibowitz BJ, van Pijkeren JP, Patel RB, Stolz D, Watkins S, Ejaz A, Greenberger JS. Intestinal Radiation Protection and Mitigation by Second-Generation Probiotic Lactobacillus-reuteri Engineered to Deliver Interleukin-22. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5616. [PMID: 35628427 PMCID: PMC9145862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The systemic administration of therapeutic agents to the intestine including cytokines, such as Interleukin-22 (IL-22), is compromised by damage to the microvasculature 24 hrs after total body irradiation (TBI). At that time, there is significant death of intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and destruction of the lamina propria, which limits drug delivery through the circulation, thus reducing the capacity of therapeutics to stabilize the numbers of Lgr5+ intestinal crypt stem cells and their progeny, and improve survival. By its direct action on intestinal stem cells and their villus regeneration capacity, IL-22 is both an ionizing irradiation protector and mitigator. (2) Methods: To improve delivery of IL-22 to the irradiated intestine, we gavaged Lactobacillus-reuteri as a platform for the second-generation probiotic Lactobacillus-reuteri-Interleukin-22 (LR-IL-22). (3) Results: There was effective radiation mitigation by gavage of LR-IL-22 at 24 h after intestinal irradiation. Multiple biomarkers of radiation damage to the intestine, immune system and bone marrow were improved by LR-IL-22 compared to the gavage of control LR or intraperitoneal injection of IL-22 protein. (4) Conclusions: Oral administration of LR-IL-22 is an effective protector and mitigator of intestinal irradiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Espinal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Renee Fisher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Donna Shields
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA;
| | - M. Saiful Huq
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Diala Fatima Hamade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Anda M. Vlad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA;
| | - Lan Coffman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (L.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Ronald Buckanovich
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (L.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (J.Y.); (B.J.L.)
| | - Brian J. Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (J.Y.); (B.J.L.)
| | | | - Ravi B. Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Donna Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Simon Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Asim Ejaz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA;
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.E.); (M.W.E.); (A.M.); (R.F.); shieldsd+@pitt.edu (D.S.); (M.S.H.); (D.F.H.); (R.B.P.)
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Qin H, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhu S, Wang H. Resveratrol attenuates radiation enteritis through the SIRT1/FOXO3a and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 554:199-205. [PMID: 33812084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Radiation enteritis (RE) is the most common radiotherapy complication, and effective RE treatments are lacking. Resveratrol exerts beneficial effects on radiation injury. However, the effect of resveratrol in radiation-induced intestinal injury and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, a C57BL/6 mouse model of RE was established and an intestinal epithelial cell line was used to evaluate the protective effects of resveratrol against radiation-induced intestinal injury and the underlying mechanisms. Resveratrol improved radiation-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis via upregulating antioxidant enzymes and downregulating p53 acetylation. In vivo, resveratrol-treated mice exhibited longer survival; longer villi; more intestinal crypt cells; upregulated expression of Ki67, catalase, and superoxide dismutase 2; and fewer inflammatory proteins and apoptotic cells. These protective effects were suppressed by inhibition of SIRT1. These results demonstrate that resveratrol can reduce radiation-induced intestinal injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via the SIRT1/FOXO3a and PI3K/AKT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoren Qin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xipeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Animal models of mucositis: critical tools for advancing pathobiological understanding and identifying therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2020; 13:119-133. [PMID: 30925531 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mucositis remains a prevalent, yet poorly managed side effect of anticancer therapies. Mucositis affecting both the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract predispose to infection and require extensive supportive management, contributing to the growing economic burden associated with cancer care. Animal models remain a critical aspect of mucositis research, providing novel insights into its pathogenesis and revealing therapeutic targets. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current animal models used in mucositis research. RECENT FINDINGS A wide variety of animal models of mucositis exist highlighting the highly heterogenous landscape of supportive oncology and the unique cytotoxic mechanisms of different anticancer agents. Golden Syrian hamsters remain the gold-standard species for investigation of oral mucositis induced by single dose and fractionated radiation as well as chemoradiation. There is no universally accepted gold-standard model for the study of gastrointestinal mucositis, with rats, mice, pigs and dogs all offering unique perspectives on its pathobiology. SUMMARY Animal models are a critical aspect of mucositis research, providing unprecedent insight into the pathobiology of mucositis. Introduction of tumour-bearing models, cyclic dosing scheduled, concomitant agents and genetically modified animals have been integral in refining our understanding of mucositis.
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Bioanalytical method development and validation for determination of fibroblast growth factor peptide and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 135:83-93. [PMID: 30582960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor peptide (FGF-P) is a polypeptide analog of FGF-2 that could be a potential mitigation and treatment agent for radiation syndromes. Prior to conducting preclinical pharmacokinetics, we developed and validated the LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method for determination of FGF-P in rat plasma for the first time. FGF-P was extracted from rat plasma using the protein precipitation technique followed liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane as a solvent. The mobile phases consisted of two components: (a) 0.1% formic acid in water; and (b) acetonitrile: 0.1% formic acid in water (95:5) under gradient elution. The validated method was also successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of FGF-P (10 mg/kg, intravenous) in Wistar rats. The method proved to be specific, accurate, precise, and linear over the concentration range of 2-500 ng/mL with coefficient of determination greater than 0.99 in all validation batches. The within-run and between-run accuracy was 87.97-115.00% with a precision of less than 14%. The mean recoveries ranged from 88.14% to 101.73%. The stability of the compound in plasma samples was proven under various storage conditions. After intravenous administration of FGF-P (10 mg/kg) the C0 was 70.4 µg/mL and the AUC was 86.2 µg*min/mL.
