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Valente D, Gentileschi MP, Valenti A, Burgio M, Soddu S, Bruzzaniti V, Guerrisi A, Verdina A. Cumulative Dose from Recurrent CT Scans: Exploring the DNA Damage Response in Human Non-Transformed Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7064. [PMID: 39000171 PMCID: PMC11241671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent computed tomography (CT) examination has become a common diagnostic procedure for several diseases and injuries. Though each singular CT scan exposes individuals at low doses of low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, the cumulative dose received from recurrent CT scans poses an increasing concern for potential health risks. Here, we evaluated the biological effects of recurrent CT scans on the DNA damage response (DDR) in human fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells maintained in culture for five months and subjected to four CT scans, one every four weeks. DDR kinetics and eventual accumulation of persistent-radiation-induced foci (P-RIF) were assessed by combined immunofluorescence for γH2AX and 53BP1, i.e., γH2AX/53BP1 foci. We found that CT scan repetitions significantly increased both the number and size of γH2AX/53BP1 foci. In particular, after the third CT scan, we observed the appearance of giant foci that might result from the overlapping of individual small foci and that do not associate with irreversible growth arrest, as shown by DNA replication in the foci-carrying cells. Whether these giant foci represent coalescence of unrepaired DNA damage as reported following single exposition to high doses of high LET radiation is still unclear. However, morphologically, these giant foci resemble the recently described compartmentalization of damaged DNA that should facilitate the repair of DNA double-strand breaks but also increase the risk of chromosomal translocations. Overall, these results indicate that for a correct evaluation of the damage following recurrent CT examinations, it is necessary to consider the size and composition of the foci in addition to their number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Valente
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.V.); (M.P.G.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gentileschi
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.V.); (M.P.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Alessandro Valenti
- Unit of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical and Dermatological Research, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Massimo Burgio
- Unit of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical and Dermatological Research, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.V.); (M.P.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Vicente Bruzzaniti
- Unit of Medical Physics and Expert Systems, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonino Guerrisi
- Unit of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical and Dermatological Research, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Alessandra Verdina
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.V.); (M.P.G.); (S.S.)
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Fabbrizi MR, Doggett TJ, Hughes JR, Melia E, Dufficy ER, Hill RM, Goula A, Phoenix B, Parsons JL. Inhibition of key DNA double strand break repair protein kinases enhances radiosensitivity of head and neck cancer cells to X-ray and proton irradiation. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:282. [PMID: 38866739 PMCID: PMC11169544 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionising radiation (IR) is widely used in cancer treatment, including for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), where it induces significant DNA damage leading ultimately to tumour cell death. Among these lesions, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most threatening lesion to cell survival. The two main repair mechanisms that detect and repair DSBs are non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Among these pathways, the protein kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) and the DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-Pkcs) play key roles in the sensing of the DSB and subsequent coordination of the downstream repair events. Consequently, targeting these kinases with potent and specific inhibitors is considered an approach to enhance the radiosensitivity of tumour cells. Here, we have investigated the impact of inhibition of ATM, ATR and DNA-Pkcs on the survival and growth of six radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines in combination with either X-ray irradiation or proton beam therapy, and confirmed the mechanistic pathway leading to cell radiosensitisation. Using inhibitors targeting ATM (AZD1390), ATR (AZD6738) and DNA-Pkcs (AZD7648), we observed that this led to significantly decreased clonogenic survival of HNSCC cell lines following both X-ray and proton irradiation. Radiosensitisation of HNSCC cells grown as 3D spheroids was also observed, particularly following ATM and DNA-Pkcs inhibition. We confirmed that the inhibitors in combination with X-rays and protons led to DSB persistence, and increased micronuclei formation. Cumulatively, our data suggest that targeting DSB repair, particularly via ATM and DNA-Pkcs inhibition, can exacerbate the impact of ionising radiation in sensitising HNSCC cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Thomas J Doggett
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan R Hughes
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Emma Melia
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Dufficy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Rhianna M Hill
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amalia Goula
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Ben Phoenix
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
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Fabbrizi MR, Nickson CM, Hughes JR, Robinson EA, Vaidya K, Rubbi CP, Kacperek A, Bryant HE, Helleday T, Parsons JL. Targeting OGG1 and PARG radiosensitises head and neck cancer cells to high-LET protons through complex DNA damage persistence. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38368415 PMCID: PMC10874437 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Complex DNA damage (CDD), containing two or more DNA lesions within one or two DNA helical turns, is a signature of ionising radiation (IR) and contributes significantly to the therapeutic effect through cell killing. The levels and complexity of CDD increases with linear energy transfer (LET), however, the specific cellular response to this type of DNA damage and the critical proteins essential for repair of CDD is currently unclear. We performed an siRNA screen of ~240 DNA damage response proteins to identify those specifically involved in controlling cell survival in response to high-LET protons at the Bragg peak, compared to low-LET entrance dose protons which differ in the amount of CDD produced. From this, we subsequently validated that depletion of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) in HeLa and head and neck cancer cells leads to significantly increased cellular radiosensitivity specifically following high-LET protons, whilst no effect was observed after low-LET protons and X-rays. We subsequently confirmed that OGG1 and PARG are both required for efficient CDD repair post-irradiation with high-LET protons. Importantly, these results were also recapitulated using specific inhibitors for OGG1 (TH5487) and PARG (PDD00017273). Our results suggest OGG1 and PARG play a fundamental role in the cellular response to CDD and indicate that targeting these enzymes could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of head and neck cancers following high-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Catherine M Nickson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Jonathan R Hughes
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emily A Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Karthik Vaidya
