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Mortezaee K, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Najafi M, Farhood B. Metformin as a Radiation Modifier; Implications to Normal Tissue Protection and Tumor Sensitization. CURRENT CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 14:41-53. [PMID: 30360725 DOI: 10.2174/1574884713666181025141559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, ionizing radiation is used for several applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, and nuclear power generation. Besides the beneficial roles of ionizing radiation, there are some concerns about accidental exposure to radioactive sources. The threat posed by its use in terrorism is of global concern. Furthermore, there are several side effects to normal organs for patients who had undergone radiation treatment for cancer. Hence, the modulation of radiation response in normal tissues was one of the most important aims of radiobiology. Although, so far, several agents have been investigated for protection and mitigation of radiation injury. Agents such as amifostine may lead to severe toxicity, while others may interfere with radiation therapy outcomes as a result of tumor protection. Metformin is a natural agent that is well known as an antidiabetic drug. It has shown some antioxidant effects and enhances DNA repair capacity, thereby ameliorating cell death following exposure to radiation. Moreover, through targeting endogenous ROS production within cells, it can mitigate radiation injury. This could potentially make it an effective radiation countermeasure. In contrast to other radioprotectors, metformin has shown modulatory effects through induction of several genes such as AMPK, which suppresses reduction/ oxidation (redox) reactions, protects cells from accumulation of unrepaired DNA, and attenuates initiation of inflammation as well as fibrotic pathways. Interestingly, these properties of metformin can sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION In this article, we aimed to review the interesting properties of metformin such as radioprotection, radiomitigation and radiosensitization, which could make it an interesting adjuvant for clinical radiotherapy, as well as an interesting candidate for mitigation of radiation injury after a radiation disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed E Musa
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Castle KD, Chen M, Wisdom AJ, Kirsch DG. Genetically engineered mouse models for studying radiation biology. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S900-S913. [PMID: 30733931 PMCID: PMC6363345 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.06.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are valuable research tools that have transformed our understanding of cancer. The first GEMMs generated in the 1980s and 1990s were knock-in and knock-out models of single oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The advances that made these models possible catalyzed both technological and conceptual shifts in the way cancer research was conducted. As a result, dozens of mouse models of cancer exist today, covering nearly every tissue type. The advantages inherent to GEMMs compared to in vitro and in vivo transplant models are compounded in preclinical radiobiology research for several reasons. First, they accurately and robustly recapitulate primary cancers anatomically, histopathologically, and genetically. Reliable models are a prerequisite for predictive preclinical studies. Second, they preserve the tumor microenvironment, including the immune, vascular, and stromal compartments, which enables the study of radiobiology at a systems biology level. Third, they provide exquisite control over the genetics and kinetics of tumor initiation, which enables the study of specific gene mutations on radiation response and functional genomics in vivo. Taken together, these facets allow researchers to utilize GEMMs for rigorous and reproducible preclinical research. In the three decades since the generation of the first GEMMs of cancer, advancements in modeling approaches have rapidly progressed and expanded the mouse modeling toolbox with techniques such as in vivo short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown, inducible gene expression, site-specific recombinases, and dual recombinase systems. Our lab and many others have utilized these tools to study cancer and radiobiology. Recent advances in genome engineering with CRISPR/Cas9 technology have made GEMMs even more accessible to researchers. Here, we review current and future approaches to mouse modeling with a focus on applications in preclinical radiobiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D. Castle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy J. Wisdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Carr MI, Jones SN. Regulation of the Mdm2-p53 signaling axis in the DNA damage response and tumorigenesis. Transl Cancer Res 2016; 5:707-724. [PMID: 28690977 PMCID: PMC5501481 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2016.11.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor acts as a guardian of the genome in mammalian cells undergoing DNA double strand breaks induced by a various forms of cell stress, including inappropriate growth signals or ionizing radiation. Following damage, p53 protein levels become greatly elevated in cells and p53 functions primarily as a transcription factor to regulate the expression a wide variety of genes that coordinate this DNA damage response. In cells undergoing high amounts of DNA damage, p53 can promote apoptosis, whereas in cells undergoing less damage, p53 promotes senescence or transient cell growth arrest and the expression of genes involved in DNA repair, depending upon the cell type and level of damage. Failure of the damaged cell to undergo growth arrest or apoptosis, or to respond to the DNA damage by other p53-coordinated mechanisms, can lead to inappropriate cell growth and tumorigenesis. In cells that have successfully responded to genetic damage, the amount of p53 present in the cell must return to basal levels in order for the cell to resume normal growth and function. Although regulation of p53 levels and function is coordinated by many proteins, it is now widely accepted that the master regulator of p53 is Mdm2. In this review, we discuss the role(s) of p53 in the DNA damage response and in tumor suppression, and how post-translational modification of Mdm2 regulates the Mdm2-p53 signaling axis to govern p53 activities in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Carr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Stephen N Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Matikas A, Georgoulias V, Kotsakis A. Emerging agents for the prevention of treatment induced neutropenia in adult cancer patients. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016; 21:157-66. [PMID: 27139914 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2016.1184646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The administration of myeloid growth factors is the only approved treatment for the prevention of chemotherapy induced neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. However, their specific indications and contraindications and potential side effects limit their application to only a relatively small subset of patients at the highest risk for complications, such as infection. AREAS COVERED A computerized systematic literature search was performed through Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, the Pharmaprojects database and the clinicaltrials.gov website. The shortcomings of the existing treatment approach are reviewed, along with a synopsis of the characteristics of novel agents that protect bone marrow progenitors from the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic treatment that may be used in the future as a stand-alone preventive strategy or as an adjunct to growth factors. EXPERT OPINION There is an abundance of agents undergoing evaluation for the prevention of treatment-induced neutropenia. The appropriate selection of patients, the optimization of the use of existing agents and the increasing competition from biosimilars which likely ensure future decreases in healthcare costs are essential for growth factors to retain their dominant position in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios Matikas
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University General Hospital of Heraklion , Heraklion , Greece.,b Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG) , Athens , Greece
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- b Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG) , Athens , Greece.,c Department of Medical Oncology , IASO General , Athens , Greece
| | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University General Hospital of Heraklion , Heraklion , Greece.,b Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG) , Athens , Greece
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Lee CL, Castle KD, Moding EJ, Blum JM, Williams N, Luo L, Ma Y, Borst LB, Kim Y, Kirsch DG. Acute DNA damage activates the tumour suppressor p53 to promote radiation-induced lymphoma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8477. [PMID: 26399548 PMCID: PMC4586051 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic cancer therapies, such as chemoradiation, cause haematological toxicity primarily by activating the tumour suppressor p53. While inhibiting p53-mediated cell death during cancer therapy ameliorates haematologic toxicity, whether it also impacts carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here we utilize a mouse model of inducible p53 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to show that temporarily blocking p53 during total-body irradiation (TBI) not only ameliorates acute toxicity, but also improves long-term survival by preventing lymphoma development. Using KrasLA1 mice, we show that TBI promotes the expansion of a rare population of thymocytes that express oncogenic KrasG12D. However, blocking p53 during TBI significantly suppresses the expansion of KrasG12D-expressing thymocytes. Mechanistically, bone marrow transplant experiments demonstrate that TBI activates p53 to decrease the ability of bone marrow cells to suppress lymphoma development through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. Together, our results demonstrate that the p53 response to acute DNA damage promotes the development of radiation-induced lymphoma. p53 can be activated by oncogenic stress to suppress tumourigenesis, but its role in radiation carcinogenesis has not been studied in p53 wild-type mice. Here, Lee et al. show that knocking down p53 during total-body irradiation not only reduces acute toxicity, but prevents the formation of radiation-induced lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Katherine D Castle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Everett J Moding
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jordan M Blum
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Nerissa Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Luke B Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Ha CS, Michalek JE, Elledge R, Kelly KR, Ganapathy S, Su H, Jenkins CA, Argiris A, Swords R, Eng TY, Karnad A, Crownover RL, Swanson GP, Goros M, Pollock BH, Yuan ZM. p53-based strategy to reduce hematological toxicity of chemotherapy: A proof of principle study. Mol Oncol 2015; 10:148-56. [PMID: 26440706 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 activation is a primary mechanism underlying pathological responses to DNA damaging agents such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Our recent animal studies showed that low dose arsenic (LDA)-induced transient p53 inhibition selectively protected normal tissues from chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Study objectives were to: 1) define the lowest safe dose of arsenic trioxide that transiently blocks p53 activation in patients and 2) assess the potential of LDA to decrease hematological toxicity from chemotherapy. Patients scheduled to receive minimum 4 cycles of myelosuppressive chemotherapy were eligible. For objective 1, dose escalation of LDA started at 0.005 mg/kg/day for 3 days. This dose satisfied objective 1 and was administered before chemotherapy cycles 2, 4, and 6 for objective 2. p53 level in peripheral lymphocytes was measured on day 1 of each cycle by ELISA assay. Chemotherapy cycles 1, 3, and 5 served as the baseline for the subsequent cycles of 2, 4, and 6 respectively. If p53 level for the subsequent cycle was lower (or higher) than the baseline cycle, p53 was defined as "suppressed" (or "activated") for the pair of cycles. Repeated measures linear models of CBC in terms of day, cycle, p53 activity and interaction terms were used. Twenty-six patients treated with 3 week cycle regimens form the base of analyses. The mean white blood cell, hemoglobin and absolute neutrophil counts were significantly higher in the "suppressed" relative to the "activated" group. These data support the proof of principle that suppression of p53 could lead to protection of bone marrow in patients receiving chemotherapy. This trial is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT01428128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul S Ha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
| | - Joel E Michalek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Richard Elledge
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Kevin R Kelly
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Suthakar Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Carol A Jenkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Athanassios Argiris
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Ronan Swords
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Tony Y Eng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Anand Karnad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Richard L Crownover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Gregory P Swanson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Martin Goros
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Brad H Pollock
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
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