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Shimizu Y, Mukumoto N, Idrus N, Akasaka H, Inubushi S, Yoshida K, Miyawaki D, Ishihara T, Okamoto Y, Yasuda T, Nakahana M, Sasaki R. Amelioration of Radiation Enteropathy by Dietary Supplementation With Reduced Coenzyme Q10. Adv Radiat Oncol 2019; 4:237-245. [PMID: 31011668 PMCID: PMC6460318 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Effective methods to ameliorate radiation enteropathy have not been developed. To address this issue, we investigated the reduced form of coenzyme Q10 (rCoQ10) as a potential radioprotector in a mouse model. Methods and Materials rCoQ10 was added to a standard laboratory mouse diet at a final concentration of 1.0% 9 days before irradiation and 30 days thereafter or dissolved in corn oil and administered transorally. Accumulated amounts of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or coenzyme Q9 in the intestine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and morphologic changes in the intestine were assessed by immunohistochemistry after administration of 13 Gy of x-ray to the mouse abdomen. Body weight and survival were monitored for 30 days after irradiation. Cytotoxicity using 3 human cancer cell lines and the tumor growth–inhibiting effect in a xenograft were investigated to determine whether rCoQ10 interferes with radiation-specific cytotoxic effects on tumor growth. Results CoQ10 was greatly accumulated in all sections of the intestine after both massive transoral dosing and dietary administration, whereas coenzyme Q9 was not. Administration of rCoQ10 suppressed ROS production and inhibited apoptosis in the crypts, resulting in preservation of villi structures after irradiation. Notably, 92% of mice fed the rCoQ10-supplemented diet were healthy and alive 30 days after irradiation, whereas 50% of control mice died (P < .05). Moreover, rCoQ10 did not interfere with radiation-specific cytotoxic effects on tumors either in vitro or in vivo. Conclusions Administration of rCoQ10 led to its accumulation in the intestine and induced radioprotective effects by inhibiting ROS-mediated apoptosis, thereby preserving intestinal structures. Our results indicated that rCoQ10 supplementation effectively ameliorated radiation enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Shimizu
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naritoshi Mukumoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nelly Idrus
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.,Siloam Hospitals TB, Simatupang, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hiroaki Akasaka
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Inubushi
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshida
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyawaki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ishihara
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Okamoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Radiation Therapy, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yasuda
- Clinical & Translational Research Center, Kobe University Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakahana
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sasaki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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Garrett J, Sampson CH, Plett PA, Crisler R, Parker J, Venezia R, Chua HL, Hickman DL, Booth C, MacVittie T, Orschell CM, Dynlacht JR. Characterization and Etiology of Swollen Muzzles in Irradiated Mice. Radiat Res 2018; 191:31-42. [PMID: 30339056 DOI: 10.1667/rr14724.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Several investigators performing bone marrow transplantation studies have previously reported sporadic increases in mortality that were associated with pronounced swelling in the face, head and neck of mice. Over the past few years, we and others have noted an increasing number of experiments in which mice that have received total-body irradiation (TBI) or partial-body irradiation (PBI) develop swollen muzzles, drastic thickening of the upper lip and redness, bruising and/or swelling around the nose and muzzle and sometimes over the top of the head. We refer to this rapid and extreme swelling after irradiation as swollen muzzle syndrome (SMS). The development of SMS postirradiation is associated with morbidity that occurs earlier than would be expected from the traditional hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS), and has impeded studies in several laboratories attempting to evaluate medical countermeasures (MCM) against radiation. However, little has been done to characterize this somewhat unpredictable radiation effect. To investigate the cause and etiology of SMS, data from three different laboratories collected over a seven-year period from 100 MCM 30-day survival studies using mice from different vendors were retrospectively analyzed to determine the time of onset, progression and incidence of SMS in male and female mice exposed to various doses of ionizing radiation. An additional study compared incidence and etiology of SMS in mice from two different vendors (identified as vendors A and B) after exposure to the LD50/30 (X rays). Mice presenting with SMS, as well as non-SMS (irradiated) control mice, were necropsied to determine microbial status of the blood, heart, spleen, liver, kidney and muzzle tissue. Only mice from vendor A (20%) developed SMS. While the number of bacterial species isolated from various tissues of SMS and non-SMS mice was not different, the number of tissues positive for bacteria was significantly greater in SMS mice. At least one tissue in 83% of SMS mice from vendor A tested positive for Streptococcus agalactiae [group B beta Streptococcus (GBS)], compared to 25% of non-SMS mice from vendor A, and 0% of non-SMS mice from vendor B. In addition, all mice from vendor A with SMS had at least one tissue with >104 CFU/g, with GBS as the predominant bacterium, compared to only 25% of non-SMS mice from vendor A, and 0% of non-SMS mice from vendor B. The incidence and magnitude of GBS growth in cultures correlated with the onset of SMS; the earliest and heaviest infections occurred in mice presenting with SMS on days 5-6 postirradiation. The majority of SMS mice (5 out of 6) had positive blood cultures, with the same bacterial strain isolated from other tissues, suggesting systemic translocation via the bloodstream. We propose that testing of mice and the identification of the microorganisms frequently associated with SMS may provide guidance for selection of antimicrobials for use by other investigators in studies evaluating potential MCM, and for the ordering, handling and care of immunodeficient mice or mice that are to be rendered immunodeficient after acute irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Garrett
- a Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Carol H Sampson
- a Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - P Artur Plett
- a Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robin Crisler
- a Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeffrey Parker
- b University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard Venezia
- b University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hui Lin Chua
- a Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Debra L Hickman
- a Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Thomas MacVittie
- b University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Bull C, Malipatlolla D, Kalm M, Sjöberg F, Alevronta E, Grandér R, Sultanian P, Persson L, Boström M, Eriksson Y, Swanpalmer J, Wold AE, Blomgren K, Björk-Eriksson T, Steineck G. A novel mouse model of radiation-induced cancer survivorship diseases of the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G456-G466. [PMID: 28729245 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00113.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the radiation-induced pathophysiological processes that develop in the gut is imperative to prevent, alleviate, or eliminate cancer survivorship diseases after radiotherapy to the pelvic area. Most rodent models of high-dose gastrointestinal radiation injury are limited by high mortality. We therefore established a model that allows for the delivering of radiation in fractions at high doses while maintaining long-term survival. Adult male C57/BL6 mice were exposed to small-field irradiation, restricted to 1.5 cm of the colorectum using a linear accelerator. Each mouse received 6 or 8 Gy, two times daily in 12-h intervals in two, three, or four fractions. Acute cell death was examined at 4.5 h postirradiation and histological changes at 6 wk postirradiation. Another group was given four fractions of 8 Gy and followed over time for development of visible symptoms. Irradiation caused immediate cell death, mainly limited to the colorectum. At 6 wk postirradiation, several crypts displayed signs of radiation-induced degeneration. The degenerating crypts were seen alongside crypts that appeared perfectly healthy. Crypt survival was reduced after the fourth fraction regardless of dose, whereas the number of macrophages increased. Angiogenesis was induced, likely as a compensatory mechanism for hypoxia. Four months postirradiation, mice began to show radiation-induced symptoms, and histological examination revealed an extensive crypt loss and fibrosis. Our model is uniquely suitable for studying the long-term trajectory and underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel mouse model for studying the long-term trajectory of radiation-induced gut injury. The method allows for the use of high doses and multiple fractions, with minor impact on animal health for at least 3 mo. Crypt loss and a slow progression of fibrosis is observed. Crypt degeneration is a process restricted to isolated crypts. Crypt degeneration is presented as a convenient proxy endpoint for long-term radiation-induced gut injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bull
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dilip Malipatlolla
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Kalm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fei Sjöberg
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eleftheria Alevronta
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rita Grandér
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pedram Sultanian
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Persson
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Boström
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yohanna Eriksson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Swanpalmer
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnes E Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Björk-Eriksson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Steineck
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
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Geranylgeranylacetone Ameliorates Intestinal Radiation Toxicity by Preventing Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102103. [PMID: 28991157 PMCID: PMC5666785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced intestinal toxicity is common among cancer patients after radiotherapy. Endothelial cell dysfunction is believed to be a critical contributor to radiation tissue injury in the intestine. Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) has been used to treat peptic ulcers and gastritis. However, the protective capacity of GGA against radiation-induced intestinal injury has not been addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether GGA affects intestinal damage in mice and vascular endothelial cell damage in vitro. GGA treatment significantly ameliorated intestinal injury, as evident by intestinal crypt survival, villi length and the subsequently prolonged survival time of irradiated mice. In addition, intestinal microvessels were also significantly preserved in GGA-treated mice. To clarify the effect of GGA on endothelial cell survival, we examined endothelial function by evaluating cell proliferation, tube formation, wound healing, invasion and migration in the presence or absence of GGA after irradiation. Our findings showed that GGA plays a role in maintaining vascular cell function; however, it does not protect against radiation-induced vascular cell death. GGA promoted endothelial function during radiation injury by preventing the loss of VEGF/VEGFR1/eNOS signaling and by down-regulating TNFα expression in endothelial cells. This finding indicates the potential impact of GGA as a therapeutic agent in mitigating radiation-induced intestinal damage.
