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Alkhawaldeh IM, Shattarah O, AlSamhori JF, Abu‐Jeyyab M, Nashwan AJ. Late small bowel perforation from a migrated double plastic biliary stent: A case report and a review of literature of 85 cases from 2000 to 2022. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7425. [PMID: 38028080 PMCID: PMC10658557 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message This case highlights the importance of considering stent migration as a possible cause of intestinal perforation and the need for prompt surgical intervention. Abstract Endo-biliary stent displacement is rare but can cause intestinal perforation. An 85-year-old woman with a history of ERCPs and biliary stents experienced stomach pain and vomiting. She was diagnosed with small bowel perforation from migrated stents and underwent emergency laparotomy, bowel resection, and tension-free stapled anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osama Shattarah
- General Surgery Department, School of MedicineMutah UniversityAl‐KarakJordan
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Zorbas KA, Ashmeade S, Lois W, Farkas DT. Small bowel perforation from a migrated biliary stent: A case report and review of literature. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 13:543-554. [PMID: 34733414 PMCID: PMC8546564 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i10.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bowel perforation from biliary stent migration is a serious potential complication of biliary stents, but fortunately has an incidence of less than 1%. CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 54-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of Human Immunodeficiency virus with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcoholic liver cirrhosis, portal vein thrombosis and extensive past surgical history who presented with acute abdominal pain and local peritonitis. On further evaluation she was diagnosed with small bowel perforation secondary to migrated biliary stents and underwent exploratory laparotomy with therapeutic intervention. CONCLUSION This case presentation reports on the unusual finding of two migrated biliary stents, with one causing perforation. In addition, we review the relevant literature on migrated stents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Ashmeade
- Department of Surgery, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY 10457, United States
| | - William Lois
- Department of Surgery, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY 10457, United States
| | - Daniel T Farkas
- Department of Surgery, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY 10457, United States
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Stassen PM, de Jong DM, Poley JW, Bruno MJ, de Jonge PJ. Prevalence of and risk factors for stent migration-induced duodenal perforation. Endosc Int Open 2021; 9:E461-E469. [PMID: 33655050 PMCID: PMC7895667 DOI: 10.1055/a-1337-2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims The safety of transpapillary biliary drainage by stent placement through endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) may be compromised by the occurrence of stent migration-induced perforation of the duodenal wall (SMDP). We aimed to assess the prevalence rate, risk factors and clinical course of SMDP. Patients and methods This retrospective cohort study included all patients who underwent an ERC with biliary plastic stent placement, between January 2014 and December 2018. Patients with an SMDP were identified from our endoscopy complication registry. Results 1227 patients underwent an ERC, of whom 629 patients (51 %) with biliary plastic stent placement; in 304 patients (25 %) stents were placed for perihilar strictures. Thirteen patients with SMDP were identified. The prevalence was 2.1 % for patients with biliary plastic stent placement and 4.3 % for patients stented for a perihilar stricture. All SMDPs occurred in patients with a perihilar stricture and with stents ≥ 12 cm (range 12-20 cm). Another potential risk factor was stent insertion into the left liver lobe, which was present in 10 of 13 patients. In 10 of 13 patients, SMDP was clinically suspected. Three of 13 patients were asymptomatic and diagnosed at elective stent retrieval. Eight patients could be endoscopically treated with an over-the-scope clip. Four patients died due to abdominal sepsis despite repeated interventions. Conclusion SMDP is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of ERC after transpapillary drainage for perihilar biliary strictures. Stents ≥ 12 cm and stent insertion into the left liver lobe may be associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M.C. Stassen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. de Jong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J.F. de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Gromski MA, Bick BL, Vega D, Easler JJ, Watkins JL, Sherman S, Lehman GA, Fogel EL. A rare complication of ERCP: duodenal perforation due to biliary stent migration. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8:E1530-E1536. [PMID: 33140007 PMCID: PMC7577786 DOI: 10.1055/a-1231-4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Perforation of the duodenal wall opposing the major papilla due to a migrated pancreatobiliary stent rarely has been described in the literature as a complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Factors associated with perforation from migrated stents from ERCP are unknown. Patients and methods This was a retrospective, observational study. Patients were identified from January 1, 1994 to May 31, 2019 in a prospectively maintained ERCP database. Results Eleven cases of duodenal perforation from migrated pancreatobiliary stents placed at ERCP were identified during the study period. All cases involved biliary stents, placed for biliary stricture management. The perforating stent was plastic in 10 cases (91 %). This complication occurred in one in 2,293 ERCP procedures in which a pancreatobiliary stent was placed. Conclusion This complication is more common with biliary stents compared to pancreatic stents. This may be related to the angle of exit of biliary stents being more perpendicular to the opposing duodenal wall and the near exclusive use of external pigtail plastic stents in the pancreatic duct. All perforating plastic stents were ≥ 9 cm in length. Longer stents may provide leverage for perforation with a migration event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Gromski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Bick
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David Vega
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Easler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James L. Watkins
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Glen A. Lehman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Evan L. Fogel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Wang X, Qu J, Li K. Duodenal perforations secondary to a migrated biliary plastic stent successfully treated by endoscope: case-report and review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:149. [PMID: 32398025 PMCID: PMC7216602 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) is the most frequently performed procedure for treating benign or malignant biliary obstruction. Although duodenal perforations secondary to the biliary plastic stent are quite rare, they can be life-threatening. The treatment strategies for such perforations are diverse and continue to be debated. CASE PRESENTATION We report three cases of duodenal perforation due to the migration of biliary plastic stents that were successfully managed using an endoscope. The three patients were admitted on complaints of abdominal pain after they underwent ERBD. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT) revealed migration of the biliary plastic stents and perforation of the duodenum. Endoscopy was immediately performed, and perforation was confirmed. All migrated stents were successfully extracted endoscopically by using snares. In two of the three cases, the duodenal defects were successfully closed with haemostatic clips after stent retrieval, and subsequently, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tubes were inserted. After the endoscopy and medical treatment, all three patients recovered completely. CONCLUSIONS Duodenal perforations due to the migration of biliary stents are rare, and the treatment strategies remain controversial. Our cases and cases in the literature demonstrate that abdominal CT is the preferred method of examination for such perforations, and endoscopic management is appropriate as a first-line treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- Department of Biliary- Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Junwen Qu
- Department of Biliary- Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Department of Biliary- Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Yuan XL, Ye LS, Liu Q, Wu CC, Liu W, Zeng XH, Zhang YH, Guo LJ, Zhang YY, Li Y, Zhou XY, Hu B. Risk factors for distal migration of biliary plastic stents and related duodenal injury. Surg Endosc 2020; 34:1722-1728. [PMID: 31321537 PMCID: PMC7093356 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-06957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk factors of duodenal injury from distal migrated biliary plastic stents remain uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of distal migration and its related duodenal injury in patients who underwent placement of a single biliary plastic stent for biliary strictures. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients with biliary strictures who underwent endoscopic placement of a single biliary plastic stent from January 2006 to October 2017. RESULTS Two hundred forty-eight patients with 402 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures were included. The incidence of distal migration was 6.2%. The frequency of duodenal injury was 2.2% in all cases and 36% in cases with distal migration. Benign biliary strictures (BBS), length of the stent above the proximal end of the stricture (> 2 cm), and duration of stent retention (< 3 months) were independently associated with distal migration (p = 0.018, p = 0.009, and p = 0.016, respectively). Duodenal injury occurred more commonly in cases with larger angle (≥ 30°) between the distal end of the stent and the centerline of the patient's body (p = 0.018) or in cases with stent retention < 3 months (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS The risk factors of distal migration are BBS and the length of the stent above the proximal end of the stricture. The risk factor of duodenal injury due to distal migration is large angle (≥ 30°) between the distal end of the stent and the centerline of the patient's body. Distal migration and related duodenal injury