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carlos P Rubbi
- Medical School, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Andrzej Kacperek
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington, CH63 4JY, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Melia E, Parsons J. DNA damage and repair dependencies of ionising radiation modalities. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20222586. [PMID: 37695845 PMCID: PMC10548165 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is utilised in the treatment of ∼50% of all human cancers, which predominantly employs photon radiation. However, particle radiotherapy elicits significant benefits over conventional photons due to more precise dose deposition and increased linear energy transfer (LET) that generates an enhanced therapeutic response. Specifically, proton beam therapy (PBT) and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) are characterised by a Bragg peak, which generates a low entrance radiation dose, with the majority of the energy deposition being defined within a small region which can be specifically targeted to the tumour, followed by a low exit dose. PBT is deemed relatively low-LET whereas CIRT is more densely ionising and therefore high LET. Despite the radiotherapy type, tumour cell killing relies heavily on the introduction of DNA damage that overwhelms the repair capacity of the tumour cells. It is known that DNA damage complexity increases with LET that leads to enhanced biological effectiveness, although the specific DNA repair pathways that are activated following the different radiation sources is unclear. This knowledge is required to determine whether specific proteins and enzymes within these pathways can be targeted to further increase the efficacy of the radiation. In this review, we provide an overview of the different radiation modalities and the DNA repair pathways that are responsive to these. We also provide up-to-date knowledge of studies examining the impact of LET and DNA damage complexity on DNA repair pathway choice, followed by evidence on how enzymes within these pathways could potentially be therapeutically exploited to further increase tumour radiosensitivity, and therefore radiotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Melia
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Grissi C, Taverna Porro M, Perona M, Atia M, Negrin L, Moreno MS, Sacanell J, Olivera MS, Del Grosso M, Durán H, Ibañez IL. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles induce persistent large foci of DNA damage in human melanoma cells post-irradiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2023:10.1007/s00411-023-01037-0. [PMID: 37452828 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-023-01037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The synergy of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and ionizing radiation (IR), attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) increase, was widely investigated in different cancers, but scarcely in melanoma. Herein, SPIONs were evaluated as radiosensitizers in A-375 human melanoma cells. Moreover, the effect of the combined treatment of SPIONs and gamma irradiation (SPIONs-IR) was assessed at the DNA level, where DSBs induction and their repair capacity were studied. SPIONs were synthesized, stabilized by poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether and physicochemically characterized by high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction and magnetometry and dynamic light scattering. The obtained nanoparticles showing superparamagnetic behavior and low dispersion in shape and sizes were tested in A-375 cells. The intracellular internalization of SPIONs was verified by HR-TEM and quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Cells treated with SPIONs exhibited high ROS levels without associated cytotoxicity. Next, a significant radiosensitization in SPIONs-IR vs. control (IR) cells was demonstrated at 1 Gy of gamma radiation. Furthermore, a decreased DSBs repair capacity in SPIONs-IR vs. IR-treated cells was evidenced by the size increase of persistent phosphorylated H2AX foci at 24 h post-irradiation. In conclusion, these nanoparticles show the potential to radiosensitize melanoma cells by the induction of unrepairable DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Grissi
- Subgerencia de Tecnología y Aplicaciones de Aceleradores, Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. General Paz, 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Taverna Porro
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954 (C1113AAD), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete (B1650KNA), San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Perona
- División Bioquímica Nuclear, Departamento de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. General Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariel Atia
- Subgerencia de Tecnología y Aplicaciones de Aceleradores, Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. General Paz, 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lara Negrin
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología y Biodosimetría, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Centro de Medicina Nuclear y Radioterapia - Instituto de Tecnologías Nucleares Para La Salud (INTECNUS), Av. Bustillo Km. 9,5 (R8402AGP), S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - M Sergio Moreno
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nodo Bariloche, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo Km. 9,5 (R8402AGP), S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Joaquín Sacanell
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Silvina Olivera
- Departamento Coordinación BNCT, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Del Grosso
- Subgerencia de Tecnología y Aplicaciones de Aceleradores, Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. General Paz, 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hebe Durán
- Subgerencia de Tecnología y Aplicaciones de Aceleradores, Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. General Paz, 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete (B1650KNA), San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Irene L Ibañez
- Subgerencia de Tecnología y Aplicaciones de Aceleradores, Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. General Paz, 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Vanderwaeren L, Dok R, Voordeckers K, Vandemaele L, Verstrepen KJ, Nuyts S. An Integrated Approach Reveals DNA Damage and Proteotoxic Stress as Main Effects of Proton Radiation in S. cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105493. [PMID: 35628303 PMCID: PMC9145671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton radiotherapy (PRT) has the potential to reduce the normal tissue toxicity associated with conventional photon-based radiotherapy (X-ray therapy, XRT) because the active dose can be more directly targeted to a tumor. Although this dosimetric advantage of PRT is well known, the molecular mechanisms affected by PRT remain largely elusive. Here, we combined the molecular toolbox of the eukaryotic model Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a systems biology approach to investigate the physiological effects of PRT compared to XRT. Our data show that the DNA damage response and protein stress response are the major molecular mechanisms activated after both PRT and XRT. However, RNA-Seq revealed that PRT treatment evoked a stronger activation of genes involved in the response to proteotoxic stress, highlighting the molecular differences between PRT and XRT. Moreover, inhibition of the proteasome resulted in decreased survival in combination with PRT compared to XRT, not only further confirming that protons induced a stronger proteotoxic stress response, but also hinting at the potential of using proteasome inhibitors in combination with proton radiotherapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vanderwaeren
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.V.); (R.D.); (L.V.)
