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Pereira F, Petroianu A, Geraldo JM, Pereira C. Megavoltage radiotherapy effects on organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Acta Cir Bras 2023; 38:e384123. [PMID: 37878983 PMCID: PMC10592569 DOI: 10.1590/acb384123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the uptake capacity of cells from the reticuloendothelial system after irradiation with high-energy X-rays. METHODS Eighteen male Wistar rats were distributed in three groups: group A (n = 6): control, unirradiated animals studied alongside animals from group B; group B (n = 6) and group C (n = 6): animals irradiated and studied after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. The rats were anesthetized and placed on a 10 MV linear accelerator. Next, they were irradiated in the abdominal region, with 8 Gy. Twenty-four (groups A and B) and 48 hours later (group C), a colloidal carbon solution (1 mL/kg) was intravenously injected in the tail vein. Fifty minutes later, the spleens and livers were withdrawn and prepared to be studied. Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages containing carbon pigments were counted in an optical microscope. Arithmetic means were calculated for each group and compared among them. RESULTS X-rays were associated with a reduced number of Kupffer cells containing colloidal carbon, proliferation and enlargement of biliary ducts, hypoplasia, and hepatocyte necrosis. In the irradiated spleen, the colloidal carbon uptake was concentrated in the marginal zone around the white pulp, with an inexpressive uptake of pigments by macrophages from white and red pulps. CONCLUSIONS The X-rays in the rat abdomen are associated with a reduction in the Kupffer cells uptake of colloidal carbon, hepatocyte disorders, bile duct proliferation, and splenic uptake of colloidal carbon concentrated in the marginal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear - Belo Horizonte (MG) - Brazil
| | - Andy Petroianu
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Departamento de Cirurgia - Belo Horizonte (MG) - Brazil
| | | | - Claubia Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear - Belo Horizonte (MG) - Brazil
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de Faria FP, Petroianu A, Mota LG, Fernandes SOA, Geraldo JM, Nascimento CB, Vital KD. Splenic, hepatic, renal and pulmonary clearance dysfunction associated with high-energy X-rays. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1257-1260. [PMID: 34919028 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify the high-energy X-rays effects on the blood clearance of colloidal particles by the spleen, liver, kidneys, and lungs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups. Group 1 (n = 5) - control - non-irradiated animals, group 2 (n = 6) - irradiated animals studied 24 h after irradiation, and group 3 (n = 6) - irradiated animals studied 48 h after irradiation. The animals were anesthetized and irradiated with a non-fractionated 8 Gy dose in the abdominal region divided into two parallel and opposite fields, 4 Gy was given to the anteroposterior and 4 Gy to the posteroanterior. This high dose of high-energy X-rays causes extensive cell killing, tissue disorganization and break down cell to cell communication. According to the groups, 50 µCi of technetium-phytate were injected into the right internal jugular vein. After 30 minutes, the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs were removed. The clot was harvested from the abdominal cavity two minutes after the sectioning of the abdominal aorta and cava vein. The organs and clot were placed into plastic flasks to be weighed and studied for the emission of radioactivity in a gamma radiation detector. The uptake function of each organ was calculated based on the count of gamma rays emitted per minute and normalized with the organ mass, having as a reference the radioactivity count of a standard sample. The arithmetic mean of each organ uptake was calculated and compared among the groups. RESULTS After irradiation, the spleen uptake of colloidal radiopharmaceutical was greater, while the hepatic, renal, and pulmonary uptake were lower. The renal uptake decreased slower than the hepatic and pulmonary uptake. CONCLUSIONS A single high dose of high-energy X-rays enhances the splenic clearance function, while it reduces the hepatic, renal, and pulmonary clearance until 48 h after irradiation, with a rapid deterioration of the hepatic and pulmonary uptake function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P de Faria
- Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.,Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Andy Petroianu
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Luciene G Mota
- Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Simone O A Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Jony M Geraldo
- Centro de Radioterapia do Hospital Luxemburgo, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | - Katia D Vital
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Changes in splenic uptake pattern associated with X-ray irradiation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04932. [PMID: 32995620 PMCID: PMC7501432 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the splenic uptake function after irradiation with high-energy X-rays. Materials and methods Fourteen male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups. Group 1 (n = 6) – control, non-irradiated; Group 2 (n = 4) – animals that were irradiated and studied 24 h after irradiation; and Group 3 (n = 4) – animals that were irradiated and studied 48 h after irradiation. The animals were irradiated with 8 Gy X-rays in the abdominal region. According with the groups, after 24 or 48 h, 1 ml/kg of a 50% colloidal carbon solution was injected in the left internal jugular vein. After 40 min, the spleens were removed for histological studies. Macrophages containing carbon pigments in their cytoplasms were counted in 16 consecutive microscopic fields, and their means were considered as the uptake pattern of each animal. Results In the control groups, carbon pigments were captured by macrophages in the red and white pulps, while in the irradiated groups, the uptake in the marginal zone, around the white pulp, was enhanced. There was no disorder on the splenic parenchyma or necrosis in histological analyzes. Qualitatively rare apoptotic events were observed, with no difference between control and irradiated animals. Conclusion The high-energy X-ray, used in radiotherapy, modifies the splenic clearance, enhancing the amount of marginal zone macrophages containing colloid particles. This radiation was not associated with morphological changes, nor with necrosis or apoptosis of splenic tissue.