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Gangeh MJ, Hashim A, Giles A, Sannachi L, Czarnota GJ. Computer aided prognosis for cell death categorization and prediction in vivo using quantitative ultrasound and machine learning techniques. Med Phys 2017; 43:6439. [PMID: 27908167 DOI: 10.1118/1.4967265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE At present, a one-size-fits-all approach is typically used for cancer therapy in patients. This is mainly because there is no current imaging-based clinical standard for the early assessment and monitoring of cancer treatment response. Here, the authors have developed, for the first time, a complete computer-aided-prognosis (CAP) system based on multiparametric quantitative ultrasound (QUS) spectroscopy methods in association with texture descriptors and advanced machine learning techniques. This system was used to noninvasively categorize and predict cell death levels in fibrosarcoma mouse tumors treated using ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles as novel endothelial-cell radiosensitizers. METHODS Sarcoma xenograft tumor-bearing mice were treated using ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles, alone or in combination with x-ray radiation therapy, as a new antivascular treatment. Therapy effects were assessed at 2-3, 24, and 72 h after treatment using a high-frequency ultrasound. Two-dimensional spectral parametric maps were generated using the power spectra of the raw radiofrequency echo signal. Subsequently, the distances between "pretreatment" and "post-treatment" scans were computed as an indication of treatment efficacy, using a kernel-based metric on textural features extracted from 2D parametric maps. A supervised learning paradigm was used to either categorize cell death levels as low, medium, or high using a classifier, or to "continuously" predict the levels of cell death using a regressor. RESULTS The developed CAP system performed at a high level for the classification of cell death levels. The area under curve of the receiver operating characteristic was 0.87 for the classification of cell death levels to both low/medium and medium/high levels. Moreover, the prediction of cell death levels using the proposed CAP system achieved a good correlation (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) with histological cell death levels as the ground truth. A statistical test of significance between individual treatment groups with the corresponding control group demonstrated that the predicted levels indicated the same significant changes in cell death as those indicated by the ground-truth levels. CONCLUSIONS The technology developed in this study addresses a gap in the current standard of care by introducing a quality control step that generates potentially actionable metrics needed to enhance treatment decision-making. The study establishes a noninvasive framework for quantifying levels of cancer treatment response developed preclinically in tumors using QUS imaging in conjunction with machine learning techniques. The framework can potentially facilitate the detection of refractory responses in patients to a certain cancer treatment early on in the course of therapy to enable switching to more efficacious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gangeh
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada and Departments of Radiation Oncology, and Imaging Research - Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - A Hashim
- Imaging Research and Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - A Giles
- Imaging Research and Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - L Sannachi
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada and Departments of Radiation Oncology, and Imaging Research - Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - G J Czarnota
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada and Departments of Radiation Oncology, and Imaging Research - Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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Doi H, Matsumoto S, Odawara S, Shikata T, Kitajima K, Tanooka M, Takada Y, Tsujimura T, Kamikonya N, Hirota S. Pravastatin reduces radiation-induced damage in normal tissues. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1765-1772. [PMID: 28565765 PMCID: PMC5443166 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pravastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl- glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase that has been reported to have therapeutic applications in a range of inflammatory conditions. The aim of the present study was to assess the radioprotective effects of pravastatin in an experimental animal model. Mice were divided into two groups: The control group received ionizing radiation with no prior medication, while the pravastatin group received pravastatin prior to ionizing radiation. Pravastatin was administered orally at 30 mg/kg body weight in drinking water at 24 and 4 h before irradiation. Intestinal crypt epithelial cell survival and the incidence of apoptosis in the intestine and lung were measured post-irradiation. The effect of pravastatin on intestinal DNA damage was determined by immunohistochemistry. Finally, the effect of pravastatin on tumor response to radiotherapy was examined in a mouse mesothelioma xenograft model. Pravastatin increased the number of viable intestinal crypts and this effect was statistically significant in the ileum (P<0.0001). The pravastatin group showed significantly lower apoptotic indices in all examined parts of the intestine (P<0.0001) and tended to show reduced apoptosis in the lung. Pravastatin reduced the intestinal expression of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and gamma-H2AX after irradiation. No apparent pravastatin-related differences were observed in the response of xenograft tumors to irradiation. In conclusion, pravastatin had radioprotective effects on the intestine and lung and reduced radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks. Pravastatin may increase the therapeutic index of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsumoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Soichi Odawara
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shikata
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo College of Medicine Sasayama Medical Center, Sasayama, Hyogo 669-2321, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kitajima
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masao Tanooka
- Department of Radiological Technology, Hyogo College of Medicine College Hospital, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takada
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kamikonya
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shozo Hirota
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Singh VK, Romaine PLP, Newman VL, Seed TM. Medical countermeasures for unwanted CBRN exposures: part II radiological and nuclear threats with review of recent countermeasure patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1399-1408. [PMID: 27610458 PMCID: PMC5152556 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1231805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The global threat of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) disaster is an important priority for all government agencies involved in domestic security and public health preparedness. Radiological/nuclear (RN) attacks or accidents have become a larger focus of the United States Food and Drug administration (US FDA) over time because of their increased likeliness. Clinical signs and symptoms of a developing acute radiation syndrome (ARS) are grouped into three sub-syndromes named for the dominant organ system affected, namely the hematopoietic (H-ARS), gastrointestinal (GI-ARS), and neurovascular systems. The availability of safe and effective countermeasures against radiological/nuclear threats currently represents a significant unmet medical need. Areas covered: This article reviews the development of RN threat medical countermeasures and highlights those specific countermeasures that have been recently patented and approved following the FDA Animal Rule. Patents for such agents from 2015 have been presented. Expert opinion: Two granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-based radiation countermeasures (Neupogen® (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA) and Neulasta® (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA)) have recently been approved by the FDA for treatment of H-ARS and both these agents are radiomitigators, used after radiation exposure. To date, there are no FDA-approved radioprotectors for ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- a Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics , F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Patricia L P Romaine