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rüveyda Dok
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.V.); (R.D.); (L.V.)
| | - Karin Voordeckers
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Vandemaele
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.V.); (R.D.); (L.V.)
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J. Verstrepen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (K.J.V.); (S.N.); Tel.: +32-(0)16-75-1393 (K.J.V.); +32-1634-7600 (S.N.); Fax: +32-1634-7623 (S.N.)
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.V.); (R.D.); (L.V.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (K.J.V.); (S.N.); Tel.: +32-(0)16-75-1393 (K.J.V.); +32-1634-7600 (S.N.); Fax: +32-1634-7623 (S.N.)
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Characterization of γ-H2AX foci formation under alpha particle and X-ray exposures for dose estimation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3761. [PMID: 35260639 PMCID: PMC8904799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction is one of the phenotypes of cellular damage from radiation exposure and is commonly quantified by γ-H2AX assay with the number of excess fluorescent foci per cell as the main component. However, the number of foci alone may not fully characterize the state of DNA damage following exposures to different radiation qualities. This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing the focus size distribution and dephosphorylation rate of γ-H2AX to identify the type of causative radiation and dose. Human lung epithelial cells and mouse vascular endothelial cells were used to observe the expression changes of γ-H2AX foci due to alpha particle and X-ray exposures. Results showed that the average number of excess foci per cell linearly increased with the dose. The focus size distribution showed a consistent pattern depending on the causative radiation type. Three criteria for the identification of causative radiation type were derived from experimental focus size distributions and were validated in blind testing with correct identification of 27 out of 32 samples. The dose could be estimated based on the proportionality constant specific to the identified radiation type with a difference of less than 15% from the actual value. The different dephosphorylation rates of γ-H2AX produced from alpha particle and X-ray exposures were effectively utilized to determine the individual dose contributions of alpha particles and X-rays under mixed beam exposure. Individual doses were estimated to have differences of less than ~ 12% from actual values.
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8
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Clinical Progress in Proton Radiotherapy: Biological Unknowns. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040604. [PMID: 33546432 PMCID: PMC7913745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Proton radiation therapy is a more recent type of radiotherapy that uses proton beams instead of classical photon or X-rays beams. The clinical benefit of proton therapy is that it allows to treat tumors more precisely. As a result, proton radiotherapy induces less toxicity to healthy tissue near the tumor site. Despite the experience in the clinical use of protons, the response of cells to proton radiation, the radiobiology, is less understood. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about proton radiobiology. Abstract Clinical use of proton radiation has massively increased over the past years. The main reason for this is the beneficial depth-dose distribution of protons that allows to reduce toxicity to normal tissues surrounding the tumor. Despite the experience in the clinical use of protons, the radiobiology after proton irradiation compared to photon irradiation remains to be completely elucidated. Proton radiation may lead to differential damages and activation of biological processes. Here, we will review the current knowledge of proton radiobiology in terms of induction of reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, DNA damage response, as well as cell death after proton irradiation and radioresistance.
