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Farasati Far B, Vakili K, Fathi M, Yaghoobpoor S, Bhia M, Naimi-Jamal MR. The role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancers: A review. Life Sci 2023; 316:121340. [PMID: 36586571 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs regulating the expression of several target genes. miRNAs play a significant role in cancer biology, as they can downregulate their corresponding target genes by impeding the translation of mRNA (at the mRNA level) as well as degrading mRNAs by binding to the 3'-untranslated (UTR) regions (at the protein level). miRNAs may be employed as cancer biomarkers. Therefore, miRNAs are widely investigated for early detection of cancers which can lead to improved survival rates and quality of life. This is particularly important in the case of gastrointestinal cancers, where early detection of the disease could substantially impact patients' survival. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21 or miRNA-21) is one of the most frequently researched miRNAs, where it is involved in the pathophysiology of cancer and the downregulation of several tumor suppressor genes. In gastrointestinal cancers, miR-21 regulates phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase /protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), β-catenin, tropomyosin 1, maspin, and ras homolog gene family member B (RHOB). In this review, we investigate the functions of miR-21 in pathogenesis and its applications as a diagnostic and prognostic cancer biomarker in four different gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic cancer (PC), gastric cancer (GC), and esophageal cancer (EC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Farasati Far
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammed Bhia
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Reza Naimi-Jamal
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Wilson DJ, DuBois RN. Role of prostaglandin E2 in the progression of gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:355-363. [PMID: 35288737 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a well-established risk factor for several diseases, including cancer. It influences tumor cell biology and the type and density of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting cancer development. While pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines modulate cancer development, emerging evidence has shown that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a known mediator connecting chronic inflammation to cancerization. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how the elevation of PGE2 production promotes gastrointestinal cancer initiation, progression, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence, including modulation of immune checkpoint signaling and the type and density of immune cells in the tumor/tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jay Wilson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Greenville, South Carolina, United States
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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3
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Wang D, Cabalag CS, Clemons NJ, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins in Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment of Gastrointestinal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1813-1829. [PMID: 34606846 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a known risk factor for gastrointestinal cancer. The evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suppress the incidence, growth, and metastasis of gastrointestinal cancer supports the concept that a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug target, cyclooxygenase, and its downstream bioactive lipid products may provide one of the links between inflammation and cancer. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway can promote gastrointestinal cancer development. Although the role of this pathway in cancer has been investigated extensively for 2 decades, only recent studies have described its effects on host defenses against transformed epithelial cells. Overcoming tumor-immune evasion remains one of the major challenges in cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the impacts of the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway on gastrointestinal cancer development. Our focus was to highlight recent advances in our understanding of how this pathway induces tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carlos S Cabalag
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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Prostaglandin E 2 Pathway Is Dysregulated in Gastric Adenocarcinoma in a Caucasian Population. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207680. [PMID: 33081378 PMCID: PMC7589882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) represents the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The levels of prostaglandin E2, a key player in the hallmarks of cancer, are mainly regulated by prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 4 (ABCC4), involved in its synthesis and exportation, respectively, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1), responsible for its inactivation. Even though there are distinct molecular signatures across ethnic populations, most published studies focus on Asian populations. Our main aim was to explore the genetic expression of the aforementioned molecules in a Caucasian population. 94 “Normal” and 89 tumoral formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from GC patients were used to assess the mRNA expression of PTGS2, ABCC4, hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (HPGD), SLCO2A1 by Real-Time PCR. We found an upregulation for the PTGS2 gene mean factor of 2.51 and a downregulation for the HPGD and SLCO2A1 genes (mean factor of 0.10 and 0.37, respectively) in tumorous mucosa in a gender-independent manner. In females, we observed an ABCC4 downregulation and a PTGS2 mRNA upregulation compared to males in tumoral mucosa (mean factor of 0.61 and 1.64, respectively). We reported dysregulation of the inflammation triggered PGE2 pathway in a Caucasian population with an intermediate risk for GC, which might highlight the applicability of aspirin in the treatment of GC patients.