- b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Victoria L Newman
- b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Ryoo SB, Kim JS, Kim MS, Kim K, Yu SA, Bae MJ, Oh HK, Moon SH, Choe EK, So I, Park KJ. High-Dose Radiation-Induced Changes in Murine Small Intestinal Motility: Are the Changes in the Interstitial Cells of Cajal or in the Enteric Nervous System? Radiat Res 2015; 185:39-49. [PMID: 26720798 DOI: 10.1667/rr14132.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Murine small intestinal motility consists of phasic contraction from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and migrating motor complexes (MMCs) from the enteric nervous system. The number of ICC is reduced in various gastrointestinal disorders, and this effect can be reversed once the disorder is resolved through cellular and tissue remodelling. Exposure to high-dose radiation can induce inflammation and alter intestinal motility. In this study, we investigated the changes in the small intestinal motility of 8- to 10-week-old male C3H/HeN mice after high-dose (13 Gy) irradiation. The aim of this study was to determine whether those changes are caused by changes in the ICC or enteric nervous system. After irradiation, the small intestine was dissected and stored in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. The tension of contractions and intracellular membrane potentials were recorded at day 0, 1, 3 and 5 after irradiation and compared with those of sham-irradiated mice. Histological evaluation was performed by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis was evaluated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for c-kit mRNA was also performed. Phasic contractions were not changed at day 0, 1, 3 and 5 after irradiation and did not significantly differ from those in the control mice. Slow waves were also sustained after irradiation. However, the frequency of migrating motor complexes (MMCs) was significantly higher at day 0 and 1 after exposure and the amplitude and area under the curve were significantly lower at day 3 after exposure compared with control mice. MMCs were recovered at day 5 with no difference from those of the control mice. ICC were detected after irradiation by immunohistochemistry for c-kit, and c-kit mRNA levels did not differ between sham-irradiated and irradiated mice. Histological evaluation showed that the most severe inflammation was detected at day 3 after irradiation, and apoptosis was detected only in the mucosa. Acetylcholine increased the contractility after irradiation, and tetrodotoxin decreased the number of MMCs in sham-irradiated and irradiated mice. N(w)-oxide-l-arginine (L-NA) increased the number of MMCs. MMCs were recovered after L-NA treatment at day 3 after irradiation. Sodium nitroprusside decreased the MMCs in sham-irradiated and irradiated mice. Exposure to high-dose radiation did not alter phasic contractions and slow waves in the small intestine of mice, which suggests that ICC and their functions may be sustained after high-dose irradiation. Mucosal inflammation was severe after irradiation and there were some changes in MMCs related to the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Bum Ryoo
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of
| | | | - Min-Seouk Kim
- e Department of Pathology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea; and
| | | | - Seung A Yu
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of.,c Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heung-Kwon Oh
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of
| | - Sang Hui Moon
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of
| | - Eun Kyung Choe
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of.,f Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- c Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of
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Wang J, Shao L, Hendrickson HP, Liu L, Chang J, Luo Y, Seng J, Pouliot M, Authier S, Zhou D, Allaben W, Hauer-Jensen M. Total Body Irradiation in the "Hematopoietic" Dose Range Induces Substantial Intestinal Injury in Non-Human Primates. Radiat Res 2015; 184:545-53. [PMID: 26495870 DOI: 10.1667/rr14191.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The non-human primate has been a useful model for studies of human acute radiation syndrome (ARS). However, to date structural changes in various parts of the intestine after total body irradiation (TBI) have not been systematically studied in this model. Here we report on our current study of TBI-induced intestinal structural injury in the non-human primate after doses typically associated with hematopoietic ARS. Twenty-four non-human primates were divided into three groups: sham-irradiated control group; and total body cobalt-60 (60Co) 6.7 Gy gamma-irradiated group; and total body 60Co 7.4 Gy gamma-irradiated group. After animals were euthanized at day 4, 7 and 12 postirradiation, sections of small intestine (duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum and ileum) were collected and fixed in 10% formalin. The intestinal mucosal surface length, villus height and crypt depths were assessed by computer-assisted image analysis. Plasma citrulline levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Total bone marrow cells were counted and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in bone marrow were analyzed by flow cytometer. Histopathologically, all segments exhibited conspicuous disappearance of plicae circulares and prominent atrophy of crypts and villi. Intestinal mucosal surface length was significantly decreased in all intestinal segments on day 4, 7 and 12 after irradiation (P < 0.02-P < 0.001). Villus height was significantly reduced in all segments on day 4 and 7 (P = 0.02-0.005), whereas it had recovered by day 12 (P > 0.05). Crypt depth was also significantly reduced in all segments on day 4, 7 and 12 after irradiation (P < 0.04-P < 0.001). Plasma citrulline levels were dramatically reduced after irradiation, consistent with intestinal mucosal injury. Both 6.7 and 7.4 Gy TBI reduced total number of bone marrow cells. And further analysis showed that the number and function of CD45(+)CD34(+) hematopoietic stem/progenitors in bone marrow decreased significantly. In summary, TBI in the hematopoietic ARS dose range induces substantial intestinal injury in all segments of the small bowel. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining the mucosal barrier that separates the gut microbiome from the body's interior after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Wang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Lijian Shao
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Howard P Hendrickson
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Liya Liu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jianhui Chang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Yi Luo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - John Seng