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9
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Zhang J, Si J, Gan L, Zhou R, Guo M, Zhang H. Harnessing the targeting potential of differential radiobiological effects of photon versus particle radiation for cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1695-1711. [PMID: 32691425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the major modalities for malignancy treatment. High linear energy transfer (LET) charged-particle beams, like proton and carbon ions, exhibit favourable depth-dose distributions and radiobiological enhancement over conventional low-LET photon irradiation, thereby marking a new era in high precision medicine. Tumour cells have developed multicomponent signal transduction networks known as DNA damage responses (DDRs), which initiate cell-cycle checkpoints and induce double-strand break (DSB) repairs in the nucleus by nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination pathways, to manage ionising radiation (IR)-induced DNA lesions. DNA damage induction and DSB repair pathways are reportedly dependent on the quality of radiation delivered. In this review, we summarise various types of DNA lesion and DSB repair mechanisms, upon irradiation with low and high-LET radiation, respectively. We also analyse factors influencing DNA repair efficiency. Inhibition of DNA damage repair pathways and dysfunctional cell-cycle checkpoint sensitises tumour cells to IR. Radio-sensitising agents, including DNA-PK inhibitors, Rad51 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, ATM/ATR inhibitors, chk1 inhibitors, wee1 kinase inhibitors, Hsp90 inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors have been found to enhance cell killing by IR through interference with DDRs, cell-cycle arrest, or other cellular processes. The cotreatment of these inhibitors with IR may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Si
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Research Center for Ecological Impacts and Environmental Health Effects of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Vitti ET, Kacperek A, Parsons JL. Targeting DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Enhances Radiosensitivity of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Photons and Protons. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061490. [PMID: 32517381 PMCID: PMC7352833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to radiotherapy depends on human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV) status, and where improved outcome and survival is observed in HPV-positive disease. However, strategies to further radiosensitise the tumours, particularly relatively radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC, are actively being sought. The impact of targeting the major protein kinases involved in the signaling of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, namely ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), and the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-Pkcs), on the radiosensitisation of HNSCC cells was examined. The response to both conventional photon radiotherapy, but also proton beam therapy, was analysed by clonogenic assays and 3D spheroid growth. We observed that inhibition of ATM, ATR, and particularly DNA-Pkcs, caused a significant reduction in HNSCC cell survival post-irradiation with both photons and protons, with less of an impact on the most radiosensitive HPV-positive cell line. The inhibition of DNA-Pkcs and, to a lesser extent ATM, in combination with radiation was also more effective at inhibiting the growth of 3D spheroids derived from relatively radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC. Similar effects of the inhibitors were observed comparing photon and proton irradiation, demonstrating the potential for targeting DSB repair as an effective combination treatment for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Terpsi Vitti
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
| | - Andrzej Kacperek
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington CH63 4JY, UK;
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington CH63 4JY, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-151-794-8848
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11
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Chauhan V, Sherman S, Said Z, Yauk CL, Stainforth R. A case example of a radiation-relevant adverse outcome pathway to lung cancer. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:68-84. [PMID: 31846388 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1704913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) describe how a measurable sequence of key events, beginning from a molecular initiator, can lead to an adverse outcome of relevance to risk assessment. An AOP is modular by design, comprised of four main components: (1) a Molecular Initiating Event (MIE), (2) Key Events (KEs), (3) Key Event Relationships (KERs) and (4) an Adverse Outcome (AO). PURPOSE Here, we illustrate the utility of the AOP concept through a case example in the field of ionizing radiation, using the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Users' Handbook. This AOP defines a classic targeted response to a radiation insult with an AO of lung cancer that is relevant to radon gas exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS To build this AOP, over 500 papers were reviewed and categorized based on the modified Bradford-Hill Criteria. Data-rich key events from the MIE, to several measurable KEs and KERs related to DNA damage response/repair were identified. RESULTS The components for this AOP begin with direct deposition of energy as the MIE. Energy deposited into a cell can lead to multiple ionization events to targets such as DNA. This energy can damage DNA leading to double-strand breaks (DSBs) (KE1), this will initiate repair activation (KE2) in higher eukaryotes through mechanisms that are quick and efficient, but error-prone. If DSBs occur in regions of the DNA transcribing critical genes, then mutations (KE3) generated through faulty repair may alter the function of these genes or may cause chromosomal aberrations (KE4). This can impact cellular pathways such as cell growth, cell cycling and then cellular proliferation (KE5). This will form hyperplasia in lung cells, leading eventually to lung cancer (AO) induction and metastasis. The weight of evidence for the KERs was built using biological plausibility, incidence concordance, dose-response, time-response and essentiality studies. The uncertainties and inconsistencies surrounding this AOP are centered on dose-response relationships associated with dose, dose-rates and radiation quality. CONCLUSION Overall, the AOP framework provided an effective means to organize the scientific knowledge surrounding the KERs and identify those with strong dose-response relationships and those with inconsistencies. This case study is an example of how the AOP methodology can be applied to sources of radiation to help support areas of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Samantha Sherman
