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Chen H, Li Y, Yang S, Pan X, Wang J, Cao Y, Cao H, Chen P, Liu R. Spontaneously ruptured huge hepatic subcapsular hematoma associated with preeclampsia: A case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2024; 52:3000605241264220. [PMID: 39068528 PMCID: PMC11287723 DOI: 10.1177/03000605241264220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic subcapsular hematoma (HSH) is an uncommon complication of pregnancy and is associated with elevated rates of maternal and foetal mortality. The rupture of an HSH is a critical situation that necessitates immediate and timely intervention to prevent loss of life. We present here, a case of a spontaneously ruptured massive HSH caused by preeclampsia. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature, encompassing 49 cases of HSH associated with pregnancy. If a pregnant woman with gestational hypertension experiences right upper abdominal pain with shoulder pain or radiating shoulder pain, it is crucial for her to have an urgent abdominal ultrasound because of the potential development of HSH and/or rupture. Our review of current literature suggests that opting for a caesarean section may offer notable advantages in preventing HSH rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jianli Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
| | - Shengyu Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wudang Mountain Campus of Taihe Hospital, Hubei, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First People's Hospital of Guangshui, Hubei, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
| | - Yajun Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Xiangyang Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hubei, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
| | - Hua Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
| | - Peng Chen
- Department Acupuncture, Jingzhou hospital of Chinese traditional medicine, Hubei Province, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The 28 batch of China (Hubei) medical team to Algeria
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Chen Y, Liu K, Song K, Fang C, Zhu L, Wu G, Zha J, Zha J. Spontaneous hepatic haemorrhage after caesarean section in a patient with uraemia and superimposed preeclampsia: a case report. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231166510. [PMID: 37032603 PMCID: PMC10107969 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231166510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal spontaneous hepatic haemorrhage is a very rare disease affecting pregnant women, particularly those on long-term dialysis, that has a high maternal and infant mortality rate. Most patients experience preeclampsia with haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome. Here, the case of a 35-year-old multigravida patient with known chronic kidney disease and chronic hypertension with uraemia, who developed spontaneous hepatic haemorrhage after caesarean section, is described. The patient experienced sudden massive circulatory failure, but hemodynamics were temporarily stabilized after emergency surgery. Following transfer to the intensive care unit for continued treatment, her blood pressure and haemoglobin level continued to drop. Selective hepatic artery embolization was performed on day 2 after delivery, and her vital signs gradually stabilized. On day 30 after delivery, the patient was discharged in a stable condition. The newborn recovered after therapy in neonatal intensive care for 2 months. The present case suggests that, for perinatal spontaneous hepatic haemorrhage, timely and accurate diagnosis, multidisciplinary management and determining the therapeutic approach according to clinical symptoms are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Cardiovascular Department, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kangjie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Changtai Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lianghua Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Gaofei Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Junjing Zha
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiaan Zha
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing City, Anhui Province, China
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Janoudi G, Uzun (Rada) M, Boyd ST, Fell DB, Ray JG, Foster AM, Giffen R, Clifford TJ, Walker MC. Do Case Reports and Case Series Generate Clinical Discoveries About Preeclampsia? A Systematic Review. Int J Womens Health 2023; 15:411-425. [PMID: 36974131 PMCID: PMC10039711 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s397680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The management of preeclampsia has not changed much in more than two decades, and its aetiology is still not fully understood. Case reports and case series have traditionally been used to communicate new knowledge about existing conditions. Whether this is true for preeclampsia is not known. Objective To determine whether recent case reports or case series have generated new knowledge and clinical discoveries about preeclampsia. Methods A detailed search strategy was developed in consultation with a medical librarian. Two bibliographic databases were searched through Ovid: Embase and MEDLINE. We selected case reports or case series published between 2015 and 2020, comprising pregnant persons diagnosed with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia. Two reviewers independently screened all publications. One reviewer extracted data from included studies, while another conducted a quality check of extracted data. We developed a codebook to guide our data extraction and outcomes assessment. The quality of each report was determined based on Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for case reports and case series. Results We included 104 case reports and three case series, together comprising 118 pregnancies. A severe presentation or complication of preeclampsia was reported in 81% of pregnancies, and 84% had a positive maternal outcome, free of death or persistent complications. Only 8% of the case reports were deemed to be of high quality, and 53.8% of moderate quality; none of the case series were of high quality. A total of 26 of the 107 publications (24.3%) included a novel clinical discovery as a central theme. Conclusion Over two-thirds of recent case reports and case series about preeclampsia do not appear to present new knowledge or discoveries about preeclampsia, and most are of low quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayath Janoudi
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie T Boyd
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Deshayne B Fell
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joel G Ray
- Departments of Medicine, Health Policy Management and Evaluation, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angel M Foster
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tammy J Clifford
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Institute of Health Research, Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mark C Walker
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- International and Global Health Office, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Newborn Care, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- BORN Ontario, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Mark C Walker, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Practice Changing Research, Box 241, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada, Tel +1 613-798-5555 x76655, Email