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Lee EJ, Kim SJ, Hahn YI, Yoon HJ, Han B, Kim K, Lee S, Kim KP, Suh YG, Na HK, Surh YJ. 15-Keto prostaglandin E 2 suppresses STAT3 signaling and inhibits breast cancer cell growth and progression. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101175. [PMID: 31129031 PMCID: PMC6859578 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been linked to enhanced tumor cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis as well as resistance to apoptosis. 15-Keto prostaglandin E2 (15-keto PGE2), a product formed from 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of PGE2, has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. In this study, we observed that 15-keto PGE2 suppressed the phosphorylation, dimerization and nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in human mammary epithelial cells transfected with H-ras (MCF10A-ras). 15-Keto PGE2 inhibited the migration and clonogenicity of MCF10A-ras cells. In addition, subcutaneous injection of 15-keto PGE2 attenuated xenograft tumor growth and phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. However, a non-electrophilic analogue, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2 failed to inhibit STAT3 signaling and was unable to suppress the growth and transformation of MCF10A-ras cells. These findings suggest that the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety of 15-keto PGE2 is essential for its suppression of STAT3 signaling. We observed that the thiol reducing agent, dithiothreitol abrogated 15-keto PGE2-induced STAT3 inactivation and disrupted the direct interaction between 15-keto PGE2 and STAT3. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis suggested that Cys251 and Cys259 residues of STAT3 could be preferential binding sites for this lipid mediator. Mass spectral analysis revealed the covalent modification of recombinant STAT3 by 15-keto PGE2 at Cys259. Taken together, thiol modification of STAT3 by 15-keto PGE2 inactivates STAT3 which may account for its suppression of breast cancer cell proliferation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Young-Il Hahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Yoon
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Bitnara Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Kyeojin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, South Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea
| | - Young Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungshin Women's University, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Seoul 01133, South Korea.
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
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Park YS, Lee JH, Jung DB, Kim HB, Jung JH, Pak S, Ryu YM, Park HJ, Park YY, Jung HY, Myung SJ. MicroRNA-21 induces loss of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in early gastric tubular adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17717. [PMID: 30531928 PMCID: PMC6286338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin E2 degradation, is decreased in gastric cancers and microRNA (miR)-21 is one of the regulators. We investigated the expression and regulation of 15-PGDH in eary gastric carcinogenesis utilizing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and gastric cancer cell lines. Expression of 15-PGDH and cyclooxygenase-2 as well as the promoter methylation of 15-PGDH were evaluted. CRISPR, miR-21 transfection, proliferation and apoptosis assays were also done. We observed significant decreases in 15-PGDH expression but no promoter methylation was detected in any ESDs. 15-PGDH suppression by CRISPR induced enhanced growth kinetics. miR-21, which was detected in high level in gastric tumors from the TGCA data, caused increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis. miR-21 overexpression was confirmed with CISH and RT-PCR in the ESDs. Loss of 15-PGDH occurs at the very early stage of gastric adenocarcinoma by miR-21. H. pylori infection may affect miR-21 up regulation. Maintaining 15-PGDH enzyme activity could be a new strategic measure in preventing gastric cancer especially tubular adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Park
- Departments of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deok-Beom Jung
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Byul Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hak Jung
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sehyung Pak
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Ryu
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Park
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Yong Park
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwoon-Yong Jung
- Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for gastrointestinal cancer and other diseases. Most studies have focused on cytokines and chemokines as mediators connecting chronic inflammation to cancer, whereas the involvement of lipid mediators, including prostanoids, has not been extensively investigated. Prostanoids are among the earliest signaling molecules released in response to inflammation. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that prostanoids are involved in gastrointestinal cancer. In this Review, we discuss how prostanoids impact gastrointestinal cancer development. In particular, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how prostaglandin E2 induces the immunosuppressive microenvironment in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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