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zakaria Said
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert Stainforth
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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12
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Habiel DM, Hohmann MS, Espindola MS, Coelho AL, Jones I, Jones H, Carnibella R, Pinar I, Werdiger F, Hogaboam CM. DNA-PKcs modulates progenitor cell proliferation and fibroblast senescence in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:165. [PMID: 31464599 PMCID: PMC6716822 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have highlighted the contribution of senescent mesenchymal and epithelial cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), but little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the accumulation of senescent cells in this disease. Therefore, we addressed the hypothesis that the loss of DNA repair mechanisms mediated by DNA protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) in IPF, promoted the accumulation of mesenchymal progenitors and progeny, and the expression of senescent markers by these cell types. METHODS Surgical lung biopsy samples and lung fibroblasts were obtained from patients exhibiting slowly, rapidly or unknown progressing IPF and lung samples lacking any evidence of fibrotic disease (i.e. normal; NL). The expression of DNA-Pkcs in lung tissue was assessed by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Chronic inhibition of DNA-PKcs kinase activity was mimicked using a highly specific small molecule inhibitor, Nu7441. Proteins involved in DNA repair (stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-4+ cells) were determined by quantitative Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of transcriptomic datasets (GSE103488). Lastly, the loss of DNA-PKc was modeled in a humanized model of pulmonary fibrosis in NSG SCID mice genetically deficient in PRKDC (the transcript for DNA-PKcs) and treated with Nu7441. RESULTS DNA-PKcs expression was significantly reduced in IPF lung tissues. Chronic inhibition of DNA-PKcs by Nu7441 promoted the proliferation of SSEA4+ mesenchymal progenitor cells and a significant increase in the expression of senescence-associated markers in cultured lung fibroblasts. Importantly, mesenchymal progenitor cells and their fibroblast progeny derived from IPF patients showed a loss of transcripts encoding for DNA damage response and DNA repair components. Further, there was a significant reduction in transcripts encoding for PRKDC (the transcript for DNA-PKcs) in SSEA4+ mesenchymal progenitor cells from IPF patients compared with normal lung donors. In SCID mice lacking DNA-PKcs activity receiving IPF lung explant cells, treatment with Nu7441 promoted the expansion of progenitor cells, which was observed as a mass of SSEA4+ CgA+ expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results show that the loss of DNA-PKcs promotes the expansion of SSEA4+ mesenchymal progenitors, and the senescence of their mesenchymal progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Habiel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Women's Guild Lung Institute, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., AHSP A9315, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Miriam S Hohmann
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Women's Guild Lung Institute, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., AHSP A9315, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Milena S Espindola
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Women's Guild Lung Institute, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., AHSP A9315, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Ana Lucia Coelho
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Women's Guild Lung Institute, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., AHSP A9315, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Isabelle Jones
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Women's Guild Lung Institute, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., AHSP A9315, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Heather Jones
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Women's Guild Lung Institute, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., AHSP A9315, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Richard Carnibella
- Laboratory of Dynamic Imaging, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Isaac Pinar
- Laboratory of Dynamic Imaging, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Freda Werdiger
- Laboratory of Dynamic Imaging, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Women's Guild Lung Institute, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., AHSP A9315, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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13
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Vitti ET, Parsons JL. The Radiobiological Effects of Proton Beam Therapy: Impact on DNA Damage and Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070946. [PMID: 31284432 PMCID: PMC6679138 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton beam therapy (PBT) offers significant benefit over conventional (photon) radiotherapy for the treatment of a number of different human cancers, largely due to the physical characteristics. In particular, the low entrance dose and maximum energy deposition in depth at a well-defined region, the Bragg peak, can spare irradiation of proximal healthy tissues and organs at risk when compared to conventional radiotherapy using high-energy photons. However, there are still biological uncertainties reflected in the relative biological effectiveness that varies along the track of the proton beam as a consequence of the increases in linear energy transfer (LET). Furthermore, the spectrum of DNA damage induced by protons, particularly the generation of complex DNA damage (CDD) at high-LET regions of the distal edge of the Bragg peak, and the specific DNA repair pathways dependent on their repair are not entirely understood. This knowledge is essential in understanding the biological impact of protons on tumor cells, and ultimately in devising optimal therapeutic strategies employing PBT for greater clinical impact and patient benefit. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on the radiobiological effects of PBT versus photon radiotherapy in cells, particularly in the context of DNA damage. We also review the DNA repair pathways that are essential in the cellular response to PBT, with a specific focus on the signaling and processing of CDD induced by high-LET protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Terpsi Vitti
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK.
