1
|
Che PP, Gregori A, Bergonzini C, Ali M, Mantini G, Schmidt T, Finamore F, Rodrigues SMF, Frampton AE, McDonnell LA, Danen EH, Slotman BJ, Sminia P, Giovannetti E. Differential Sensitivity to Ionizing Radiation in Gemcitabine-Resistant and Paclitaxel-Resistant Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 118:1328-1343. [PMID: 37914140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemoresistance remains a major challenge in treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although chemoradiation has proven effective in other tumor types, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, its role in PDAC and effect on acquired chemoresistance have yet to be fully explored. In this study, we investigated the sensitivity of gemcitabine-resistant (GR) and paclitaxel-resistant (PR) PDAC cells to ionizing radiation (IR) and their underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND MATERIALS GR and PR clones were generated from PANC-1, PATU-T, and SUIT2-007 pancreatic cancer cell lines. Cell survival after radiation was assessed using clonogenic assay, sulforhodamine B assay, apoptosis, and spheroid growth by bioluminescence. Radiation-induced DNA damage was assessed using Western blot, extra-long polymerase chain reaction, reactive oxygen species production, and immunofluorescence. Autophagy and modulation of the Hippo signaling pathway were investigated using proteomics, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In both 2- and 3-dimensional settings, PR cells were more sensitive to IR and showed decreased β-globin amplification, indicating more DNA damage accumulation compared with GR or wild-type cells after 24 hours. Proteomic analysis of PR PATU-T cells revealed that the protein MST4, a kinase involved in autophagy and the Hippo signaling pathway, was highly downregulated. A differential association was found between autophagy and radiation treatment depending on the cell model. Interestingly, increased yes-associated protein nuclear localization and downstream Hippo signaling pathway target gene expression were observed in response to IR. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study investigating the potential of IR in targeting PDAC cells with acquired chemoresistance. Our results demonstrate that PR cells exhibit enhanced sensitivity to IR due to greater accumulation of DNA damage. Additionally, depending on the specific cellular context, radiation-induced modulation of autophagy and the Hippo signaling pathway emerged as potential underlying mechanisms, findings with potential to inform personalized treatment strategies for patients with acquired chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pei Che
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Gregori
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Physics of Life Processes, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bergonzini
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mahsoem Ali
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Imaging and Biomarkers, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Mantini
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, San Giuliano Terme, Italy
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephanie M Fraga Rodrigues
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam E Frampton
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erik H Danen
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Slotman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sminia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, San Giuliano Terme, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lewis CS, Backman C, Ahsan S, Cliff A, Hariharan A, Yeh JJ, Zhang X, Xie C, Sohal DPS, Bogdanov VY. First-in-Class Humanized Antibody against Alternatively Spliced Tissue Factor Augments Anti-Metastatic Efficacy of Chemotherapy in a Preclinical Model of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2580. [PMID: 38473827 PMCID: PMC10932375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternatively spliced tissue factor (asTF) promotes the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by activating β1-integrins on PDAC cell surfaces. hRabMab1, a first-in-class humanized inhibitory anti-asTF antibody we recently developed, can suppress PDAC primary tumor growth as a single agent. Whether hRabMab1 has the potential to suppress metastases in PDAC is unknown. Following in vivo screening of three asTF-proficient human PDAC cell lines, we chose to make use of KRAS G12V-mutant human PDAC cell line PaCa-44, which yields aggressive primary orthotopic tumors with spontaneous spread to PDAC-relevant anatomical sites, along with concomitant severe leukocytosis. The experimental design featured orthotopic tumors formed by luciferase labeled PaCa-44 cells; administration of hRabMab1 alone or in combination with gemcitabine/paclitaxel (gem/PTX); and the assessment of the treatment outcomes on the primary tumor tissue as well as systemic spread. When administered alone, hRabMab1 exhibited poor penetration of tumor tissue; however, hRabMab1 was abundant in tumor tissue when co-administered with gem/PTX, which resulted in a significant decrease in tumor cell proliferation; leukocyte infiltration; and neovascularization. Gem/PTX alone reduced primary tumor volume, but not metastatic spread; only the combination of hRabMab1 and gem/PTX significantly reduced metastatic spread. RNA-seq analysis of primary tumors showed that the addition of hRabMab1 to gem/PTX enhanced the downregulation of tubulin binding and microtubule motor activity. In the liver, hRabMab1 reduced liver metastasis as a single agent. Only the combination of hRabMab1 and gem/PTX eliminated tumor cell-induced leukocytosis. We here demonstrate for the first time that hRabMab1 may help suppress metastasis in PDAC. hRabMab1's ability to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy is significant and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton S. Lewis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (C.S.L.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (D.P.S.S.)
| | - Charles Backman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (C.S.L.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (D.P.S.S.)
| | - Sabahat Ahsan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (C.S.L.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (D.P.S.S.)
| | - Ashley Cliff
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.C.); (A.H.); (J.J.Y.)
| | - Arthi Hariharan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.C.); (A.H.); (J.J.Y.)
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.C.); (A.H.); (J.J.Y.)