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | | | - Daohong Zhou
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - William Allaben
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.,c Surgical Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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15
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Jeong YJ, Jung MG, Son Y, Jang JH, Lee YJ, Kim SH, Ko YG, Lee YS, Lee HJ. Coniferyl aldehyde attenuates radiation enteropathy by inhibiting cell death and promoting endothelial cell function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128552. [PMID: 26029925 PMCID: PMC4452689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation enteropathy is a common complication in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether radiation-induced intestinal injury could be alleviated by coniferyl aldehyde (CA), an HSF1-inducing agent that increases cellular HSP70 expression. We systemically administered CA to mice with radiation enteropathy following abdominal irradiation (IR) to demonstrate the protective effects of CA against radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury. CA clearly alleviated acute radiation-induced intestinal damage, as reflected by the histopathological data and it also attenuated sub-acute enteritis. CA prevented intestinal crypt cell death and protected the microvasculature in the lamina propria during the acute and sub-acute phases of damage. CA induced HSF1 and HSP70 expression in both intestinal epithelial cells and endothelial cells in vitro. Additionally, CA protected against not only the apoptotic cell death of both endothelial and epithelial cells but also the loss of endothelial cell function following IR, indicating that CA has beneficial effects on the intestine. Our results provide novel insight into the effects of CA and suggest its role as a therapeutic candidate for radiation-induced enteropathy due to its ability to promote rapid re-proliferation of the intestinal epithelium by the synergic effects of the inhibition of cell death and the promotion of endothelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Jeong
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Gu Jung
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jang
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Gyo Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HJL); (YSL)
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HJL); (YSL)
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Moroni M, Elliott TB, Deutz NE, Olsen CH, Owens R, Christensen C, Lombardini ED, Whitnall MH. Accelerated hematopoietic syndrome after radiation doses bridging hematopoietic (H-ARS) and gastrointestinal (GI-ARS) acute radiation syndrome: early hematological changes and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in minipig. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:363-72. [PMID: 24524283 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.892226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize acute radiation syndrome (ARS) sequelae at doses intermediate between the bone marrow (H-ARS) and full gastrointestinal (GI-ARS) syndrome. METHODS Male minipigs, approximately 5 months old, 9-12 kg in weight, were irradiated with Cobalt-60 (total body, bilateral gamma irradiation, 0.6 Gy/min). Endpoints were 10-day survival, gastrointestinal histology, plasma citrulline, bacterial translocation, vomiting, diarrhea, vital signs, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), febrile neutropenia (FN). RESULTS We exposed animals to doses (2.2-5.0 Gy) above those causing H-ARS (1.6-2.0 Gy), and evaluated development of ARS. Compared to what was observed during H-ARS (historical data: Moroni et al. 2011a , 2011c ), doses above 2 Gy produced signs of increasingly severe pulmonary damage, faster deterioration of clinical conditions, and faster increases in levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). In the range of 4.6-5.0 Gy, animals died by day 9-10; signs of the classic GI syndrome, as measured by diarrhea, vomiting and bacterial translocation, did not occur. At doses above 2 Gy we observed transient reduction in circulating citrulline levels, and animals exhibited earlier depletion of blood elements and faster onset of SIRS and FN. CONCLUSIONS An accelerated hematopoietic subsyndrome (AH-ARS) is observed at radiation doses between those producing H-ARS and GI-ARS. It is characterized by early onset of SIRS and FN, and greater lung damage, compared to H-ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moroni
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda
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Casey-Sawicki K, Zhang M, Kim S, Zhang A, Zhang SB, Zhang Z, Singh R, Yang S, Swarts S, Vidyasagar S, Zhang L, Zhang A, Okunieff P. A basic fibroblast growth factor analog for protection and mitigation against acute radiation syndromes. HEALTH PHYSICS 2014; 106:704-712. [PMID: 24776903 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of fibroblast growth factors and their potential as broad-spectrum agents to treat and mitigate radiation injury have been studied extensively over the past two decades. This report shows that a peptide mimetic of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-P) protects and mitigates against acute radiation syndromes. FGF-P attenuates both sepsis and bleeding in a radiation-induced bone marrow syndrome model and reduces the severity of gastrointestinal and cutaneous syndromes; it should also mitigate combined injuries. FGF-2 and FGF-P induce little or no deleterious inflammation or vascular leakage, which distinguishes them from most other growth factors, angiogenic factors, and cytokines. Although recombinant FGFs have proven safe in several ongoing clinical trials, they are expensive to synthesize, can only be produced in limited quantity, and have limited shelf life. FGF-P mimics the advantageous features of FGF-2 without these disadvantages. This paper shows that FGF-P not only has the potential to be a potent yet safe broad-spectrum medical countermeasure that mitigates acute radiotoxicity but also holds promise for thermal burns, ischemic wound healing, tissue engineering, and stem-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Casey-Sawicki
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL; †BioPowerTech, 4734 Bluegrass Pkwy, Tuscaloosa, AL 35406; ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; §DiaCarta, LLC, Hayward, CA 94545
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Attenuating effects of omega-3 fatty acids (Omegaven) on irradiation-induced intestinal injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 64:275-80. [PMID: 24316316 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal injury is a major cause of death following exposure to high levels of irradiation, and no effective treatments are currently available. In this study, we examined the effect of omega-3 fatty acids (Omegaven) on intestinal injury of BALB/c mice induced by irradiation. Intravenously administered 3 days prior to irradiation for 7 consecutive days, Omegaven was shown to improve survival, intestinal morphology including villous height, crypt height and mucosal thickness and the intestinal proliferation compared with saline control. Omegaven also normalized the levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), attenuated the increase of diamino oxidase (DAO) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level and recovered the decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Meanwhile, Omegaven attenuated the myelosuppression caused by irradiation. In conclusion, our results suggest that Omegaven enhanced the survival of irradiated mice and minimized the effects of radiation on gastrointestinal injury.