are more likely to present during the early period after biliary stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lei Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lian-Song Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian-Hui Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin-Jie Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Tsang CLN, O'Neill RS, Joseph CM, Palasovski T. Small Bowel Perforation Secondary to Biliary Stent Migration in an Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia. Cureus 2020; 12:e7268. [PMID: 32292679 PMCID: PMC7153812 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of a 90-year-old female who presented with signs of a strangulated inguinal hernia. Further history revealed a paired biliary-pancreatic stent insertion three years prior for ascending cholangitis and a long-standing asymptomatic right inguinal hernia. Biochemistry revealed a slightly elevated C-reactive protein level of 65 mmol/L, but was otherwise unremarkable. Abdominal CT demonstrated two plastic biliary stents within an incarcerated right inguinal hernia. At the time of surgery, a 3-mm perforation due to the stents was identified in the small bowel within the hernia. The stents were retrieved via an enterotomy that was subsequently repaired with full-thickness interrupted sutures. A tissue-suture repair of the inguinal hernia was performed due to significant contamination of enteric contents in the operative field. The patient had an unremarkable recovery and was discharged four days after her operation. This is a very rare acute presentation of stent migration with only a handful of such reported cases in the literature. With the rising number of endoscopic biliary stenting procedures, these complications are likely to increase, and clinicians need to be aware of this possibility in patients with pre-existing hernias.
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Barakat MT, Kothari S, Banerjee S. Cut and Paste: Endoscopic Management of a Perforating Biliary Stent Utilizing Scissors and Clips. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:2202-2205. [PMID: 29127608 PMCID: PMC5945351 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique T Barakat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC:5244, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shivangi Kothari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC:5244, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Subhas Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC:5244, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Abela JE, Anderson JE, Whalen HR, Mitchell KG. Endo-biliary stents for benign disease: not always benign after all! Clin Pract 2011; 1:e102. [PMID: 24765343 PMCID: PMC3981400 DOI: 10.4081/cp.2011.e102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report describes the presentation, management and treatment of a patient who suffered small bowel perforation due to the migration of his biliary stent which had been inserted for benign disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, UK
| | - Henry R Whalen
- Department of Surgery, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, UK
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Uzzaman MM, Nair MS, Myint F. An unusual complication encountered incidentally at laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case series. J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 14:1608-12. [PMID: 20652438 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-010-1238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This is a case series of erosion of the common bile duct by an in situ stent found incidentally during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first reported incidences of this nature. METHOD Four individual case reports. RESULTS Thirty nine patients with an in situ CBD stent underwent LC for symptomatic gallstones in our institution over a 4-year time period (2005 to 2009). Four patients were found to have the stent eroding through the wall of the CBD. In these four patients, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) had previously been performed - extracting stone(s) - followed by sphincterotomy and insertion of a 7 Fr pigtail stent (measuring 4 cm). The operation was converted to open in two patients, and the procedure was abandoned in one of these cases. In the other two patients, the anatomy of Calots triangle was delineated well, and the operator was able to complete LC. The duration between initial pigtail stent insertion and LC ranged from 32 to 400 days. None of our patients required a definitive surgical repair of the CBD or T-tube placement. The stent was removed during surgery in one case, removed endoscopically at a later date in two patients, and passed spontaneously in one patient. All four patients made a good postoperative recovery. CONCLUSION CBD erosion is a complication of plastic biliary stent insertion. CBD stent erosion will make surgery more hazardous especially if it remains in situ for a significant period of time. CBD erosion can generally be managed conservatively without the need for surgical repair. Awareness of this complication should prompt earlier surgery or earlier removal of plastic pigtail stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mohsin Uzzaman
- Department of General Surgery, North Middlesex University Hospital, 62 Kensington Avenue, London E12 6NP, UK.
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