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14
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Rodriguez C, Carpano M, Curotto P, Thorp S, Casal M, Juvenal G, Pisarev M, Dagrosa MA. In vitro studies of DNA damage and repair mechanisms induced by BNCT in a poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma cell line. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2018; 57:143-152. [PMID: 29453554 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-017-0729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for aggressive tumors is based on nuclear reaction [10B (n, α) 7Li]. Previously, we demonstrated that BNCT could be applied for the treatment of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to describe the DNA damage pattern and the repair pathways that are activated by BNCT in thyroid cells. We analyzed γH2AX foci and the expression of Ku70, Rad51 and Rad54, main effector enzymes of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathways, respectively, in thyroid follicular carcinoma cells. The studied groups were: (1) C [no irradiation], (2) gamma [60Co source], (3) N [neutron beam alone], (4) BNCT [neutron beam plus 10 µg 10B/ml of boronphenylalanine (10BPA)]. The total absorbed dose was always 3 Gy. The results showed that the number of nuclear γH2AX foci was higher in the gamma group than in the N and BNCT groups (30 min-24 h) (p < 0.001). However, the focus size was significantly larger in BNCT compared to other groups (p < 0.01). The analysis of repair enzymes showed a significant increase in Rad51 and Rad54 mRNA at 4 and 6 h, respectively; in both N and BNCT groups and the expression of Ku70 did not show significant differences between groups. These findings are consistent with an activation of HRR mechanism in thyroid cells. A melanoma cell line showed different DNA damage pattern and activation of both repair pathways. These results will allow us to evaluate different blocking points, to potentiate the damage induced by BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rodriguez
- Radiobiology Department (CAC, CNEA), 1499 Gral Paz Av, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Carpano
- Radiobiology Department (CAC, CNEA), 1499 Gral Paz Av, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Curotto
- RA-3-Investigation and Production Reactors (CAE, CNEA), 15 Presbítero González y Aragón Rd, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Thorp
- Instrumentation and Control Department (CAE, CNEA), 15 Presbítero González y Aragón Rd, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Casal
- Oncology Institute "Ángel H. Roffo"-University of Buenos Aires, 5481 San Martín Av, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Juvenal
- Radiobiology Department (CAC, CNEA), 1499 Gral Paz Av, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Scientific and Technical Research National Council (CONICET), 1917 Rivadavia St, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Pisarev
- Radiobiology Department (CAC, CNEA), 1499 Gral Paz Av, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Scientific and Technical Research National Council (CONICET), 1917 Rivadavia St, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Dagrosa
- Radiobiology Department (CAC, CNEA), 1499 Gral Paz Av, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Scientific and Technical Research National Council (CONICET), 1917 Rivadavia St, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Noda A. Radiation-induced unrepairable DSBs: their role in the late effects of radiation and possible applications to biodosimetry. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:ii114-ii120. [PMID: 29281054 PMCID: PMC5941153 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the vast majority of DNA damage induced by radiation exposure disappears rapidly, some lesions remain in the cell nucleus in very small quantities for days to months. These lesions may cause a considerable threat to an organism and include certain types of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) called 'unrepairable DSBs'. Unrepairable DSBs are thought to cause persistent malfunctioning of cells and tissues or cause late effects of radiation, especially the induction of delayed cell death, mutation, senescence, or carcinogenesis. Moreover, the measurement of unrepairable DSBs could potentially be used for retrospective biodosimetry or for identifying individuals at greater risk for developing the adverse effects associated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. This review summarizes the concept of unrepairable DSBs in the context of persistent repair foci formed at DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asao Noda
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama-Park, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
- Corresponding Author. Tel: 082-261-3131; Fax: +082-263-7279;
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16
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Li X, Chen F, Zhu Q, Ding B, Zhong Q, Huang K, Jiang X, Wang Z, Yin C, Zhu Y, Li Z, Meng F. Gli-1/PI3K/AKT/NF-kB pathway mediates resistance to radiation and is a target for reversion of responses in refractory acute myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33004-15. [PMID: 27105509 PMCID: PMC5078070 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Total body irradiation combined with chemotherapy is currently the most effective procedure as a preparative myeloablative regimen. However, resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in refractory acute myeloid leukemia is associated with short-time recurrence after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To address this issue, we used three cell lines, HL60, HL60/ADR (adriamycin-resistant cells), and HL60/RX (a radiation-resistant cell line established from HL60 cells), as cellular models to investigate the mechanism of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway resulting in radioresistance, and the efficacy of LDE225 (an inhibitor of the Hh pathway) to enhance radiation sensitivity. Our results indicated that HL60/RX and HL60/ADR cells showed an increased in radioresistance and elevated activity of Hh pathway proteins compared with HL60 cells (P<0.001). In addition, LDE225 significantly reduced clonogenic survival with a sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.283 for HL60/ADR and 1.245 for HL60/RX cells. The combination of LDE225 with irradiation significantly increased radiation-induced apoptosis and expression of γ-H2AX and BAK compared with single-treatment groups in both HL60/RX and HL60/ADR cells (P<0.001). In vivo, the combination of LDE225 with irradiation exerted a significant antitumor effect compared with the control and single agents in HL60/RX- and HL60/ADR-xenografted mouse models (P<0.001). Furthermore, our data obtained from western blot and IHC analyses showed that the activation of pAKT and NF-kB was reduced by LDE225 treatment in both HL60/ADR and HL60/RX cells. This demonstrates that the Gli-1/PI3K/AKT/NF-kB pathway plays a key role in resistance to radiation, and that inhibition of the Hh pathway sensitizes cells to radiation by overcoming radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuhua Zhu
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingjie Ding
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingxiu Zhong
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.,Hematology Department, Kanghua Hospital, Dongguan 523080, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaikai Huang
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejie Jiang
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Changxin Yin
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufeng Zhu
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.,Hematology Department, Kanghua Hospital, Dongguan 523080, Guangdong, China