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Li XH, Ghosh SP, Ha CT, Fu D, Elliott TB, Bolduc DL, Villa V, Whitnall MH, Landauer MR, Xiao M. Delta-Tocotrienol Protects Mice from Radiation-Induced Gastrointestinal Injury. Radiat Res 2013; 180:649-57. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13398.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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El Kaffas A, Al-Mahrouki A, Tran WT, Giles A, Czarnota GJ. Sunitinib effects on the radiation response of endothelial and breast tumor cells. Microvasc Res 2013; 92:1-9. [PMID: 24215790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells are suggested regulators of tumor response to radiation. Anti-vascular targeting agents can enhance tumor response by targeting endothelial cells. Here, we have conducted experiments in vitro to discern the effects of radiation combined with the anti-angiogenic Sunitinib on endothelial (HUVEC) and tumor (MDA-MB-231) cells, and further compared findings to results obtained in vivo. METHODS In vitro and in vivo treatments consisted of single dose radiation therapy of 2, 4, 8 or 16 Gy administered alone or in combination with bFGF or Sunitinib. In vitro, in situ end labeling (ISEL) was used to assess 24-hour apoptotic cell death, and clonogenic assays were used to assess long-term response. In vivo MDA-MB-231 tumors were grown in CB-17 SCID mice. The vascular marker CD31 was used to assess 24-hour acute response while tumor clonogenic assays were used to assess long-term tumor cell viability following treatments. RESULTS Using in vitro studies, we observed an enhanced endothelial cell response to radiation doses of 8 and 16 Gy when compared to tumor cells. Administering Sunitinib alone significantly increased HUVEC cell death, while having modest additive effects when combined with radiation. Sunitinib also increased tumor cell death when combined with 8 and 16 Gy radiation doses. In comparison, we found that the clonogenic response of in vivo treated tumor cells more closely resembled that of in vitro treated endothelial cells than in vitro treated tumor cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the endothelium is an important regulator of tumor response to radiotherapy, and that Sunitinib can enhance tumor radiosensitivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Sunitinib is investigated in combination with radiotherapy on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Kaffas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Imaging Research and Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Azza Al-Mahrouki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Imaging Research and Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William T Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Imaging Research and Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anoja Giles
- Imaging Research and Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory J Czarnota
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Imaging Research and Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Gamma tocotrienol, a potent radioprotector, preferentially upregulates expression of anti-apoptotic genes to promote intestinal cell survival. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:488-96. [PMID: 23941772 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gamma tocotrienol (GT3) has been reported as a potent ameliorator of radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity when administered prophylactically. This study aimed to evaluate the role of GT3 mediated pro- and anti-apoptotic gene regulation in protecting mice from radiation-induced GI damage. Male 10- to 12-weeks-old CD2F1 mice were administered with a single dose of 200 mg/kg of GT3 or equal volume of vehicle (5% Tween-80) 24 h before exposure to 11 Gy of whole-body γ-radiation. Mouse jejunum was surgically removed 4 and 24h after radiation exposure, and was used for PCR array, histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblot analysis. Results were compared among vehicle pre-treated no radiation, vehicle pre-treated irradiated, and GT3 pre-treated irradiated groups. GT3 pretreated irradiated groups, both 4h and 24h after radiation, showed greater upregulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression than vehicle pretreated irradiated groups. TUNEL staining and intestinal crypt analysis showed protection of jejunum after GT3 pre-treatment and immunoblot results were supportive of PCR data. Our study demonstrated that GT3-mediated protection of intestinal cells from a GI-toxic dose of radiation occurred via upregulation of antiapoptotic and downregulation of pro-apoptotic factors, both at the transcript as well as at the protein levels.
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Van Landeghem L, Blue RE, Dehmer JJ, Henning SJ, Helmrath MA, Lund PK. Localized intestinal radiation and liquid diet enhance survival and permit evaluation of long-term intestinal responses to high dose radiation in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51310. [PMID: 23236468 PMCID: PMC3517426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo studies of high dose radiation-induced crypt and intestinal stem cell (ISC) loss and subsequent regeneration are typically restricted to 5-8 days after radiation due to high mortality and immune failure. This study aimed to develop murine radiation models of complete crypt loss that permit longer-term studies of ISC and crypt regeneration, repair and normalization of the intestinal epithelium. METHODS In C57Bl/6J mice, a predetermined small intestinal segment was exteriorized and exposed to 14 Gy-radiation, while a lead shield protected the rest of the body from radiation. Sham controls had segment exteriorization but no radiation. Results were compared to C57Bl/6J mice given 14 Gy-abdominal radiation. Effects of elemental liquid diet feeding from the day prior to radiation until day 7 post-radiation were assessed in both models. Body weight and a custom-developed health score was assessed every day until day 21 post-radiation. Intestine was assessed histologically. RESULTS At day 3 after segment radiation, complete loss of crypts occurred in the targeted segment, while adjacent and remaining intestine in segment-radiated mice, and entire intestine of sham controls, showed no detectable epithelial damage. Liquid diet feeding was required for survival of mice after segment radiation. Liquid diet significantly improved survival, body weight recovery and normalization of intestinal epithelium after abdominal radiation. Mice given segment radiation combined with liquid diet feeding showed minimal body weight loss, increased food intake and enhanced health score. CONCLUSIONS The segment radiation method provides a useful model to study ISC/crypt loss and long-term crypt regeneration and epithelial repair, and may be valuable for future application to ISC transplantation or to genetic mutants that would not otherwise survive radiation doses that lead to complete crypt loss. Liquid diet is a simple intervention that improves survival and facilitates long-term studies of intestine in mice after high dose abdominal or segment radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Randall Eric Blue
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Dehmer
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Henning
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Helmrath
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pauline Kay Lund
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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23
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El Kaffas A, Tran W, Czarnota GJ. Vascular Strategies for Enhancing Tumour Response to Radiation Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2012; 11:421-32. [DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is prescribed to more than 50% of patients diagnosed with cancer. Although mechanisms of interaction between radiation and tumour cells are well understood on a molecular level, much remains uncertain concerning the interaction of radiation with the tumour as a whole. Recent studies have demonstrated that single large doses of radiation (8–20 Gy) may primarily target tumour endothelial cells, leading to secondary tumour clonogenic cell death. These studies suggest that blood vessels play an important role in radiation response. As a result, various strategies have been proposed to effectively combine radiation with vascular targeting agents. While most proposed schemes focus on methods to disrupt tumour blood vessels, recent evidence supporting that some anti-angiogenic agents may “normalize” tumour blood vessels, in turn enhancing tumour oxygenation and radiosensitivity, indicates that there may be more efficient strategies. Furthermore, vascular targeting agents have recently been demonstrated to enhance radiation therapy by targeting endothelial cells. When combined with radiation, these agents are believed to cause even more localized vascular destruction followed by tumour clonogenic cell death. Taken together, it is now crucial to elucidate the role of tumour blood vessels in radiation therapy response, in order to make use of this knowledge in developing therapeutic strategies that target tumour vasculature above and beyond classic clonogenic tumour cell death. In this report, we review some major developments in understanding the importance of tumour blood vessels during radiation therapy. A discussion of current imaging modalities used for studying vascular response to treatments will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Kaffas