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Brito M, Gamito M, Neves AR, Caeiro F, Martins A, Dias E, Veríssimo C. Conservative management of a pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia and postpartum spontaneous hepatic rupture: A case report and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 267:79-89. [PMID: 34731641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Most spontaneous hepatic rupture cases are associated with a pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder like preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Although it is a rare complication, it is still associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality rates. With this study, we aim to present a case report and review the available literature on hepatic rupture associated with hypertensive disorders of the pregnancy. METHODS We present a case report and a review of the literature of the last 20 years on hepatic rupture associated with pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders. The selected cases were reviewed to collect information on maternal characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, therapeutic modalities and maternal and fetal outcomes. RESULTS Our review has found 57 publications describing a total of 93 cases of hepatic hemorrhage with capsule rupture associated with pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders. Most of the patients were less than 35 years old and primiparous and the first symptoms of hepatic rupture included epigastric and right upper abdominal pain. Most of the diagnoses were made during surgery without previous diagnosis and, in the majority of cases, a surgical approach was necessary to achieve hemostasis. Perihepatic packing was the most used surgical method. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our clinical case and literature review reinforces the importance of closely monitoring all pregnancies complicated with hypertensive disorders, including in the postpartum period. Although hepatic rupture accounts for high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality rates, it is possible to keep a conservative approach with good maternal and fetal outcomes, with a high index of suspicious, an early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Brito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Centro Hospitalar, Universitário Lisboa Central, Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa, Rua Viriato 1 2890-495, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Gamito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Av. Carlos Teixeira 3, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Neves
- Department of Medicine Reproduction, Hospital Universitário Dexeus e Universidade Autónoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sabino Arana, 5, 19, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Filipa Caeiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Av. Carlos Teixeira 3, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
| | - Amália Martins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Av. Carlos Teixeira 3, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
| | - Elsa Dias
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Av. Carlos Teixeira 3, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
| | - Carlos Veríssimo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Av. Carlos Teixeira 3, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
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Nam IC, Won JH, Kim S, Bae K, Jeon KN, Moon JI, Cho E, Park JE, Jang JY, Park SE. Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Spontaneous Hepatic Rupture Associated with HELLP Syndrome: A Case Report. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2021; 57:medicina57101055. [PMID: 34684092 PMCID: PMC8538371 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Spontaneous hepatic rupture associated with the syndrome characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and a low platelet count (HELLP syndrome) is a rare and life-threatening condition, and only a few cases regarding the management of this condition through transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) have been previously reported. Case summary: Herein, we report a case involving a 35-year-old pregnant woman who presented at 28 weeks of gestation with right upper quadrant pain, hypotension, and elevated levels of liver enzymes. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed fetal death. She required an emergency cesarean section, and hepatic rupture was identified after the fetus had been delivered. Hepatic packing and TAE were performed. The postprocedural course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 14 days after she had been admitted to our hospital. Conclusions: Spontaneous hepatic rupture associated with HELLP syndrome is a very serious condition that requires prompt and decisive management. The high maternal and fetal mortality rates associated with this condition can be reduced through early accurate diagnosis and adequate management. The findings in the reported case indicate that TAE may be an attractive alternative to surgery for the management of spontaneous hepatic rupture associated with HELLP syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Chul Nam
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea; (I.-C.N.); (S.K.); (K.B.); (K.-N.J.); (J.-I.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Jung-Ho Won
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Sungbin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea; (I.-C.N.); (S.K.); (K.B.); (K.-N.J.); (J.-I.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Kyungsoo Bae
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea; (I.-C.N.); (S.K.); (K.B.); (K.-N.J.); (J.-I.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Kyung-Nyeo Jeon
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea; (I.-C.N.); (S.K.); (K.B.); (K.-N.J.); (J.-I.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Jin-Il Moon
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea; (I.-C.N.); (S.K.); (K.B.); (K.-N.J.); (J.-I.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Eun Cho
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea; (I.-C.N.); (S.K.); (K.B.); (K.-N.J.); (J.-I.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea;
| | - Jae-Yool Jang
- Department of General Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea;
| | - Sung-Eun Park
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea; (I.-C.N.); (S.K.); (K.B.); (K.-N.J.); (J.-I.M.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-214-3145
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"Hepatic rupture in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: A catastrophic presentation". Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 59:643-651. [PMID: 32917311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of index study is to review the available literature on hepatic rupture or hematoma in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy to find the incidence, associated risk factors, clinical presentation, mode of management and feto-maternal outcome. Electronic database was searched using hepatic rupture or hematoma in pregnancy, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome (Hemolysis, EL: elevated liver enzymes, LP: low platelet count) as key words and literature published since January, 2000 to December, 2018 which met the inclusion criteria was reviewed. A total of 56 articles were reviewed describing 93 cases of hepatic hemorrhage in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Treatment varied from conservative management to abdominal packing, hepatic artery embolization, and partial hepatectomy to liver transplantation. Seven out of 93 patients with liver rupture met mortality and in one of them diagnosis was established on autopsy. Unawareness of the hepatic rupture in pregnancy by an obstetrician demands high index of suspicion for diagnosis and requires specialized, focused and exhaustive management for optimal feto-maternal outcome. Laparotomy and perihepatic packing is a viable option in patients with unstable vitals and is feasible even in limited resource settings.Short interval between diagnosis and management may enhance the feto-maternal survival rate and prevent further morbidity or mortality.