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Changchun Xie
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Davendra P. S. Sohal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (C.S.L.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (D.P.S.S.)
| | - Vladimir Y. Bogdanov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (C.S.L.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (D.P.S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fleming Martinez AK, Storz P. Protein kinase D1 - A targetable mediator of pancreatic cancer development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119646. [PMID: 38061566 PMCID: PMC10872883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Members of the Protein kinase D (PKD) kinase family each play important cell-specific roles in the regulation of normal pancreas functions. In pancreatic diseases PKD1 is the most widely characterized isoform with roles in pancreatitis and in induction of pancreatic cancer and its progression. PKD1 expression and activation increases in pancreatic acinar cells through macrophage secreted factors, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) signaling, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving the formation of precancerous lesions. In precancerous lesions PKD1 regulates cell survival, growth, senescence, and generation of doublecortin like kinase 1 (DCLK1)-positive cancer stem cells (CSCs). Within tumors, regulation by PKD1 includes chemoresistance, apoptosis, proliferation, CSC features, and the Warburg effect. Thus, PKD1 plays a critical role throughout pancreatic disease initiation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murray LJ, Appelt AL, Ajithkumar T, Bedford JL, Burnet NG, Lalondrelle S, Manolopoulos S, O'Cathail SM, Robinson M, Short SC, Slevin F, Thomson DJ. Re-irradiation: From Cell Lines to Patients, Filling the (Science) Gap in the Market. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023; 35:318-322. [PMID: 36842937 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J Murray
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
| | - A L Appelt
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - T Ajithkumar
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - J L Bedford
- Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - N G Burnet
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - S Lalondrelle
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - S Manolopoulos
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, UK
| | - S M O'Cathail
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Robinson
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - S C Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - F Slevin
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - D J Thomson
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borodins O, Broghammer F, Seifert M, Cordes N. Meta-analysis of expression and the targeting of cell adhesion associated genes in nine cancer types - A one research lab re-evaluation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2824-2836. [PMID: 37206618 PMCID: PMC10189096 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer presents as a highly heterogeneous disease with partly overlapping and partly distinct (epi)genetic characteristics. These characteristics determine inherent and acquired resistance, which need to be overcome for improving patient survival. In line with the global efforts in identifying druggable resistance factors, extensive preclinical research of the Cordes lab and others designated the cancer adhesome as a critical and general therapy resistance mechanism with multiple druggable cancer targets. In our study, we addressed pancancer cell adhesion mechanisms by connecting the preclinical datasets generated in the Cordes lab with publicly available transcriptomic and patient survival data. We identified similarly changed differentially expressed genes (scDEGs) in nine cancers and their corresponding cell models relative to normal tissues. Those scDEGs interconnected with 212 molecular targets from Cordes lab datasets generated during two decades of research on adhesome and radiobiology. Intriguingly, integrative analysis of adhesion associated scDEGs, TCGA patient survival and protein-protein network reconstruction revealed a set of overexpressed genes adversely affecting overall cancer patient survival and specifically the survival in radiotherapy-treated cohorts. This pancancer gene set includes key integrins (e.g. ITGA6, ITGB1, ITGB4) and their interconnectors (e.g. SPP1, TGFBI), affirming their critical role in the cancer adhesion resistome. In summary, this meta-analysis demonstrates the importance of the adhesome in general, and integrins together with their interconnectors in particular, as potentially conserved determinants and therapeutic targets in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olegs Borodins
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Broghammer
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Seifert
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry (IMB), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69192 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Cordes
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69192 Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lan B, Zeng S, Zhang S, Ren X, Xing Y, Kutschick I, Pfeffer S, Frey B, Britzen-Laurent N, Grützmann R, Cordes N, Pilarsky C. CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Identifies DYRK1A as a Target for Radiotherapy Sensitization in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020326. [PMID: 35053488 PMCID: PMC8773906 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. Although several therapeutic strategies have been developed for pancreatic cancer, radiation therapy has not yet yielded satisfactory results. Unraveling the mechanism of radioresistance in pancreatic cancer and developing new therapeutic targets has become a major challenge. Therefore, we applied kinome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screening combined with the 3D cell culture method and identified DYRK1A as a sensitive target for radiotherapy. Additionally, we confirmed that DYRK1A-targeted inhibitors could enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy. Our results further support the use of CRISPR-Cas9 screening to identify novel therapeutic targets and develop new strategies to enhance radiotherapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer. Abstract Although radiation therapy has recently made great advances in cancer treatment, the majority of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (PC) cannot achieve satisfactory outcomes due to intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. Identifying the molecular mechanisms that impair the efficacy of radiotherapy and targeting these pathways are essential to improve the radiation response of PC patients. Our goal is to identify sensitive targets for pancreatic cancer radiotherapy (RT) using the kinome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen and enhance the therapeutic effect through the development and application of targeted inhibitors combined with radiotherapy. We transduced pancreatic cancer cells with a protein kinase library; 2D and 3D library cells were irradiated daily with a single dose of up to 2 Gy for 4 weeks for a total of 40 Gy using an X-ray generator. Sufficient DNA was collected for next-generation deep sequencing to identify candidate genes. In this study, we identified several cell cycle checkpoint kinases and DNA damage related kinases in 2D- and 3D-cultivated cells, including DYRK1A, whose loss of function sensitizes cells to radiotherapy. Additionally, we demonstrated that the harmine-targeted suppression of DYRK1A used in conjunction with radiotherapy increases DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and impairs homologous repair (HR), resulting in more cancer cell death. Our results support the use of CRISPR-Cas9 screening to identify new therapeutic targets, develop radiosensitizers, and provide novel strategies for overcoming the tolerance of pancreatic cancer to radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lan
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Siyuan Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Xiaofan Ren
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Yuming Xing
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Isabella Kutschick
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Susanne Pfeffer
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Nathalie Britzen-Laurent
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Nils Cordes
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.L.); (S.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|