- Department of Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - William Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Gregory J. Czarnota
- Department of Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
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MacVittie TJ, Farese AM, Bennett A, Gelfond D, Shea-Donohue T, Tudor G, Booth C, McFarland E, Jackson W. The acute gastrointestinal subsyndrome of the acute radiation syndrome: a rhesus macaque model. HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 103:411-426. [PMID: 22929470 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31826525f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of medical countermeasures against the acute gastrointestinal subsyndrome of the acute radiation syndrome in humans requires well characterized and validated animal models. These models must adhere to the criteria of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Animal Rule and consider the natural history and clinical context of the human radiation response and treatment in the nuclear terrorist scenario. The models must define the radiation dose- and time-dependent relationships for mortality and major signs of morbidity, including concurrent damage in other organs, such as the bone marrow, that may contribute to the overall mortality and morbidity. There are no such models of the gastrointestinal syndrome in response to total-body irradiation in the nonhuman primate. Herein, these parameters are defined for the rhesus macaque exposed to potentially lethal doses of radiation and administered medical management. Rhesus macaques (n = 69) were exposed bilaterally to 6 MV linear accelerator-derived photon total body irradiation to midline tissue (thorax) doses ranging from 10.0 to 14.0 Gy at 0.80 Gy min(-1). Following irradiation, all animals were administered supportive care consisting of fluids, anti-emetics, anti-diarrheal medication, antibiotics, blood transfusions, analgesics, and nutrition. The primary endpoint was survival at 15 d post-irradiation. Secondary endpoints included indices of dehydration, diarrhea, weight loss, hematological parameters, cellular histology of the small and large intestine, and mean survival time of decedents. Mortality within the 15-d in vivo study defined the acute gastrointestinal syndrome and provided an LD30/15 of 10.76 Gy, LD50/15 of 11.33 Gy, and an LD70/15 of 11.90 Gy. Intestinal crypt and villus loss were dose- and time-dependent with an apparent nadir 7 d post-irradiation and recovery noted thereafter. Severe myelosuppression and thrombocytopenia were noted in all animals, requiring the administration of antibiotics and blood transfusions. The model defines the dose response relationship and time course of acute gastrointestinal syndrome-induced morbidity and mortality in the rhesus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J MacVittie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, MD, USA.
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25
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Kim JS, Ryoo SB, Heo K, Kim JG, Son TG, Moon C, Yang K. Attenuating effects of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in radiation induced intestinal injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3174-80. [PMID: 22699087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal injury is a major cause of death following exposure to high levels of radiation, and no effective treatments are currently available. In this study, we examined the capacity of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mitigate intestinal injury in, and improve survival of, C3H/HeN mice given a lethal dose (12 Gy) of radiation to the abdomen. G-CSF (100 μg/kg body weight) was injected subcutaneously daily for 3 days after irradiation and shown to improve survival and intestinal morphology at 3.5 days compared with saline-injected controls. The morphological features improved by G-CSF included crypt number and depth, villous length, and the length of basal lamina of 10 enterocytes. G-CSF also normalized the levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha and attenuated the loss of peripheral neutrophils, caused by radiation-induced myelosuppression. In conclusion, our results suggest that G-CSF enhanced the survival of irradiated mice and minimized the effects of radiation on gastrointestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Sun Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Rotolo J, Stancevic B, Zhang J, Hua G, Fuller J, Yin X, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Kim K, Qian M, Cardó-Vila M, Fuks Z, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Kolesnick R. Anti-ceramide antibody prevents the radiation gastrointestinal syndrome in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1786-90. [PMID: 22466649 DOI: 10.1172/jci59920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome is a major lethal toxicity that may occur after a radiation/nuclear incident. Currently, there are no prophylactic countermeasures against radiation GI syndrome lethality for first responders, military personnel, or remediation workers entering a contaminated area. The pathophysiology of this syndrome requires depletion of stem cell clonogens (SCCs) within the crypts of Lieberkühn, which are a subset of cells necessary for postinjury regeneration of gut epithelium. Recent evidence indicates that SCC depletion is not exclusively a result of DNA damage but is critically coupled to ceramide-induced endothelial cell apoptosis within the mucosal microvascular network. Here we show that ceramide generated on the surface of endothelium coalesces to form ceramide-rich platforms that transmit an apoptotic signal. Moreover, we report the generation of 2A2, an anti-ceramide monoclonal antibody that binds to ceramide to prevent platform formation on the surface of irradiated endothelial cells of the murine GI tract. Consequently, we found that 2A2 protected against endothelial apoptosis in the small intestinal lamina propria and facilitated recovery of crypt SCCs, preventing the death of mice from radiation GI syndrome after high radiation doses. As such, we suggest that 2A2 represents a prototype of a new class of anti-ceramide therapeutics and an effective countermeasure against radiation GI syndrome mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Rotolo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
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Datta K, Suman S, Trani D, Doiron K, Rotolo JA, Kallakury BVS, Kolesnick R, Cole MF, Fornace AJ. Accelerated hematopoietic toxicity by high energy (56)Fe radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 88:213-22. [PMID: 22077279 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.639434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is little information on the relative toxicity of highly charged (Z) high-energy (HZE) radiation in animal models compared to γ or X-rays, and the general assumption based on in vitro studies has been that acute toxicity is substantially greater. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were irradiated with (56)Fe ions (1 GeV/nucleon), and acute (within 30 d) toxicity compared to that of γ rays or protons (1 GeV). To assess relative hematopoietic and gastrointestinal toxicity, the effects of (56)Fe ions were compared to γ rays using complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit (GM-CFU), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay for apoptosis in bone marrow, and intestinal crypt survival. RESULTS Although onset was more rapid, (56)Fe ions were only slightly more toxic than γ rays or protons with lethal dose (LD)(50/30) (a radiation dose at which 50% lethality occurs at 30-day) values of 5.8, 7.25, and 6.8 Gy, respectively, with relative biologic effectiveness for (56)Fe ions of 1.25 and 1.06 for protons. CONCLUSIONS (56)Fe radiation caused accelerated and more severe hematopoietic toxicity. Early mortality correlated with more profound leukopenia and subsequent sepsis. Results indicate that there is selective enhanced toxicity to bone marrow progenitor cells, which are typically resistant to γ rays, and bone marrow stem cells, because intestinal crypt cells did not show increased HZE toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