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Escobar Vidarte MF, Montes D, Pérez A, Loaiza-Osorio S, José Nieto Calvache A. Hepatic rupture associated with preeclampsia, report of three cases and literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2767-2773. [PMID: 29478361 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1446209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic rupture is a complication during pregnancy that, although rare, accounts for high morbidity and mortality rates. It is mainly associated with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Incidence is estimated to be at one per 67,000 births or one per 2000 patients with preeclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP, mainly in multiparous women; women in their 40s; after 32 weeks of gestation; and during the first 15 h postpartum. CASES This article exposes the institutional experience at Fundación Valle del Lili in Cali, Colombia, in managing and treating hepatic rupture associated with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome in three patients in the 30th, the 26th, and the 27th week of gestation, not resulting in maternal death. DISCUSSION A search in Pubmed, Embase, and Ovid from 2000 to 2017 resulted in 35 cases reported in either pregnant or puerperal women. Hepatic rupture is a rare complication in pregnancy associated with preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Its pathophysiology is attributed to the presence of vasospasm due to an increase in concentration and sensitivity to circulating vasopressors during pregnancy. There is no standard management, but surgery reduces mortality significantly. It includes endovascular management, partial hepatectomy, or transplant (only one patient required a liver transplant in our search). The most used techniques have been ligation of the hepatic artery, embolization of the hepatic artery, and examination, packing, and drainage of hepatic lesion for bleeding control (27 cases were treated with laparotomy with evacuation of hematoma and hemostasis and four cases were treated with embolization of the hepatic artery). Hepatic artery occlusion both by surgery ligation and by embolization through interventional radiology has reported successful and failing results during pregnancy Conclusion: Management of pathologies as hepatic rupture associated with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome has to be clearly protocolized for prompt diagnosis and early management. Furthermore, it has to be carried out through multidisciplinary teams in high-complexity obstetrics scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Montes
- b Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , ICESI University , Cali , Colombia
| | - Alejandra Pérez
- b Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , ICESI University , Cali , Colombia
| | - Sara Loaiza-Osorio
- c Clinical Investigations Center , Fundación Clinica Valle del Lili , Cali , Colombia
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Yoshida K, Matsui O, Miyayama S, Ibukuro K, Yoneda N, Inoue D, Kozaka K, Minami T, Koda W, Gabata T. Isolated Arteries Originating from the Intrahepatic Arteries: Anatomy, Function, and Importance in Intervention. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29:531-537.e1. [PMID: 29477620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated hepatic arteries are defined as hepatic terminal arterioles that are not accompanied by portal venules or bile ductules and penetrate the liver parenchyma and distribute to the hepatic capsule and intrahepatic hepatic veins. Abundant communications exist between intra- and extrahepatic arteries through isolated arteries and capsular arterial plexus. They play a principal role in the development of subcapsular hemorrhage and arterial collateral formation following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for liver cancers. The anatomy, function, and clinical importance of isolated hepatic arteries in interventional radiology, especially regarding subcapsular hemorrhage and arterial collateral formation, are highlighted in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yoshida
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Osamu Matsui
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shiro Miyayama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Fukui-ken Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui City, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kenji Ibukuro
- Department of Radiology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihide Yoneda
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Dai Inoue
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kozaka
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Minami
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Wataru Koda
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Gabata
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
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