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Ai XM, Ho LC, Han LL, Lu JJ, Yue X, Yang NY. The role of splenectomy in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis (AS). Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:186. [PMID: 30111317 PMCID: PMC6094557 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive performance of splenectomy worldwide for patients suffered from splenic trauma has given rise to high risks of postoperative complications, which has been attracting increasing attention in recent years. Nowadays the spleen is regarded as a versatile organ of the human body, invested with various excellent properties. The spleen has been recognized to take a great part in lipid metabolism. While removal of the spleen intends to alter lipid values, especially with an elevated LDL, splenic autotransplantation is able to normalize these lipid alterations. What is more, conservative surgical procedures like subtotal or partial splenectomy, could as well, afford a correction of dyslipidemia. At the same time, clinically, splenectomy demonstrates a high rate of atherosclerosis (AS), whereas non-surgical treatment after splenic trauma shows unchanged propagation of AS. Based on the intimate relationship between serum lipids and AS, the lipid changes modulated by splenectomy are believed to be responsible for the development of AS. Therefore, a "splenic factor" is most likely present in the regulation of lipidation and AS. Several theories have been postulated to elucidate the possible mechanism involved, among which most are primarily based on its forceful natural immune function, that is to say, the mononuclear phagocytic system.However, the accurate mechanisms behind this mysterious phenomenon still remain unclear so far. Of importance, lipid fractions should be monitored consecutively in case of inevitable splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Ai
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210019, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li-Chen Ho
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu-Lu Han
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Jing Lu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiong Yue
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nian-Yin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210019, Jiangsu, China
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Leclaire S, Czirják GÁ, Hammouda A, Gasparini J. Feather bacterial load shapes the trade-off between preening and immunity in pigeons. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:60. [PMID: 25881311 PMCID: PMC4392809 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex communities of bacteria inhabit the feathers of all birds. Under normal conditions, individuals maintain a healthy state by defending themselves against these potential invaders by preening. The immune system is only triggered when bacteria gain access into the body. Preening is, however, costly and may trade-off with investment in the immune system. To shed light on how birds balance the trade-off between immunity and preen secretions when facing high or low feather bacterial load, we experimentally manipulated feather bacteria load of feral pigeons (Columba livia), and investigated the effects on immune defenses. Results Birds facing high feather bacterial load had lower immune response to PHA skin-swelling test (a measure of induced pro-inflammatory capacity) than controls, while birds facing low feather bacterial load had higher blood bacterial killing ability (a measure of the capacity to eliminate bacterial pathogens) than controls. No other components of the immune system (i.e., hemagglutination and hemolysis capacity of plasma, primary and secondary responses to KLH and quantity of blood parasites) were found to be affected by feather bacterial load. Conclusion Pigeons had previously been shown to adjust preening to feather bacterial load. The decrease in the energetically costly inflammatory response of birds experiencing high bacterial load suggests a trade-off between investment in preen secretion and immunity and reinforces the idea that feather microbiota may have a strong impact on the ecology and evolution of the avian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leclaire
- Sorbonnes Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris, F-75005, France. .,CEFE-CNRS, UMR5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 Rte de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France.
| | - Gábor Árpád Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany.
| | - Abdessalem Hammouda
- Département des Sciences de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences de Gabès, Cité Erriadh, Zrig 6072, Gabès, Tunisia.
| | - Julien Gasparini
- Sorbonnes Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris, F-75005, France.
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Alberti LR, Veloso DFM, Vasconcellos LDS, Petroianu A. Is there a relationship between lipids metabolism and splenic surgeries? Acta Cir Bras 2013; 27:751-6. [PMID: 23117605 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012001100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the influence of spleen surgeries (splenectomy, presence of spleen and after conservative surgeries) on lipids metabolism. METHODS Fifty female Wistar rats of similar weight and age were divided into five groups submitted to the following procedures: Group 1 - control, with an intact spleen; Group 2 - sham operation, Group 3 - total splenectomy; Group 4 - subtotal splenectomy, and Group 5 - total splenectomy complemented with autogenous spleen tissue implants. Four months after the interventions, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions (VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol) were determined. The results for the four groups were compared by analysis of variance followed by the Tukey-Kramer test, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS There were no differences between groups 1, 2, 4 and 5. In the animals submitted to total splenectomy, total cholesterol (p=0.0151) and LDL-cholesterol fraction concentrations (p<0.0001) were higher, whereas HDL-cholesterol fraction concentrations were lower (p=0.0026) than those detected in the other groups. There was no difference in triglycerides (p=0.1571) or VLDL-cholesterol (p=0.2527) between groups. CONCLUSION Splenectomy is related to changes in the lipid metabolism that are reverted by autogenous spleen tissue implants.
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Marques RG, Caetano CER, Diestel CF, Lima E, Portela MC, Oliveira AV, Oliveira MBN, Bernardo-Filho M. Critical mass of splenic autotransplant needed for the development of phagocytic activity in rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 170:77-85. [PMID: 22943203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
When total splenectomy is inevitable, heterotopic splenic autotransplantation seems to be the only alternative to maintain the functions of the spleen. The present study was carried out to analyse the critical mass of splenic autotransplant (SAT) for the development of phagocytic activity in rats. Wistar rats were submitted to total splenectomy (TS) alone or in combination with slices of SAT ranging from an average rate of 21·9% (one slice) to 100% (five slices) of the total splenic mass implanted into the greater omentum. Sixteen weeks after the beginning of the experiment, the animals were inoculated intravenously with a suspension of Escherichia coli labelled with Tc-99m. After 20 min, the rats were killed and the liver, lung and spleen or SAT, as well as blood samples were removed to determine the percentage of labelled bacteria uptake in these tissues. As the percentage of the total splenic mass contained in the SAT increased, the bacteria remaining in the blood decreased. From the implant of 26% up to the implant of the total splenic mass (100%) there was no difference in the bacteria remaining in the blood between the healthy animals of the control group and those submitted to TS combined with SAT. This finding shows that the critical mass needed for the development of phagocytic activity of macrophages in splenic autotransplants in adult rats is 26% of the total splenic mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Marques
- Department of General Surgery, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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