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Williams JP, McBride WH. After the bomb drops: a new look at radiation-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:851-68. [PMID: 21417595 PMCID: PMC3314299 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.560996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing concern that, since the Cold War era, there has been little progress regarding the availability of medical countermeasures in the event of either a radiological or nuclear incident. Fortunately, since much is known about the acute consequences that are likely to be experienced by an exposed population, the probability of survival from the immediate hematological crises after total body irradiation (TBI) has improved in recent years. Therefore focus has begun to shift towards later down-stream effects, seen in such organs as the gastrointestinal tract (GI), skin, and lung. However, the mechanisms underlying therapy-related normal tissue late effects, resulting from localised irradiation, have remained somewhat elusive and even less is known about the development of the delayed syndrome seen in the context of whole body exposures, when it is likely that systemic perturbations may alter tissue microenvironments and homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS The sequence of organ failures observed after near-lethal TBI doses are similar in many ways to that of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), leading to multiple organ failure (MOF). In this review, we compare the mechanistic pathways that underlie both MODS and delayed normal tissue effects since these may impact on strategies to identify radiation countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Combined radiation and burn injuries are likely to occur after nuclear events, such as a meltdown accident at a nuclear energy plant or a nuclear attack. Little is known about the mechanisms by which combined injuries result in higher mortality than by either insult alone, and few animal models exist for combined radiation and burn injury. Herein, the authors developed a murine model of radiation and scald burn injury. Mice were given a single dose of 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, or 9 Gray (Gy) alone, followed by a 15% TBSA scald burn. All mice receiving ≤4 Gy of radiation with burn survived combined injury. Higher doses of radiation (5, 6, and 9 Gy) followed by scald injury had a dose-dependent increase in mortality (34, 67, and 100%, respectively). Five Gy was determined to be the ideal dose to use in conjunction with burn injury for this model. There was a decrease in circulating white blood cells in burn, irradiated, and combined injury (5 Gy and burn) mice by 48 hours postinjury compared with sham (49.7, 11.6, and 57.3%, respectively). Circulating interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were increased in combined injury at 48 hours postinjury compared with all other treatment groups. Prolonged overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines could contribute to subsequent organ damage. Decreased leukocytes might exacerbate immune impairment and susceptibility to infections. Future studies will determine whether there are long lasting consequences of this early proinflammatory response and extended decrease in leukocytes.
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30
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Zhang K, Yin L, Zhang M, Parker MD, Binder HJ, Salzman P, Zhang L, Okunieff P, Vidyasagar S. Radiation decreases murine small intestinal HCO3−secretion. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:878-88. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.583314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aparicio-Vergara M, Shiri-Sverdlov R, de Haan G, Hofker MH. Bone marrow transplantation in mice as a tool for studying the role of hematopoietic cells in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:335-44. [PMID: 20576267 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cells have been established as major players in cardiovascular disease, with an important role in the etiology of atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, hematopoietic cells, and in particular the cells of monocyte and macrophage lineages, have recently been unmasked as one of the main causes of metabolic abnormalities leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. With the availability of transgenic mouse models that reproduce many aspects of these diseases, research in these areas has been able to make exceptional progress. Much of the work exploring the role of hematopoietic cells has been carried out on chimeric mice made by the recipient disease model mice being given donor bone marrow cells from transgenic mice harboring a genetic alteration in a relevant pathway. Here, we will describe the potential of the bone marrow transplantation approach and discuss recent developments, including the use of virally transduced cells. We will explain some of the caveats, their effect on the experimental outcomes, and some possible solutions. Taken as a whole, this technology offers great advantages in efficiency and cost-effectiveness, and it is expected to continue to be a crucial technique in cardiovascular research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Aparicio-Vergara
- Molecular Genetics, Medical Biology Section, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Brown SL, Kolozsvary A, Liu J, Jenrow KA, Ryu S, Kim JH. Antioxidant diet supplementation starting 24 hours after exposure reduces radiation lethality. Radiat Res 2010; 173:462-8. [PMID: 20334518 DOI: 10.1667/rr1716.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants mitigate radiation-induced lethality when started soon after radiation exposure, a delivery time that may not be practical due to difficulties in distribution and because the oral administration of such agents may require a delay beyond the prodromal stage of the radiation syndrome. We report the unexpected finding that antioxidant supplementation starting 24 h after total-body irradiation resulted in better survival than antioxidant supplementation started soon after the irradiation. The antioxidant dietary supplement was l-selenomethionine, sodium ascorbate, N-acetyl cysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, alpha-tocopherol succinate, and co-enzyme Q10. Total-body irradiation with 8 Gy in the absence of antioxidant supplementation was lethal by day 16. When antioxidant supplementation was started soon after irradiation, four of 14 mice survived. In contrast, 14 of 18 mice receiving antioxidant supplementation starting 24 h after irradiation were alive and well 30 days later. The numbers of spleen colonies and blood cells were higher in mice receiving antioxidant supplementation starting 24 h after irradiation than in mice receiving radiation alone. A diet supplemented with antioxidants administered starting 24 h after total-body irradiation improved bone marrow cell survival and mitigated lethality, with a radiation protection factor of approximately 1.18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Brown
- Henry Ford Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Williams JP, Brown SL, Georges GE, Hauer-Jensen M, Hill RP, Huser AK, Kirsch DG, Macvittie TJ, Mason KA, Medhora MM, Moulder JE, Okunieff P, Otterson MF, Robbins ME, Smathers JB, McBride WH. Animal models for medical countermeasures to radiation exposure. Radiat Res 2010; 173:557-78. [PMID: 20334528 DOI: 10.1667/rr1880.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since September 11, 2001, there has been the recognition of a plausible threat from acts of terrorism, including radiological or nuclear attacks. A network of Centers for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation (CMCRs) has been established across the U.S.; one of the missions of this network is to identify and develop mitigating agents that can be used to treat the civilian population after a radiological event. The development of such agents requires comparison of data from many sources and accumulation of information consistent with the "Animal Rule" from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Given the necessity for a consensus on appropriate animal model use across the network to allow for comparative studies to be performed across institutions, and to identify pivotal studies and facilitate FDA approval, in early 2008, investigators from each of the CMCRs organized and met for an Animal Models Workshop. Working groups deliberated and discussed the wide range of animal models available for assessing agent efficacy in a number of relevant tissues and organs, including the immune and hematopoietic systems, gastrointestinal tract, lung, kidney and skin. Discussions covered the most appropriate species and strains available as well as other factors that may affect differential findings between groups and institutions. This report provides the workshop findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 647, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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