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17
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Hojo H, Dohmae T, Hotta K, Kohno R, Motegi A, Yagishita A, Makinoshima H, Tsuchihara K, Akimoto T. Difference in the relative biological effectiveness and DNA damage repair processes in response to proton beam therapy according to the positions of the spread out Bragg peak. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:111. [PMID: 28673358 PMCID: PMC5494883 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular responses to proton beam irradiation are not yet clearly understood, especially differences in the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of high-energy proton beams depending on the position on the Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP). Towards this end, we investigated the differences in the biological effect of a high-energy proton beam on the target cells placed at different positions on the SOBP, using two human esophageal cancer cell lines with differing radiosensitivities. Methods Two human esophageal cancer cell lines (OE21, KYSE450) with different radiosensitivities were irradiated with a 235-MeV proton beam at 4 different positions on the SOBP (position #1: At entry; position #2: At the proximal end of the SOBP; position #3: Center of the SOBP; position #4: At the distal end of the SOBP), and the cell survivals were assessed by the clonogenic assay. The RBE10 for each position of the target cell lines on the SOBP was determined based on the results of the cell survival assay conducted after photon beam irradiation. In addition, the number of DNA double-strand breaks was estimated by quantitating the number of phospho-histone H2AX (γH2AX) foci formed in the nuclei by immunofluorescence analysis. Results In regard to differences in the RBE of a proton beam according to the position on the SOBP, the RBE value tended to increase as the position on the SOBP moved distally. Comparison of the residual number of γH2AX foci at the end 24 h after the irradiation revealed, for both cell lines, a higher number of foci in the cells irradiated at the distal end of the SOPB than in those irradiated at the proximal end or center of the SOBP. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that the RBE of a high-energy proton beam and the cellular responses, including the DNA damage repair processes, to high-energy proton beam irradiation, differ according to the position on the SOBP, irrespective of the radiosensitivity levels of the cell lines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-017-0849-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Hojo
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Dohmae
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kenji Hotta
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kohno
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1840 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Atsushi Motegi
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yagishita
- Division of Translational Research, EPOC, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hideki Makinoshima
- Division of Translational Research, EPOC, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Research, EPOC, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Akimoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
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18
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Gorniewska AM, Kluzek K, Gackowska L, Kubiszewska I, Zdzienicka MZ, Bialkowska A. Distinct cellular phenotype linked to defective DNA interstrand crosslink repair and homologous recombination. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627616 PMCID: PMC5561886 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) predominantly involves the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway and homologous recombination (HR). The HR repair system eliminates DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that emerge during ICLs removal. The current study presents a novel cell line, CL-V8B, representing a new complementation group of Chinese hamster cell mutants hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking factors. CL-V8B exhibits increased sensitivity to various DNA-damaging agents, including compounds leading to DSBs formation (bleomycin and 6-thioguanine), and is extremely sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (>400-fold), which is typical for HR-defective cells. In addition, this cell line exhibits a reduced number of spontaneous and induced sister chromatid exchanges, which suggests likely impairment of HR in CL-V8B cells. However, in contrast to other known HR mutants, CL-V8B cells do not show defects in Rad51 foci induction, but only slight alterations in the focus formation kinetics. CL-V8B is additionally characterized by a considerable chromosomal instability, as indicated by a high number of spontaneous and MMC-induced chromosomal aberrations, and a twice as large proportion of cells with abnormal centrosomes than that in the wild type cell line. The molecular defect present in CL-V8B does not affect the efficiency and stabilization of replication forks. However, stalling of the forks in response to replication stress is observed relatively rarely, which suggests an impairment of a signaling mechanism. Exposure of CL-V8B to crosslinking agents results in S-phase arrest (as in the wild type cells), but also in larger proportion of G2/M-phase cells and apoptotic cells. CL-V8B exhibits similarities to HR- and/or FA-defective Chinese hamster mutants sensitive to DNA crosslinking agents. However, the unique phenotype of this new mutant implies that it carries a defect of a yet unidentified gene involved in the repair of ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Gorniewska
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kluzek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan 61‑614, Poland
| | - Lidia Gackowska
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Izabela Kubiszewska
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Z Zdzienicka
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Aneta Bialkowska
- Innovative Medical Forum, Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz 85‑796, Poland
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19
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DNA damage induced by Strontium-90 exposure at low concentrations in mesenchymal stromal cells: the functional consequences. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41580. [PMID: 28134299 PMCID: PMC5278504 DOI: 10.1038/srep41580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
90Sr is one of the radionuclides released after nuclear accidents that can significantly impact human health in the long term. 90Sr accumulates mostly in the bones of exposed populations. Previous research has shown that exposure induces changes in bone physiology both in humans and in mice. We hypothesize that, due to its close location with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), 90Sr could induce functional damage to stromal cells that may explain these biological effects due to chronic exposure to 90Sr. The aim of this work was to verify this hypothesis through the use of an in vitro model of MS5 stromal cell lines exposed to 1 and 10 kBq.mL-1 of 90Sr. Results indicated that a 30-minute exposure to 90Sr induced double strand breaks in DNA, followed by DNA repair, senescence and differentiation. After 7 days of exposure, MS5 cells showed a decreased ability to proliferate, changes in cytokine expression, and changes in their ability to support hematopoietic progenitor proliferation and differentiation. These results demonstrate that chronic exposure to a low concentration of 90Sr can induce functional changes in BMSCs that in turn may explain the health effects observed in following chronic 90Sr exposure.
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Siddiqui MS, François M, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. Persistent γH2AX: A promising molecular marker of DNA damage and aging. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:1-19. [PMID: 26596544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest cellular responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is the phosphorylation of the core histone protein H2AX (termed γH2AX). Persistent γH2AX is the level of γH2AX above baseline, measured at a given time-point beyond which DNA DSBs are normally expected to be repaired (usually persist for days to months). This review summarizes the concept of persistent γH2AX in the context of exogenous source induced DNA DSBs (e.g. ionizing radiation (IR), chemotherapeutic drugs, genotoxic agents), and endogenous γH2AX levels in normal aging and accelerated aging disorders. Summary of the current literature demonstrates the following (i) γH2AX persistence is a common phenomenon that occurs in humans and animals; (ii) nuclei retain persistent γH2AX foci for up to several months after IR exposure, allowing for retrospective biodosimetry; (iii) the combination of various radiosensitizing drugs with ionizing radiation exposure leads to persistent γH2AX response, thus enabling the potential for monitoring cancer patients' response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as tailoring cancer treatments; (iv) persistent γH2AX accumulates in telomeric DNA and in cells undergoing cellular senescence; and (v) increased endogenous γH2AX levels may be associated with diseases of accelerated aging. In summary, measurement of persistent γH2AX could potentially be used as a marker of radiation biodosimetry, evaluating sensitivity to therapeutic genotoxins and radiotherapy, and exploring the association of unrepaired DNA DSBs on telomeres with diseases of accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Antonelli F, Campa A, Esposito G, Giardullo P, Belli M, Dini V, Meschini S, Simone G, Sorrentino E, Gerardi S, Cirrone GAP, Tabocchini MA. Induction and Repair of DNA DSB as Revealed by H2AX Phosphorylation Foci in Human Fibroblasts Exposed to Low- and High-LET Radiation: Relationship with Early and Delayed Reproductive Cell Death. Radiat Res 2015; 183:417-31. [PMID: 25844944 DOI: 10.1667/rr13855.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of radiation-induced DNA breaks within the cell nucleus depends on radiation quality in terms of energy deposition pattern. It is generally assumed that the higher the radiation linear energy transfer (LET), the greater the DNA damage complexity. Using a combined experimental and theoretical approach, we examined the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation kinetics of radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci, size distribution and 3D focus morphology, and the relationship between DNA damage and cellular end points (i.e., cell killing and lethal mutations) after exposure to gamma rays, protons, carbon ions and alpha particles. Our results showed that the maximum number of foci are reached 30 min postirradiation for all radiation types. However, the number of foci after 0.5 Gy of each radiation type was different with gamma rays, protons, carbon ions and alpha particles inducing 12.64 ± 0.25, 10.11 ± 0.40, 8.84 ± 0.56 and 4.80 ± 0.35 foci, respectively, which indicated a clear influence of the track structure and fluence on the numbers of foci induced after a dose of 0.5 Gy for each radiation type. The γ-H2AX foci persistence was also dependent on radiation quality, i.e., the higher the LET, the longer the foci persisted in the cell nucleus. The γ-H2AX time course was compared with cell killing and lethal mutation and the results highlighted a correlation between cellular end points and the duration of γ-H2AX foci persistence. A model was developed to evaluate the probability that multiple DSBs reside in the same gamma-ray focus and such probability was found to be negligible for doses lower than 1 Gy. Our model provides evidence that the DSBs inside complex foci, such as those induced by alpha particles, are not processed independently or with the same time constant. The combination of experimental, theoretical and simulation data supports the hypothesis of an interdependent processing of closely associated DSBs, possibly associated with a diminished correct repair capability, which affects cell killing and lethal mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Antonelli
- a Health and Technology Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Chen N, Yang W, Bao Y, Xu H, Qin S, Tu Y. BSA capped Au nanoparticle as an efficient sensitizer for glioblastoma tumor radiation therapy. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04013b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy has shown encouraging treatment efficacy on many types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Medical College of Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Weitao Yang
- School of Life Sciences
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Yun Bao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Medical College of Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Hualin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Medical College of Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Songbing Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Yu Tu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Medical College of Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
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